scenario questions

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity. The application performs many small writes that are throttled frequently. The company wants to minimize costs while reducing throttling. What should the company do?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database contains a large table that is partitioned by date. The company wants to minimize downtime during migration and ensure compatibility. Which TWO actions should the company take?

A developer needs to allow an application running on an EC2 instance to connect to an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance securely. Which combination of steps should the developer take?

A company notices that its Aurora MySQL cluster has a high number of locks and deadlocks. The application uses read replicas for read scaling. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. During the migration, they need to ensure minimal downtime. Which AWS service should be used for the migration?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with global tables. During a regional failure, the application in the secondary region experiences higher latency and throttling. The DynamoDB table's WriteCapacityUnits are set to 10000 in both regions. Which action should be taken to reduce throttling during failover?

The application uses the IAM role to access the 'orders' DynamoDB table. What is the intended effect of this policy?

A company is designing a document database for a content management system using Amazon DocumentDB. The application requires high availability and low-latency reads across multiple AWS Regions. Which TWO design choices meet these requirements?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for its critical application. The security team requires that all access to DynamoDB tables be logged and monitored for suspicious activity. The company also needs to be alerted when a user deletes a table. Which combination of AWS services should be used?

A database administrator is troubleshooting a slow-running query on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. The query plan shows a sequential scan on a large table. The table has a primary key and an index on the column used in the WHERE clause. Why might the query optimizer choose a sequential scan over an index scan?

A developer receives a 'ResourceNotFoundException' when trying to describe a DynamoDB table. The developer runs the command shown in the exhibit and gets the output. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store session data for a web application. The security team discovers that an IAM user has been performing unauthorized scans on the table. They need to implement controls to detect and prevent such unauthorized access in the future. Which THREE actions should the security team take? (Choose THREE.)

A company is migrating a 10 TB Oracle Data Warehouse to Amazon Redshift. The source database runs on premises with limited bandwidth (100 Mbps). The migration must complete within 5 days. Which approach is most cost-effective and meets the timeline?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis to cache database query results. The cache cluster is a single node. The application experiences increased latency when the cache misses. Which TWO actions can improve the cache hit ratio?

A social media company runs a large Amazon DynamoDB table (Users) with 10 TB of data. The table uses on-demand capacity. Recently, the application started experiencing occasional ProvisionedThroughputExceeded exceptions during read-heavy periods. The table's read metrics show that consumed read capacity is consistently below 50% of provisioned capacity. The application uses eventually consistent reads. The table has a global secondary index (GSI) on the 'status' attribute. The GSI's read capacity consumption is often at 100% of its provisioned capacity. What is the most likely cause of the throttling?

Which TWO factors should be considered when choosing between Amazon DynamoDB and Amazon RDS for MySQL for a new e-commerce application with variable traffic patterns?

A company runs a PostgreSQL database on Amazon RDS for a CRM application. The database is 500 GB and experiences high read traffic. The company wants to improve read scalability and reduce latency. Which TWO actions should the company take? (Choose two.)

An e-commerce company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL to store order data. They need to run complex analytical queries on the data without impacting the performance of the transactional workload. Which TWO solutions should they implement? (Choose TWO.)

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The application uses secondary indexes extensively and requires low-latency reads. Which database design consideration is MOST important for this workload?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB global tables for a multi-region application. They notice that writes in one region are not appearing in another region after several minutes. What should they check first?

A company runs a financial analytics platform on Amazon DynamoDB. The table stores transaction records with a partition key of account_id and a sort key of transaction_timestamp. Each account has thousands of transactions. The application frequently queries the most recent transactions for a given account_id, sorted by timestamp in descending order. Recently, as the number of accounts grew, the query latency increased significantly. The DynamoDB table has provisioned read capacity of 10,000 RCUs, and CloudWatch metrics show that consumed read capacity is at 60%. The database specialist suspects that the issue is due to the query pattern. Which action should the database specialist take to reduce query latency?

A company is designing a database for an e-commerce application that needs to store product catalog data. The data is highly structured with relationships between products, categories, and suppliers. The application requires ACID transactions to maintain data integrity when updating inventory. The company expects moderate read and write traffic. Which AWS database service is MOST suitable for this workload?

A media company is storing large video files (up to 10 GB each) in Amazon S3 and needs to maintain metadata about each file, including title, duration, and upload timestamp. The workload involves frequent writes (1000+ per second) and occasional read queries by title. Which database is best suited for this metadata store?

A database specialist is troubleshooting an Amazon DynamoDB table that is experiencing high throttling on write requests. The table has on-demand capacity and uses a composite primary key (partition key and sort key). Which TWO actions should the specialist take to identify and resolve the issue?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL and wants to implement database activity monitoring to detect suspicious queries. Which TWO AWS services can be used together to achieve this?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB and wants to restrict access to a specific table so that only users in a particular IAM group can perform read and write operations. Which THREE steps should be taken to achieve this?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance with Multi-AZ. The company wants to perform a major version upgrade with minimal downtime. Which TWO actions should be taken? (Choose TWO.)

A company has a MySQL database that stores user profile data. The database is 1 TB and growing. The team wants to archive inactive user profiles that haven't been accessed in over 1 year. The archived data must be queryable but at a slower performance tier. Which approach is most cost-effective?

A company runs a MongoDB workload on Amazon EC2 and wants to migrate to Amazon DocumentDB. The database has a total size of 2 TB and experiences 10,000 writes per second during peak. Which migration strategy minimizes downtime?

A gaming company wants to store player profiles and game state. The data is accessed via a REST API and must be highly available with single-digit millisecond latency. The schema is simple and may evolve over time. Which database should they use?

A company is designing a database for a global e-commerce application that requires low-latency reads and writes with strong consistency. The application is expected to handle millions of requests per second and requires high availability. Which AWS database service is most suitable for this workload?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to a user who will manage AWS DMS tasks. When the user tries to start a replication task, they receive an access denied error. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating a 500 GB PostgreSQL database from on-premises to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The migration must have a recovery point objective (RPO) of less than 5 minutes and a recovery time objective (RTO) of less than 30 minutes. Which migration strategy should the company use?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB and needs to export data to Amazon S3 for analysis. Which AWS service can perform this export without writing custom code?

A company uses Amazon Aurora MySQL for its online transaction processing (OLTP) application. Recently, read traffic has increased significantly, causing performance issues. The company wants to offload read traffic with minimal application changes. Which solution should they implement?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database is 2 TB in size and has a 100 Mbps internet connection. The migration must be completed within 3 days with minimal downtime. Which approach is MOST suitable?

A database team is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The team needs to ensure minimal downtime and data consistency. Which approach should be used?

A company is migrating a 2 TB on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The migration must have minimal downtime and support ongoing replication. Which AWS service should be used to accomplish this?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to a user. The user attempts to create an RDS DB instance named 'new-prod-db' with Oracle Standard Edition Two engine. What will happen?

A database administrator needs to track changes to an Amazon RDS DB instance's configuration, such as modifications to the DB instance class or security group. Which AWS service should be used?

The security team reports that the database 'mydb' is not encrypted. However, the CLI output shows 'StorageEncrypted' is true. What is the MOST likely reason for the security team's concern?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer. The application performance degrades when cache misses increase. Which metric should be monitored to track the cache hit rate?

A security engineer runs the commands shown in the exhibit for an RDS MySQL DB instance. The engineer wants to enforce SSL connections to the database. What should the engineer do?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle data warehouse to AWS. The warehouse contains 20 TB of data and supports complex SQL queries with joins and aggregations. The migration should minimize downtime and require minimal changes to existing SQL queries. Which database service is MOST appropriate?

A team is using Amazon RDS for Oracle with an option group that includes the Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) option. After modifying the option group to add a new option, the DB instance is stuck in the 'modifying' state for an extended period. What should the team do?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to a user. The user reports that they cannot delete the production-db database. Which statement best explains the behavior?

A database specialist is troubleshooting a performance issue on an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The CPU utilization is consistently above 90%, but the IOPS and memory metrics are well within limits. Which tool should the specialist use to identify the root cause?

A company is deploying an Amazon Aurora MySQL database. The company requires that the database withstand the loss of two copies of data without impacting write availability. Which configuration should the company use?

A company runs an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance in a VPC. Security requirements mandate that only specific EC2 instances in the same VPC can connect to the database. The security group attached to the RDS instance currently allows inbound traffic on port 3306 from 0.0.0.0/0. Which combination of steps should a database specialist take to meet the security requirement without impacting existing application connectivity? (Choose two.)

A gaming company uses Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL for its leaderboard data. The database has a writer instance and two reader instances. The application frequently queries the leaderboard to display top players. The queries involve sorting and aggregation on a large table with millions of rows. Recently, the queries started timing out during peak hours. The database administrator analyzed the workload and found that the reader instances are underutilized, while the writer instance has high CPU due to write operations. The administrator wants to offload the read-heavy leaderboard queries to the readers without modifying the application code. What should the administrator do?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB and has enabled DynamoDB Streams. The application needs to process stream records in real-time. Which AWS service can be used to invoke a Lambda function automatically for each stream record?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with global tables for a multi-region application. The application writes to the table in us-east-1. A developer notices that updates made in us-east-1 are not appearing in the replica in eu-west-1 after several minutes. Which action should be taken to diagnose the issue?

Match each database engine to its default port number.

A company is using Amazon Aurora MySQL and needs to audit all database logins, including failed attempts, and store the audit logs for one year for compliance. The logs must be immutable and accessible only by the security team. Which solution should the company implement?

A small business runs a web application on a single Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The application uses a master user account for all database operations. The security team is concerned about the risk of SQL injection and wants to implement the principle of least privilege. They want to create separate database users for read-only and read-write operations. The application currently uses a single connection string. The developer needs to modify the application to use two separate users. What is the correct approach to implement this securely?

A company runs a customer relationship management (CRM) application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The application has a table 'customers' with columns: id (primary key), name, email, signup_date, and status. The table has 10 million rows. The application frequently queries by email address. The company also needs to run analytical queries that aggregate customers by signup_date and status. The DBA notices that the index on email is heavily used and causes high write latency. The company wants to improve write performance without sacrificing read performance for email queries. Which THREE actions should the database specialist take? (Choose THREE.)

A company is migrating a 2 TB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. They need to minimize downtime and are using AWS DMS with CDC. The migration is taking longer than expected during the full load phase. Which change would most likely improve the full load performance?

A company is deploying a new web application that uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database must be highly available with automatic failover across two Availability Zones. Which deployment option meets this requirement?

A company is migrating a self-managed MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The database stores user profiles and activity logs. The activity logs are write-heavy and accessed infrequently. The company wants to optimize cost and performance for the workload. Which THREE design decisions should the company make?

A database specialist is investigating a sudden increase in Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL connections. The DB instance's CloudWatch metric DatabaseConnections shows a spike from 100 to 500 within minutes. The application connects using a connection pool. Which step should the specialist take first to mitigate the issue while preserving application availability?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with AWS Lambda to process data. The Lambda function needs to read and write items to a DynamoDB table. The security team wants to follow the principle of least privilege. Which IAM policy statement should be attached to the Lambda execution role?

Which TWO are valid considerations when designing a global database with Amazon Aurora Global Database? (Select TWO.)

A company is migrating a large Oracle Data Warehouse (10 TB) to Amazon Redshift. The current system uses complex stored procedures, materialized views, and window functions. The company wants to minimize migration effort. Which approach is MOST suitable?

A company is using an RDS for MySQL DB instance encrypted at rest with AWS KMS. The security team requires that all access to the database be logged, including queries that fail due to authentication errors. Which configuration meets this requirement?

A company is running a production Amazon RDS for MySQL Multi-AZ DB instance. The database administrator needs to perform a minor version upgrade with minimal downtime. Which TWO actions should be taken? (Choose TWO.)

A company is designing a security strategy for Amazon RDS for SQL Server. Which TWO actions should be taken to encrypt data at rest? (Choose TWO.)

A company is migrating an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The database has a large table with frequent inserts and updates. To minimize downtime during migration, which AWS service should be used?

Arrange the steps to enable automated backups for an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance in the correct order.

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL and has enabled Enhanced Monitoring. The database administrator wants to identify the top contributors to disk I/O. Which THREE metrics from Enhanced Monitoring should they examine?

A company runs an online transaction processing (OLTP) workload on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database has grown to 2 TB and the company needs to run complex analytical queries that join multiple large tables. These analytical queries are slowing down the OLTP operations. What is the MOST cost-effective solution to separate the workloads?

A financial services company runs a core banking application on Amazon RDS for MySQL. They need to maintain a full audit trail of all changes to customer account balances for regulatory compliance. The audit trail must be immutable and queryable for up to 7 years. Which solution meets these requirements with minimal impact on the source database?

A company is migrating a large Oracle data warehouse to Amazon Redshift. The source database has many complex stored procedures, views, and joins. Which THREE actions should the company take during the migration?

A company is running a MySQL database on Amazon RDS and needs to store JSON documents that are frequently queried by fields within the JSON. The company wants to reduce development complexity and improve query performance. Which RDS MySQL feature should the database specialist recommend?

A company is migrating a 10 GB MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL. They have a 1 Gbps connection to AWS. The migration must be completed in the least amount of time with minimal manual effort. Which tool should be used?

A company is migrating a 500 GB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. They want to minimize downtime and use AWS DMS for ongoing replication. The source database is in a corporate data center behind a firewall. What is the recommended network setup for the DMS replication instance?

A security auditor notices that the DynamoDB table 'UserData' is encrypted with a KMS key (exhibit). The company policy requires that all DynamoDB tables use an AWS managed key for encryption. What must be done to comply with the policy?

A company is deploying a new application that requires low-latency reads from a relational database across multiple AWS Regions. The application is read-heavy and can tolerate eventual consistency. Which deployment option meets these requirements?

A company is planning to migrate a 2 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database contains large objects (LOBs) and uses stored procedures. Which TWO steps should the company take as part of the migration? (Choose two.)

Match each DynamoDB concept to its definition.

A company is migrating a 3 TB PostgreSQL database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The migration must have minimal downtime. The on-premises network bandwidth to AWS is 1 Gbps. The database supports a critical application that cannot be stopped for more than 30 minutes. The migration team has set up AWS DMS with ongoing replication using CDC. The initial full load is expected to take 8 hours. During the migration, the DMS task fails with an error indicating that the source database's transaction log is being cleaned before DMS can capture changes. The source database has a transaction log retention period of 24 hours. The migration team notices that the CDC phase falls behind during peak hours. What should the team do to complete the migration successfully within the downtime window?

A company is running a MongoDB-compatible database on Amazon DocumentDB. The application performs frequent updates to a small subset of fields in documents. The company notices that write latency is high. What should the database specialist recommend to reduce write latency?

Refer to the exhibit. A company has attached this IAM policy to an IAM role used by an application running on Amazon EC2. The application needs to decrypt data in an S3 bucket that is encrypted with the specified KMS key. However, the application is receiving access denied errors. What is the most likely cause?

A database specialist is troubleshooting a slow Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL query. The specialist has enabled Performance Insights and sees that the database load is high. Which additional tool can provide detailed information about the specific queries causing the load?

A company is migrating a 2 TB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database has a large number of stored procedures, triggers, and functions. The company wants to minimize changes to the application code. Which AWS service should be used to assess and convert the database schema?

A company is designing a database for a global e-commerce platform that requires sub-millisecond read latencies from multiple AWS regions. The data is mostly read, with occasional writes. Which database solution meets these requirements?

A database administrator notices that the free storage space on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance is decreasing rapidly. The instance has automated backups enabled with a retention period of 7 days. Which action should be taken to monitor storage usage and prevent running out of space?

A company is running a critical Oracle database on Amazon RDS. The DBA wants to set up monitoring to detect if the database is experiencing a high number of full table scans, which may indicate missing indexes. Which TWO metrics should the DBA monitor? (Choose TWO.)

An IAM policy is attached to a user. Which of the following actions will be allowed?

A company runs a MySQL database on Amazon RDS and wants to capture data changes to replicate to a separate reporting database. Which AWS service should be used to capture these changes with minimal impact on the source database?

A company recently migrated their PostgreSQL database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They notice that the average query latency has increased, especially for complex read queries. The DB instance size is adequate and CPU utilization is below 50%. What is the MOST likely cause of the increased latency?

A company is migrating a 1 TB Microsoft SQL Server database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The on-premises database uses TDE for encryption. The company must ensure that the migrated database in RDS also uses TDE. Which solution meets this requirement?

Which TWO of the following are recommended best practices for designing a relational database on Amazon RDS? (Select TWO.)

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis to cache database query results. The application team reports that cache hit ratio has dropped significantly. What is the first step to investigate?

A company is designing a global application that requires a database with multi-master writes across multiple AWS Regions with sub-second conflict resolution. Which AWS database service should they choose?

A company is using Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition. The database has frequent deadlocks, and the application team suspects that the isolation level is causing the issue. The current isolation level is REPEATABLE READ. The team wants to reduce deadlocks while maintaining data consistency. Which isolation level should be recommended?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The DBA receives an alert that the standby replica is lagging behind the primary. Which TWO actions should the DBA take to investigate the issue? (Choose TWO.)

A developer is deploying an application that uses Amazon DynamoDB as its database. The application experiences sudden spikes in traffic. Which DynamoDB feature should the developer use to handle the spikes without manual intervention?

Which TWO AWS services can be used to monitor the performance of an Amazon DynamoDB table and send alerts when throttling occurs? (Choose two.)

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. Which TWO methods can the database specialist use to minimize downtime during the migration?

A company is migrating a PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. They want to automate the deployment of the RDS instance using infrastructure as code. Which AWS service should they use?

A company is migrating a 500 GB database from Amazon RDS for MySQL to Amazon Aurora MySQL. The migration must be completed with minimal downtime and no data loss. The RDS instance is Multi-AZ. Which approach should be used?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling for a social media application. The table has a partition key of 'user_id'. The application performs many small writes (update user profile) and reads (fetch user profile). Recently, the application's response time has increased. The DBA checks CloudWatch and sees that 'ConsumedWriteCapacityUnits' is close to 'ProvisionedWriteCapacityUnits', and 'WriteThrottleEvents' is low. However, 'ReadThrottleEvents' is high. The table has 1000 WCU and 1000 RCU provisioned. The auto scaling is configured to add capacity when utilization exceeds 70%. The DBA also notices that 'ReadThrottleEvents' spikes during peak hours. What should the DBA do to reduce read throttling?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. They want to use Oracle GoldenGate for replication. Which AWS service can be used to simplify the setup of GoldenGate on AWS?

A company needs to store and analyze JSON documents that contain nested fields. The data is used for real-time dashboards and ad-hoc queries. The team wants a fully managed solution that supports both key-value lookups and SQL-like queries. Which AWS service should they use?

A team is deploying a new Amazon Aurora MySQL database and needs to load 5 TB of data from an existing Amazon RDS for MySQL database with minimal downtime. The data is stored in InnoDB tables. Which approach is MOST efficient?

A company is running an RDS for MySQL database and needs to ensure that all connections to the database use SSL encryption. Which configuration step is required?

A company is using Amazon RDS for SQL Server with Multi-AZ deployment. The security team requires that all database activity be monitored for suspicious queries. The database specialist enabled RDS Database Activity Streams and configured AWS Lambda to process the stream. However, the Lambda function fails to process some events when the database fails over to the standby instance. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating a 5 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database has a 4-hour maintenance window weekly. Which migration approach minimizes downtime?

A company is running a production Amazon Aurora MySQL database. The database performance has degraded over the past week. The DBA suspects an increase in lock waits. Which tool should be used to identify queries experiencing lock waits?

A web application uses Amazon DynamoDB as its database. The application frequently queries items using a secondary index. The index's partition key has high cardinality, but the query latency is higher than expected. Which action would MOST likely improve query performance?

A company is running an Oracle database on Amazon RDS. The database has a large table that is frequently accessed by multiple applications. The DBA notices that the table has a high number of index scans but the queries are still slow. Upon investigation, the buffer cache hit ratio is low. Which design change would BEST improve performance?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL and wants to restrict access to a specific database so that an application user can only perform SELECT and INSERT operations on tables within that database. The application user already exists. Which SQL statement should be executed?

A company is designing a database for an IoT application that collects sensor data every second from millions of devices. The data is time-series and must be stored for 90 days, with occasional queries for recent data. Which AWS database solution is MOST cost-effective and performant?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to AWS. The database is 5 TB and supports a critical OLTP application with high transaction rates. The application requires stored procedures, triggers, and strong consistency. Which AWS database service is most appropriate with minimal application changes?

A developer is trying to connect to an RDS for PostgreSQL instance using the endpoint shown in the exhibit. The connection fails with a timeout. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A company is deploying a new application that requires a relational database with automatic failover and cross-Region disaster recovery. The application is read-heavy and expects up to 10 GB of data. Which combination of AWS services should be used?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store application logs. The logs have a TTL of 7 days. The operations team needs to run ad-hoc analytical queries on logs older than 7 days, which are automatically deleted by TTL. Which solution should the team implement to retain and analyze old logs?

Which TWO options are valid methods for migrating an on-premises SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server with minimal downtime? (Choose TWO.)

A company wants to migrate a 2 TB PostgreSQL database from on-premises to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database has high write throughput and the migration must have minimal impact on source performance. Which solution is MOST appropriate?

Refer to the exhibit. A database administrator runs the AWS CLI command to describe events for an RDS instance. Which conclusion is most likely correct based on the output?

A security engineer is troubleshooting an issue where an application using IAM role 'app-role' with a trust policy to assume the 'app-user' user is unable to decrypt an RDS database that uses a customer-managed KMS key. The above key policy is attached to the KMS key. What is the likely cause of the failure?

Refer to the exhibit. A CloudFormation stack was deployed to create an RDS instance. The application team reports they cannot connect to the database using the endpoint provided. The security group allows inbound traffic on port 3306 from the application's security group. What is the most likely cause?

A media company is migrating a 5 TB MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The migration must have minimal downtime. The source MongoDB uses sharding across 10 shards. Which migration strategy is MOST appropriate?

A company wants to migrate a 500 GB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server with the least amount of downtime. The on-premises network has a 1 Gbps connection to AWS. Which approach should be used?

A company is migrating an on-premises DynamoDB table to Amazon DynamoDB in another AWS region. What is the most efficient method to migrate the data?

A company is planning to migrate a MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The database has several sharded collections. Which migration strategy should be used?

Refer to the exhibit. A database administrator runs the AWS CLI command to check the status of an Amazon RDS MySQL DB instance. Based on the output, what action is required to apply the pending modifications?

An e-commerce company is migrating its PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database has multiple large tables (over 500 GB each) and the migration window is only 2 hours. Which strategy would be MOST effective to meet the time constraint?

Refer to the exhibit. An RDS for PostgreSQL instance shows frequent checkpoints every 10 seconds. What is the most likely cause?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity mode. The application experiences occasional throttling on a table during peak hours. The table's read and write requests are within the throughput limits, but the provisioned read/write capacity is exceeded. What is the most likely cause of this throttling?

A company is migrating a 5 TB Microsoft SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The migration must have minimal downtime. The source database is hosted on an EC2 instance. Which combination of steps should be taken?

A security team is auditing IAM policies for Amazon RDS. They want to ensure that all RDS snapshots shared with other AWS accounts are encrypted. Which IAM policy condition key should be used to enforce this?

A company is launching a new application that requires an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database. The database will store highly sensitive data, and the security team mandates that all data at rest must be encrypted. The company also requires that the encryption keys be managed by the security team using AWS CloudHSM. What is the MOST efficient way to meet these requirements?

A DBA is investigating a sudden increase in database connections to an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance. The application is running on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. Which tool can provide real-time information about active connections?

Which TWO AWS services can be used to monitor database security events in real time? (Choose 2.)

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility). The application uses MongoDB's aggregation pipeline with $lookup and $unwind stages. What should the company verify before migration?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling for read and write capacity. During a traffic spike, write requests are being throttled even though the table's write capacity is below the maximum limit. Which TWO actions should the team take to resolve the throttling?

A company is migrating a 2 TB on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The migration must have minimal downtime and support ongoing replication. Which AWS service should be used?

A company runs a reporting application that queries an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database. The queries are complex and take a long time to run, causing performance degradation on the primary instance. The team wants to improve query performance without affecting the transactional workload. Which solution should they use?

A company is migrating a 5 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The migration must be completed within a weekend. The on-premises network has a 1 Gbps connection to AWS. What is the MOST efficient migration strategy?

Refer to the exhibit. A company is migrating from an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The DBA wants to connect to the RDS instance using the endpoint shown. What additional step is required to allow the DBA's client to connect?

A security engineer is designing a solution to encrypt data at rest for an Amazon Redshift cluster. The company requires that the encryption key be rotated automatically every year. Which solution meets these requirements?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The security team wants to ensure that database administrators cannot view sensitive data. Which TWO actions should be taken to achieve this goal?

A company needs to build a reporting dashboard that queries a large dataset stored in Amazon S3. The queries are complex and require full SQL support. Which service should be used?

A financial services company runs a critical application on Amazon RDS for Oracle. The workload is write-heavy with frequent small transactions. The DBA notices high latency during peak hours. Which design change would best address this?

A company is migrating a legacy Oracle data warehouse to Amazon Redshift. The source uses complex stored procedures with cursors, temporary tables, and PL/SQL. Which THREE design considerations should the company evaluate?

A company runs a critical PostgreSQL database on Amazon RDS and needs to implement point-in-time recovery (PITR) with a recovery window of the last 35 days. Currently, automated backups are set to retain for 35 days. The database size is 500 GB. What additional configuration is required?

A company has an Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity. Users report that write requests are occasionally throttled during peak hours. The application uses the AWS SDK and retries with exponential backoff. Which monitoring approach should be used to identify the cause of throttling?

A company is migrating a 500 GB PostgreSQL database from on-premises to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The migration must be completed within 6 hours with minimal downtime. The on-premises network bandwidth is 500 Mbps. The team decides to use AWS DMS. During initial full load, DMS reports a 'Target metadata error: cannot write to Aurora' for a specific table. Investigation shows that the table has a trigger that tries to insert into an external web service. What should the team do to resolve this issue?

A security engineer runs the AWS CLI command shown in the exhibit. The engineer wants to ensure that all RDS DB instances in the account are encrypted at rest. What should the engineer do to remediate the unencrypted read replica?

A media company stores video metadata in Amazon Aurora MySQL. The application performs frequent range queries on a 'creation_date' column. The table has 10 million rows. The team notices that queries filtering on 'creation_date' are slow despite an index on that column. The query pattern is: SELECT * FROM videos WHERE creation_date BETWEEN '2023-01-01' AND '2023-01-31' ORDER BY creation_date LIMIT 100. The execution plan shows a full index scan. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer is troubleshooting an application that is unable to write to a DynamoDB table. The above IAM policy is attached to the IAM role used by the application. What is the likely cause?

A healthcare company stores patient records in Amazon DynamoDB. Each record includes a 'patient_id' (partition key) and 'visit_date' (sort key). The company needs to run ad-hoc queries to find all patients seen by a specific doctor within a date range. Which design approach minimizes cost and latency for this query pattern?

A developer runs the AWS CLI command shown in the exhibit. What is the output indicating?

A company is storing sensitive customer data in an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. They need to ensure that data is encrypted at rest. What is the simplest way to achieve this?

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL and wants to audit all database login attempts. Which TWO services can be used together to achieve this?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The compliance team requires that all database connections use SSL/TLS and that users authenticate using IAM database authentication. The database migration is completed, but the application team reports that connections using IAM authentication are failing. The company has already enabled IAM database authentication on the RDS instance. What is the most likely cause of the failure?

A database specialist is monitoring an Amazon DynamoDB global table with two replicas in separate regions. The specialist notices that the 'ReplicatedWriteConflictCount' metric is increasing. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company is designing a time-series database for IoT sensor data using Amazon DynamoDB. Each sensor sends a reading every second. The table uses 'sensor_id' as partition key and 'timestamp' as sort key. The application queries for the last hour of data for a specific sensor. The query uses 'KeyConditionExpression' with 'timestamp' between start and end time. The table has auto-scaling enabled. However, the query latency is high. What is the MOST likely cause?

An IAM policy is attached to a user. What does this policy allow the user to do?

A company runs a time-series application on Amazon DynamoDB. The data has a pattern of frequent writes for recent data and rare reads for older data. They want to optimize storage costs and query performance for the time-series data. Which THREE strategies should they implement? (Choose THREE.)

A company runs an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance in a VPC. The security group for the DB instance allows inbound traffic on port 1433 from the application servers' security group. The application servers can connect to the database, but a database administrator cannot connect from their workstation using SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS). What is the MOST likely cause?

A company has an Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity mode. The table experiences a sudden spike in traffic, and the application starts receiving ProvisionedThroughputExceededException errors. What is the most likely cause?

A company is designing an Amazon RDS for MySQL database for an e-commerce application. Which TWO design strategies will help ensure high availability and automatic failover in the event of a primary instance failure?

A developer is troubleshooting a slow query on Amazon RDS for MySQL. The query joins three large tables and runs frequently. What is the most effective way to identify the bottleneck?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. After migration, the application team reports that queries are slower than before. Which metric in CloudWatch should the DBA review first to check if the instance is resource-constrained?

A company is deploying a new application that uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The application must be highly available with automatic failover in the event of a database failure. Which configuration should be used?

A company runs a critical e-commerce application on Amazon Aurora MySQL with a single DB instance. The database has 8 TB of data and uses the default writer endpoint. Recently, the application experienced a 10-minute outage during a primary instance failover. The failover was triggered by an underlying hardware issue. The database specialist needs to minimize downtime during future failovers. The application team is unwilling to modify the application code to handle connection retries. The company has a 99.99% SLA requirement. Which solution should the database specialist implement to meet the SLA with minimal application changes?

A company runs a production Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity. The security team requires that all access to the table be logged for compliance. What is the most cost-effective way to log every DynamoDB API call?

A company is designing a database for a real-time bidding system that requires sub-millisecond read and write latency for ad impressions. The workload is heavily write-intensive with occasional reads by campaign IDs. Which AWS database service is most suitable?

A company is using Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with read replicas to offload read traffic. The company wants to ensure that the read replicas are always in sync with the primary instance. Which metric should the company monitor to detect replication lag?

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with Multi-AZ deployment. They experience increased write latency during peak hours. The DB instance size is db.r5.large. Which action would MOST effectively reduce write latency?

A company has a multi-AZ RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. The security team wants to ensure that database audit logs are stored in CloudWatch Logs for real-time monitoring. The team enabled the 'pgaudit.log' parameter and set 'log_destination' to 'csvlog'. However, logs are not appearing in CloudWatch. What is the most likely cause?

A company is deploying a new application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The application requires a database with a specific parameter group that sets 'max_connections' to 500 and 'shared_buffers' to 25% of the instance memory. The company uses CloudFormation to deploy the RDS instance. The CloudFormation template creates a DBInstance with a DBParameterGroup. The deployment fails because the parameter group cannot be associated with the DB instance. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with Multi-AZ. The primary instance fails and a failover occurs. After failover, the application reports elevated write latency. Which TWO are possible causes?

A company has an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance that stores sensitive customer data. The security team requires that all data at rest be encrypted using a customer-managed AWS KMS key. The DB instance was originally launched without encryption. Which combination of steps will meet the requirement with the least downtime?

A financial services company needs a database for trade settlement records. Each trade must be processed exactly once and the database must ensure ACID compliance across multiple rows. The workload is write-intensive with moderate reads. Which AWS database service should they choose?

A company is deploying an Amazon RDS for MySQL database in a VPC. The database must be accessible only from a specific set of application servers in the same VPC. Which configuration provides the most secure access?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database size is 500 GB. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which AWS service should be used to perform the migration?

A security engineer created the IAM policy above for an application that reads from a DynamoDB table named UserSessions. The application reports that it cannot query the table using a Global Secondary Index (GSI). The table's GSI is named GSI_UserSessions. Why is the application unable to query the index?

A DevOps engineer notices that an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance has been in 'storage-full' state for the past 30 minutes. The instance has 500 GB of General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage, and the free storage space is 0 bytes. The database is critical and cannot tolerate downtime. What is the MOST efficient way to resolve this issue while minimizing downtime?

A CloudFormation template is used to create an RDS DB instance with encryption, as shown in the exhibit. The stack creation fails because the DB instance creation fails. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database is used for a financial application that requires complex joins and transactions. Which migration strategy is MOST appropriate?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database is 2 TB in size and has a high write workload. The company needs to minimize downtime during the migration. Which AWS service or feature should the company use to achieve this?

A user is unable to list the contents of the S3 bucket 'my-db-backups' using the AWS CLI. The IAM policy attached to the user is shown in the exhibit. What is the likely cause?

A company is designing a highly available e-commerce application using Amazon DynamoDB. The application requires strongly consistent reads for inventory data and eventual consistency for user session data. Which TWO design decisions should the company make?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database is 5 TB in size and has a daily change rate of 2%. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which migration strategy should be used?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a high-traffic application. Users report occasional 'ProvisionedThroughputExceededException' errors. The application uses consistent reads and retries with exponential backoff. What is the MOST efficient way to handle these errors and reduce the number of retries?

A company is monitoring an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster. They observe that the AuroraReplicaLagMaximum metric is consistently above 10 seconds. Which action would best reduce the replica lag?

A company is migrating a 500 GB MySQL database from an on-premises server to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The company uses AWS DMS with ongoing replication. The initial full load completes successfully, and the target RDS instance is in sync. However, after a few hours, the replication task fails with an error: 'Last Error: Error executing source loop; The table 'orders' has a row size larger than the maximum payload size of the target endpoint.' The target RDS instance is configured with db.r5.large and the default parameter group. The company has already verified that the table does not have any BLOB or TEXT columns. What is the MOST likely cause of this error?

A company needs to enforce that all new Amazon RDS DB instances are automatically encrypted at rest. What is the most efficient way to achieve this?

A company runs a critical application on an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The company requires that the database be available with minimal downtime during a disaster recovery scenario. The current RDS instance is in us-east-1. The company wants to have a standby database in us-west-2 with automatic failover. What should the company do to meet this requirement?

A developer is troubleshooting a slow-running query on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. The query is performing a sequential scan on a large table. Which AWS service or feature should the developer use to identify the missing index?

A company is migrating a 500 GB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. They need to validate the migration and ensure data consistency. Which TWO methods should they use?

A company is migrating a 3 TB Oracle database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The migration must have zero downtime. The on-premises server uses Oracle Data Guard for disaster recovery. The network bandwidth is 200 Mbps. The team plans to use AWS DMS with CDC from Oracle redo logs. During the initial full load, DMS reports that the source table 'ORDERS' has a table-level supplemental log missing. The migration fails. What should the team do first to resolve this issue?

Refer to the exhibit. A database administrator retrieves CloudWatch metrics for an RDS instance. What is the trend of CPU utilization during the monitored period?

A company is planning to migrate its on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database uses Oracle Data Guard for disaster recovery. Which TWO AWS services can be used to assess the database and plan the migration? (Choose TWO.)

A company is migrating an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The database uses InnoDB tables and is 500 GB in size. The migration must be completed within a 2-hour maintenance window. Which approach is MOST likely to meet the requirement?

A financial services company runs an Amazon Aurora MySQL database cluster with a single writer and two readers. The cluster handles critical transactional workloads. Over the past month, the database experienced intermittent read replica lag spikes that caused stale reads in application queries. The database administrator needs to identify the root cause and reduce replica lag. Which THREE steps should the administrator take to diagnose and mitigate the issue?

A company's RDS for SQL Server instance is frequently running out of disk space. The instance uses General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. Which monitoring step will help identify the root cause?

A company is migrating a 500 GB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They need to convert the schema and migrate the data. The application uses Oracle-specific features like hierarchical queries and stored procedures. Which combination of services should they use?

A company is deploying a globally distributed application that requires a low-latency, highly available database with multi-region write support. The application needs to handle conflicts automatically. Which AWS database solution meets these requirements?

A company uses Amazon Redshift and notices that queries are taking longer than usual. CloudWatch metrics show 'CPUUtilization' is high and 'DiskSpace' is low. Which TWO actions can help improve query performance?

A company is using Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility) for a content management system. The security team requires that all data be encrypted at rest and in transit. The DocumentDB cluster is already encrypted at rest using AWS KMS. To enforce encryption in transit, the security team wants to ensure that all client connections use TLS. The team has enabled the 'tls' parameter in the cluster parameter group. However, a developer reports that they can still connect to the cluster without specifying TLS options using the mongo shell. The developer is connecting from an EC2 instance in the same VPC. The security group for the DocumentDB cluster allows inbound traffic on port 27017 from the EC2 instance's security group. What is the most likely reason the developer can connect without TLS?

Refer to the exhibit. A database administrator is reviewing the output of 'SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST' on an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The company's security policy requires that all database users access only the minimum necessary data. Which user's activity should be investigated further?

A company is migrating an on-premises SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. They need to minimize downtime and have a limited network bandwidth of 50 Mbps. The database size is 1 TB. What is the MOST effective approach?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which TWO AWS services should be used together to achieve this?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with DAX and wants to implement fine-grained access control using IAM. Which THREE conditions can be used in an IAM policy to restrict access to specific items based on the primary key?

A company is running a self-managed MongoDB cluster on Amazon EC2. The cluster consists of three replica set members in different Availability Zones. The primary node recently experienced a crash, and the cluster failed over to a secondary. However, the new primary is showing significantly higher latency. The operations team wants to ensure that failover is fast and consistent. What should be done to improve the failover reliability?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database is 2 TB in size and has a sustained write rate of 50 MB/s. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which migration approach should be used?

A company has a production Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster with one writer and two reader instances. The application uses a custom connection pool that uses the writer endpoint for all database calls. The application is experiencing increased latency during peak hours. A database specialist suggests using the reader endpoint for read-only queries. What change is required on the application side to implement this recommendation?

Which THREE factors should be considered when choosing between Amazon DynamoDB and Amazon Aurora for a new application? (Select THREE.)

A company is using an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster. The company wants to implement a backup strategy that supports point-in-time recovery (PITR) with a recovery time objective (RTO) of 15 minutes and a recovery point objective (RPO) of 5 minutes. Which TWO actions should the company take?

A company's security policy requires that all database passwords be rotated every 90 days. The company uses AWS Secrets Manager to store database credentials for Amazon RDS. Which feature can be used to automate password rotation?

A company is using Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition. The security team wants to restrict access to the database so that only specific applications running on Amazon EC2 instances can connect. The EC2 instances are in the same VPC as the Aurora cluster. Which combination of steps should be taken to enforce this restriction?

A company is migrating a 500 GB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. Which THREE steps should be part of the migration plan?

A company is planning to deploy an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. Which of the following is a required step to enable automated backups?

A company is migrating a 500 GB MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. The migration must have minimal downtime and the source database is already using binary logging. Which migration approach should be used?

A company uses Amazon RDS for SQL Server with a 4 TB database for a financial reporting application. The database performs nightly batch updates that take 6 hours. The company needs to reduce the batch update time to under 2 hours. The current instance is db.r5.8xlarge with 64 vCPUs and 512 GB memory. The batch process is I/O-bound with high write throughput. Which change will MOST effectively reduce the batch update time?

Match each RDS storage type to its description.

A security team is investigating a potential data breach in an Amazon RDS for SQL Server database. They need to determine which user executed a specific DELETE statement at a particular time. What should they do?

A gaming company uses Amazon DynamoDB as the primary database for their player sessions. The player sessions table has a partition key of 'player_id' and a sort key of 'session_start_time'. The application frequently queries for recent sessions of a specific player, using the query API with 'player_id' and a filter on 'session_start_time' for the last 24 hours. The average item size is 5 KB. The company notices high latency on these queries during peak hours. The table has 10 Read Capacity Units (RCUs) provisioned. There are no indexes. Which design change would MOST improve query performance?

A company is designing a document database on Amazon DocumentDB. The workload requires high write throughput and needs to support complex queries on nested attributes. Which THREE design considerations should the company evaluate to meet these requirements?

A company is designing a database for a global e-commerce platform that requires low-latency reads and writes from multiple AWS regions. The data must be strongly consistent within a region but can be eventually consistent across regions. Which TWO services should the company consider?

A company runs a MySQL-compatible database on Amazon RDS with a 3 TB dataset. They need to run complex analytical queries that involve joins and aggregations on millions of rows. The current RDS instance is a db.r5.8xlarge with 32 vCPUs and 256 GB RAM, but complex queries take over an hour. Which design change would most improve query performance for this workload?

A company is migrating a 10 TB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The migration window is limited to 24 hours. The source database is running on-premises with a 500 Mbps network connection. Which migration approach should be used?

A company is migrating a MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. The migration must be completed with minimal downtime. Which TWO methods can achieve this? (Choose two.)

Arrange the steps to migrate an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle using AWS DMS (Database Migration Service) in the correct order.

An administrator is deploying an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance and needs to ensure that all connections use SSL. Which parameter should be set on the RDS DB instance?

A company runs an e-commerce platform using Amazon Aurora MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The application has a read-heavy workload and uses a mix of SELECT and UPDATE queries. Recently, the company migrated from a db.r5.large to a db.r5.2xlarge instance class to handle increased traffic. However, after the migration, the CPU utilization remains high during peak hours, and the application's page load times have increased. The DBA notices that the 'Read IOPS' metric is high, but the 'Read Latency' metric is low. There is also a high number of 'Select' queries in the database. The application uses a single database endpoint. What should the DBA do to reduce CPU utilization and improve read performance?

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB database to AWS. They need a managed database service that is compatible with MongoDB and supports automated backups, scaling, and high availability. Which service should they use?

A company has an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance that is publicly accessible. The security team wants to restrict access to only specific IP addresses. Which configuration should be used?

A company runs an e-commerce platform on AWS using a multi-tier architecture. The application tier consists of Auto Scaling groups of EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. The database tier uses Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. Recently, the operations team noticed that during flash sales, the application becomes unresponsive and users receive 503 errors. The team checks CloudWatch metrics and sees that the RDS instance's CPU utilization spikes to 100%, and the `DatabaseConnections` metric also spikes to the maximum allowed value of 500. The application uses connection pooling with a maximum of 200 connections, but the metric shows 500 connections. The team suspects that the connection pooling configuration is not being honored. The application code is written in Python and uses SQLAlchemy with a connection pool size of 10 per application instance. There are 20 application instances in the Auto Scaling group during peak times. The team wants to resolve the issue without increasing the database instance size. What should the team do?

A company is migrating a 2 TB MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. They need to minimize downtime and ensure data consistency. Which approach should be used?

A security engineer reviews the IAM policy attached to a user. The user is unable to modify any RDS DB instance, even when MFA is enabled. What is the most likely cause?

A media company uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis to cache database query results and reduce load on the primary database. The cache hit ratio is low because the cache is purged frequently. The team wants to improve the hit ratio without increasing the cache size. Which strategy should they implement?

A company is designing a global e-commerce application that requires a relational database with sub-10ms read latency across multiple AWS Regions. The database will store inventory and product catalog data. Which database design should they choose?

A gaming company needs a database to store player session data that is ephemeral and requires sub-millisecond latency. The data can be lost on failure without impact. Which service is best?

A company is running a production Amazon RDS for MySQL database that is experiencing performance degradation. Amazon CloudWatch metrics show high CPU utilization and high number of connections. The company has already optimized queries and implemented connection pooling. What is the MOST cost-effective solution to address the high CPU utilization?

A company runs an Amazon Aurora MySQL-compatible database cluster. The security team requires that all database credentials be rotated automatically every 30 days. Which combination of AWS services can meet this requirement with minimal operational overhead?

A developer needs to connect to an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance from an EC2 instance in the same VPC. What is the most secure way to authenticate the connection without storing database credentials in the application code?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB as the primary database for a global e-commerce application. During the holiday season, the application experiences throttling on write requests even though the read and write capacity units are well below the provisioned limits. The table uses on-demand capacity mode. What is the most likely cause of this throttling?

A company is migrating an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The company wants to minimize application changes. Which endpoint type should the application use after migration?

A data warehouse team is migrating from Amazon Redshift to Amazon Redshift RA3 nodes. The current cluster uses 10 DC2.large nodes. The new cluster will use 4 RA3.xlarge nodes. After the migration, the team notices that query performance is significantly slower. Which factor is the MOST likely cause of the performance degradation?

A security team is auditing an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance. They notice that SSL connections are not enforced. Which configuration change will enforce SSL for all connections?

A company is planning to migrate a 5 TB Oracle data warehouse to Amazon Redshift. The migration must be completed within a 2-day maintenance window. The source database is heavily normalized and uses complex joins. Which strategy is most appropriate?

A logistics company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL to track package shipments. The 'shipments' table contains 200 million rows and has a primary key on 'shipment_id' (UUID). The application frequently queries for shipments by 'tracking_number', which is a unique string of 20 characters. The DBA created a B-tree index on tracking_number. The queries by tracking_number are fast, but inserts are becoming slower over time. The table has 50 GB of data. The company plans to double the insert rate next month. The database is a db.r5.large instance with 500 GB of Provisioned IOPS SSD storage. The instance's CPU utilization is below 30%, and there is no lock contention. What should the database specialist do to improve insert performance?

A company is migrating a 100 GB Microsoft SQL Server database from an on-premises data center to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The migration uses AWS DMS with full load only (no ongoing replication). The full load completes successfully, but the company's application team reports that some data in the target database is missing. The source database was not modified during the migration. The DMS task logs show no errors. What is the MOST likely cause of the missing data?

A social media application uses Amazon DynamoDB as its primary data store. The application stores user posts and allows users to retrieve the most recent 10 posts of users they follow. The access pattern is a followee-based query that needs to be highly scalable and low-latency. Which DynamoDB table design should the database specialist recommend?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL and wants to restrict access to the database based on the source IP address. Which AWS feature should be used to achieve this?

A company is deploying a new application on AWS that requires a highly available relational database with automatic failover and read scaling. The database size is 100 GB and the workload is balanced between reads and writes. Which THREE AWS services or features should be used?

A database administrator is reviewing the configuration of an RDS MySQL instance. Based on the exhibit, which change would MOST improve the database's performance under heavy write workloads without increasing costs significantly?

A developer reports that an application's write requests to a DynamoDB table are failing with ProvisionedThroughputExceededException. The table uses provisioned capacity. Which immediate action will resolve the issue?

A company is migrating a 2 TB PostgreSQL database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database has a 4-hour downtime window. The company requires minimal data loss and wants to use AWS DMS. The on-premises network has a 100 Mbps internet connection. Which migration method should the company use?

A company has an Amazon RDS for MySQL database with Multi-AZ deployment. The database is experiencing high CPU utilization due to a reporting workload. The company wants to migrate to Amazon Aurora MySQL to improve performance and scalability. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which migration strategy meets these requirements?

A startup is building a social media analytics platform that requires storing time-series data with frequent writes and queries for the last hour. Which AWS database service is BEST suited for this workload?

A startup is using Amazon DynamoDB for a gaming leaderboard. The table has a partition key of 'game_id' and a sort key of 'score'. The application frequently queries the top 10 scores for a given game. Recently, users have reported that the leaderboard is showing stale data. The DBA checks the CloudWatch metrics and sees no throttling. The table has auto scaling enabled. The application uses eventual consistent reads. The DBA suspects that the issue is related to write conflicts. What should the DBA do to ensure the leaderboard shows the most recent data?

A company is designing a database for a global e-commerce platform that requires low-latency reads and writes across multiple AWS Regions. The database must support strongly consistent reads and provide automatic failover. Which AWS service should the company use?

A database administrator is monitoring Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL using CloudWatch. The DB instance shows high CPU utilization, but the number of connections is normal. What is the most likely cause of the high CPU utilization?

Refer to the exhibit. A database engineer runs the query above to troubleshoot an application error. The query returns no results even though the database is generating errors. What is the most likely reason?

A company wants to test an application against an Amazon RDS for MySQL database with a recent set of production data without impacting the production database. The test database must be available quickly and be refreshed regularly. Which solution should be used?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle using AWS DMS. The source database is 2 TB and has high transaction volume. The migration needs minimal downtime. Currently, full load completes but CDC task fails with 'ORA-1555: snapshot too old' errors. What should the DBA do to resolve this?

A financial company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with a custom parameter group. The security team wants to ensure that all connections to the database are encrypted in transit. Which action should the database administrator take?

A company runs a critical application on Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The application performs frequent writes. The DB instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 80%, and the write latency is high. The company wants to improve write performance without changing the application code. Which solution is MOST effective?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database has several large tables with frequent INSERT and UPDATE operations. Which TWO actions should be taken to optimize performance after migration?

A company is designing a database for an IoT application that ingests millions of time-series data points per second. The database must support high-throughput writes and efficient querying of recent data. Which AWS database service is MOST suitable?

A company is migrating a database using AWS DMS. The IAM policy shown is attached to the DMS replication instance role. When the DMS replication task is created in the us-west-2 region, it fails. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store user session data for a web application. The table has a partition key of 'user_id' and no sort key. Each item is about 5 KB. The application performs frequent GetItem and UpdateItem operations. Recently, the application has been experiencing higher than expected latency and some throttling. The table's read and write capacity are set to on-demand mode. The CloudWatch metrics show that the ConsumedWriteCapacityUnits are well below the provisioned limits (if they were provisioned), but there are occasional ThrottledWriteEvents. The application team also notices that the throttling occurs for specific users. What is the most likely cause and solution?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a gaming leaderboard. The table has a partition key of 'game_id' and a sort key of 'score'. The table is configured with on-demand capacity. During a major tournament, the application experiences high latency and some requests return 'ProvisionedThroughputExceededException' errors. The CloudWatch metric 'ThrottledRequests' spikes. The application uses a single partition key for all writes during the tournament (game_id = 'tournament_final'). What is the most likely cause of the throttling, and what is the best solution?

A financial services company stores sensitive data in an Amazon DynamoDB table. The security team requires that all data at rest be encrypted with a customer-managed key that is rotated automatically every 12 months. The company also needs to audit key usage. Which solution meets these requirements?

A company is migrating a MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL. They want to use AWS DMS for continuous replication. Which TWO prerequisites must be met before starting the migration?

A company is migrating a 2 TB Oracle database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The network bandwidth is 100 Mbps. The migration must be completed within 3 days. Which approach is MOST efficient?

A company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL to store e-commerce order data. The orders table has millions of rows and is frequently queried by order_id. The company also runs periodic reports that aggregate data by order_date. The reports are slow. The database has a primary key on order_id. The company needs to improve report performance without affecting OLTP queries. Which design change should be made?

A company needs to migrate an on-premises Oracle database to AWS with minimal changes to the application code. The application uses complex stored procedures and has high availability requirements. Which database service should be used?

Refer to the exhibit. An engineer runs the CLI command to check security groups attached to the RDS instance 'mydb'. The output shows only one security group. The engineer wants to ensure that only traffic from an application server with IP 10.0.1.5 is allowed to the database port 3306. Which security group rule should be added?

A company runs a multi-tenant SaaS platform on AWS. Each tenant has their own database schema within a shared PostgreSQL database on Amazon RDS. The platform has grown to thousands of tenants, and the single RDS instance is experiencing performance degradation due to resource contention. Queries from one tenant can impact others. The company needs a solution that isolates tenants, provides predictable performance, and allows easy scaling. They also want to minimize application changes. The application uses an ORM that dynamically constructs SQL queries based on the tenant ID. Which solution is BEST?

A company is migrating its on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which THREE steps should be taken as part of the migration plan? (Select THREE.)

A company needs to securely store and manage the master password for their Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. Which AWS service is purpose-built for managing secrets with automatic rotation?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database is 1 TB and has a large number of stored procedures and triggers. The migration must minimize application changes. Which migration approach should be used?

A company is designing a disaster recovery strategy for Amazon DynamoDB. The strategy must have an RPO of 5 minutes and RTO of 1 hour. Which TWO options meet these requirements? (Choose 2.)

A company is using an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance to store sensitive customer data. A security audit reveals that all database traffic between the application and the database is transmitted in plaintext. Which configuration change would encrypt data in transit for new connections?

A gaming company runs a global leaderboard on Amazon DynamoDB. The leaderboard is updated frequently and must return the top 100 scores in milliseconds. The current design uses a single table with a Global Secondary Index (GSI) on score. However, the query to retrieve top scores often throttles under load. Which design change would best improve performance?

A company runs an Amazon Aurora MySQL database with read replicas to handle read traffic. During a recent load test, the primary instance CPU utilization reached 90%, but read replicas remained below 50%. The application uses a custom ORM that connects to a single endpoint. Which change will best distribute read traffic?

A company is migrating a 2 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The migration must have minimal downtime and support ongoing replication. Which AWS service should be used?

A developer needs to restore an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance to a specific point in time within the retention period. What must be enabled for this operation to be possible?

Refer to the exhibit. A CloudFormation template creates a DynamoDB table. The application team needs to query orders by customer ID (which is not a key attribute). Which change to the template would enable efficient querying by customer ID?

A company is using Amazon RDS for Oracle with a very large database (10 TB). They need to migrate to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL with minimal downtime. The source database is heavily used with constant writes. Which migration strategy is most appropriate?

A company's Amazon Redshift cluster is experiencing slow query performance. The cluster has three nodes. The administrator wants to identify if the issue is due to data distribution skew. Which approach should be used?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. They need to minimize downtime and ensure data consistency. Which TWO methods can be used together to achieve this?

A company is using Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL and wants to implement encryption in transit for all client connections. The security team has identified that some connections are not using SSL. Which TWO actions should the company take to enforce SSL for all connections?

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. They need to ensure that the migration is completed with minimal downtime and that data remains consistent. Which tool should they use?

An Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance is running out of storage space. The instance uses 500 GB of Magnetic storage. The database specialist needs to increase storage to 1 TB with minimal downtime. Which solution meets these requirements?

A company has an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance that is publicly accessible. They want to restrict access to only a specific CIDR block. Which two actions must be taken together?

Which TWO of the following are benefits of using Amazon DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX)? (Choose 2.)

A company has a production Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL Multi-AZ DB instance. The company's security team requires that all database connections use IAM database authentication. The company also needs to ensure that connections from a specific application server are allowed only if the server has a valid IAM role. Which combination of steps should the database administrator take to meet these requirements?

Refer to the exhibit. A database administrator is trying to use AWS DMS to migrate data from an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The DMS replication instance is in the same VPC as the RDS instance. The administrator receives an access denied error when starting the replication task. The IAM policy attached to the DMS replication instance is shown. What is the MOST likely cause of the error?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis to cache frequently accessed data from an RDS MySQL database. The cache hit ratio is currently 85%. The operations team notices that during traffic spikes, the cache eviction rate increases significantly, and the database CPU utilization spikes. The cache cluster uses a single r6g.large node. Which THREE actions should the team take to improve performance? (Choose three.)

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to a user who needs to manage Amazon RDS DB instances. When the user attempts to modify a DB instance, they receive an 'AccessDenied' error. What is the most likely cause?

A database administrator needs to audit all SQL statements executed on an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster, including SELECT queries. Which AWS service should be used to capture and store these logs?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database is 2 TB in size and has a 24/7 uptime requirement. The migration must have minimal downtime and support ongoing replication. Which TWO services or features should the specialist use to accomplish this?

A database administrator runs the above AWS CLI command. What is the purpose of the command?

A company is deploying a MySQL database on Amazon RDS and needs to enforce encryption at rest. Which configuration step is required?

A company has an Amazon DynamoDB table with a global secondary index (GSI). The security team wants to ensure that the table and the GSI are encrypted at rest. How can this be achieved?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a high-traffic leaderboard application that updates scores in real-time. The table has partition key 'game_id' and sort key 'player_id'. Queries retrieve top 10 players by score for each game. Which secondary index design is most efficient?

A company is deploying a new application with a PostgreSQL database on Amazon RDS. The database must be highly available across two Availability Zones. Which deployment option meets this requirement?

A company is designing a multi-tenant SaaS application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. Each tenant's data must be isolated for security and performance. The application has millions of tenants, with most tenants having small datasets (under 100 MB). Which database design pattern is MOST cost-effective and operationally efficient?

An application uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a session store. Users report that sessions are being lost intermittently. The ElastiCache cluster has replication enabled with one replica. CloudWatch metrics show 'Evictions' spiking during peak hours. What is the MOST likely cause?

Refer to the exhibit. A database administrator runs the AWS CLI command shown. The output is: ["available", false]. What does this output indicate about the DB instance?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with global tables. The application writes to a table in the us-east-1 region. The database administrator notices that updates made in us-east-1 are not appearing in the replica table in eu-west-1. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating a 2 TB MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. They want to minimize downtime and ensure data consistency. Which TWO methods should they use? (Choose two.)

A company uses Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility) for its content management system. The application runs on EC2 instances and connects to a DocumentDB cluster with one instance (db.r5.large). Recently, users reported that retrieving documents takes longer than usual. CloudWatch metrics show that the CPU utilization of the DocumentDB instance is at 90% and the freeable memory is below 100 MB. The team has verified that no query optimization is possible. Which action should the team take FIRST to improve performance?

A company is using Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition. The database administrator wants to restrict a specific user to only execute SELECT statements on a specific database. Which SQL command should the administrator use?

An Amazon DynamoDB table is experiencing throttled write requests. The table uses provisioned capacity with auto-scaling enabled. Which THREE factors could contribute to throttling despite auto-scaling?

A company needs a fully managed graph database for a social networking application that requires real-time recommendations based on friend connections. Which AWS service should they use?

A company is migrating a self-managed PostgreSQL database with extensions (PostGIS, pg_stat_statements) to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. After migration, they find that the extensions are not available. What is the most likely cause?

A company is designing a disaster recovery strategy for an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database. The database is 2 TB in size. The company wants to recover to a different AWS Region with minimal data loss. Which TWO options meet these requirements?

A financial services company runs a critical application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database stores sensitive customer financial data. The security team has mandated that all access to the database must be through IAM database authentication to eliminate the need for passwords. The application currently uses a master user password stored in AWS Secrets Manager. The DBA needs to implement IAM authentication without downtime. The application is deployed on Amazon ECS and connects to the database using a connection string. The DBA has already created an IAM role for the ECS task with a policy that allows rds-db:connect. The DBA has also modified the DB instance to require SSL. However, after making these changes, the application cannot connect. The error message indicates 'IAM authentication is not enabled for this user'. What step did the DBA miss?

A company needs to migrate a 3 TB Amazon RDS for SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The migration must be automated and repeatable with minimal manual intervention. Which combination of services should be used?

A company is migrating a 2 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL using AWS SCT and DMS. After migration, the application reports that some queries are significantly slower than before. The database schema was converted automatically. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Amazon RDS for SQL Server with Multi-AZ deployment. The security team wants to ensure that all data at rest is encrypted using a customer-managed KMS key in both the primary and standby instances. Which THREE actions are required?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. The table has a provisioned read capacity of 10,000 RCU and write capacity of 5,000 WCU. Auto scaling target utilization is 70%. The table experiences a sudden spike in read traffic, reaching 12,000 RCU. The table throttles some requests. Which THREE actions should the company take to prevent future throttling?

Which TWO CloudWatch metrics should be monitored to detect storage performance issues for an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance? (Choose two.)

Which TWO actions can be taken to monitor the health of an Amazon DynamoDB table? (Choose 2.)

A DevOps engineer notices that an Amazon DynamoDB table's read capacity is frequently throttled during peak hours. The table has read-once, read-many workload. Which action is MOST cost-effective to reduce throttling?

A developer is writing an AWS Lambda function that needs to access a Secrets Manager secret to retrieve database credentials. The Lambda function has an IAM role. Which action must be allowed in the IAM policy?

A company is migrating a 5 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They have a 4-hour maintenance window weekly. Which THREE steps should be taken to minimize downtime? (Choose 3)

A company needs to store JSON documents that require complex querying on nested attributes. The database must support ACID transactions and be fully managed. Which service should they use?

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL to store customer data. The security team wants to audit all SQL queries executed against the database, including SELECT statements. Which TWO actions should be taken to achieve this?

A company wants to audit all SQL statements executed on their RDS for PostgreSQL database. Which AWS service should they use?

A company is deploying a new Amazon Aurora MySQL database. The development team requires a separate database instance for testing that is a clone of the production database but does not require the same level of performance. What is the MOST cost-effective way to create this test database?

A database specialist is analyzing an Aurora MySQL error log and finds the above deadlock error. The application performs an update on the orders table and then updates the inventory table within the same transaction. The deadlock occurs when two concurrent transactions try to update orders and inventory in different orders. Which design change should the database specialist recommend to reduce deadlocks?

A company is using Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility) for a content management system. The application team notices that write operations are taking longer than usual. CloudWatch metrics show high WriteLatency and a growing number of documents in the oplog. Which step should the database specialist take to troubleshoot the issue?

Which THREE of the following are key considerations when designing a time-series database using Amazon DynamoDB? (Select THREE.)

A SysOps administrator is tasked with monitoring the free storage space on all Amazon RDS DB instances. Which AWS service should be used to set up an alarm that sends an email notification when free storage space falls below a threshold?

Which TWO actions can be used to encrypt an existing unencrypted Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance? (Choose 2.)

A company has an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance that is running low on storage. The current allocated storage is 500 GB, and the free space is down to 10 GB. The database administrator wants to increase storage with minimal downtime. Which action should be taken?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a gaming application. During a new game launch, the table experiences throttling on write requests. The table has a provisioned capacity of 10,000 WCU and 5,000 RCU. The write traffic pattern shows spikes up to 15,000 WCU for 5 minutes. Which action would resolve the throttling with minimal cost impact?

A database administrator is monitoring an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance and sees the following CloudWatch metrics: 'DiskQueueDepth' is consistently at 10, 'WriteLatency' is 20 ms, 'FreeStorageSpace' is less than 10% of total. The instance uses gp2 storage. Which THREE actions should be taken to improve performance?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store user profiles. The access pattern is mostly GetItem by user_id. They want to reduce costs. Which design change is most effective?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a gaming leaderboard application. Recently, users have experienced increased latency when updating scores. The DynamoDB table has on-demand capacity mode. The application performs UpdateItem calls with a condition expression. Which action is most likely to reduce the latency?

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB database to AWS. The application uses MongoDB's aggregation pipeline for real-time analytics. Which AWS database service is most compatible and provides the least application changes?

A database administrator is troubleshooting a sudden increase in read latency on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. The instance has 200 GB of General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage with 600 provisioned IOPS. The administrator notices that the average queue depth is consistently above 4. Which action is the MOST effective way to reduce read latency?

A company uses Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The security team requires that all data be encrypted at rest with a customer-managed key, and that the key be rotated every year. Which configuration meets these requirements?

A company is building a real-time leaderboard for an online game using Amazon DynamoDB. The leaderboard must update scores within seconds and support queries for top 100 players. Which TWO design patterns should be used? (Choose TWO.)

A company needs to store JSON documents that are frequently accessed by a web application. The documents have varying attributes and the query pattern includes filtering on multiple fields. Which AWS database service is most suitable?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer reports that the RDS MySQL instance 'mydb' is experiencing high write latency. The storage is gp2 with 100 GB. What is the MOST likely cause of the write latency?

A financial services company is migrating a 2 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database uses Oracle-specific features like hierarchical queries and stored procedures. The company wants to minimize manual code changes. Which service should be used to automate schema conversion?

A user has the IAM policy shown in the exhibit. When attempting to create a DMS replication task, they receive an authorization error. What is the most likely missing permission?

A company is planning to migrate a 1 TB MySQL database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The migration must have minimal downtime and support ongoing replication. Which THREE steps should the company include in the migration plan? (Choose THREE.)

A company wants to encrypt an existing unencrypted Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance. What is the MOST efficient way to achieve this?

A company is designing a database for a global IoT application that ingests millions of events per second. Each event includes a device ID, timestamp, and sensor readings. The requirement is to store data for historical analysis and to support queries that aggregate data by device ID over time ranges. The team needs a cost-effective solution that can scale write throughput. Which database design is most appropriate?

A company's RDS for MySQL instance is experiencing high CPU utilization. Which AWS service should be used to set up automated actions to scale the instance vertically?

Which TWO strategies can improve query performance in Amazon Aurora MySQL for a read-heavy workload? (Select TWO.)

A company wants to migrate an on-premises SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. They need to convert stored procedures and functions. Which AWS service should they use?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer in front of an Amazon Aurora MySQL database. The application is experiencing higher latency than expected. Which database design pattern should the specialist recommend to improve read performance?

A company uses Amazon Aurora MySQL. They notice that the DB cluster's failover took longer than expected during a recent primary instance failure. CloudWatch shows Failover latency of 120 seconds. Which configuration change would most likely reduce the failover time?

A company uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for a web application. They notice increased latency and cache miss rates. The cache cluster has 5 nodes with replication. Which metric should be monitored to identify if the cache is under-provisioned?

A developer is troubleshooting slow queries in Amazon RDS for MySQL. The 'Threads_running' status variable is consistently above 200. The application uses connection pooling. Which metric should be monitored to identify the root cause?

An IAM policy is attached to a role used by an application to access an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The DB instance is encrypted with a customer-managed KMS key. The application is unable to create a snapshot of the encrypted DB instance. Which missing permission is the most likely cause?

A database administrator runs the above CLI command. The output shows that 'mydb' is a read replica of 'mydb-source'. The administrator wants to promote 'mydb' to a standalone instance with no downtime. Which action should be taken?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance with Multi-AZ deployment. The database experiences a failover due to a hardware failure. After the failover, the application team reports that a critical stored procedure is missing. What should the database administrator do to prevent this issue in the future?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer runs the command against an RDS MySQL instance. The application team reports that the database is experiencing high read latency during peak hours. The database is not currently in Multi-AZ. What is the MOST cost-effective way to reduce read latency?

A company has an Amazon S3 bucket that stores database backup files. The backups are encrypted using server-side encryption with AWS KMS (SSE-KMS). The security team wants to ensure that only a specific IAM role can decrypt the backups when restoring the database. Which policy should be attached to the KMS key to achieve this?

A company runs an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance with Multi-AZ enabled. The primary instance is in us-east-1a and the standby is in us-east-1b. During a routine audit, the security team discovers that database connections are being terminated unexpectedly. The database administrator reviews the RDS events and sees an event: 'A Multi-AZ failover has been completed.' What step should be taken to determine the cause of this failover?

A company runs a production Amazon RDS for MySQL Multi-AZ DB instance. The database experiences a failover event. After the failover, the application team reports increased latency for write operations. Which action should be taken to investigate the issue?

A company is using an Amazon DynamoDB table with a global table configuration across two AWS regions. The security team wants to ensure that all data is encrypted in transit between the regions. What should the team do?

A company is running Amazon RDS for MySQL and notices that the database CPU utilization is consistently above 80% during peak hours. The application performance is degrading. Which action should be taken first to troubleshoot the issue?

A developer needs to grant an IAM user permission to perform automated backups of an Amazon RDS DB instance. Which IAM action should be allowed?

A company needs to store and query a graph of relationships between users for a recommendation engine. The queries involve traversing multiple edges. Which AWS database service is most suitable?

A team is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database is 2 TB and has a 6-hour maintenance window. Which AWS service should the team use to minimize downtime?

A company is deploying a new web application on AWS. The application uses Amazon RDS for MySQL with a Multi-AZ deployment. The application team wants to reduce latency for read-heavy workloads. Which action should be taken?

Which THREE considerations are important when deploying Amazon Aurora Global Database? (Choose 3.)

A healthcare company runs a critical application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with a Multi-AZ deployment. The database stores patient records and must comply with HIPAA regulations. Recently, a security audit revealed that the database is using the default port 5432 and that SSL connections are not enforced. The security team requires that all connections to the database use SSL and that the default port be changed to 5439 to reduce the risk of automated attacks. The database administrator needs to implement these changes with minimal downtime. What should the administrator do?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The security team requires that all data be encrypted at rest using a key stored in AWS CloudHSM. What must be done to meet this requirement?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database is 2 TB in size. The company wants to minimize downtime during the migration. Which AWS service should be used to perform an online migration with minimal downtime?

A company is troubleshooting an Amazon DynamoDB table that is throttling write requests. The table has a partition key ('userId') and a sort key ('timestamp'). The 'WriteCapacityUnits' is set to 1000. CloudWatch shows 'ThrottledWriteRequests' but the 'ConsumedWriteCapacityUnits' is only 500. Which TWO actions could resolve the throttling?

A company wants to audit all SQL queries made to their Amazon RDS for MySQL database. Which AWS service should they use?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database contains personally identifiable information (PII). The security team requires that all PII columns be transparently encrypted and that the encryption keys be stored in AWS CloudHSM. Which solution meets these requirements?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to a user. The user tries to delete a database instance named 'prod-mydb' in us-east-1. What will happen?

A gaming company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store player profiles and game state. The access patterns include: (1) lookup by player ID, (2) query by game ID for recent games, and (3) leaderboard queries sorted by score. The current single-table design is causing hot partitions on the leaderboard queries. What design change should the company implement to resolve hot partitions?

A company is deploying a new web application and needs a fully managed relational database with automatic failover and read replicas. Which AWS service should they choose?

A company wants to migrate a 1 TB MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL with minimal downtime. The database has a high write load. Which TWO options are valid approaches? (Choose two.)

Which TWO factors should be considered when designing a database for an IoT workload that ingests millions of sensor readings per second? (Choose 2.)

A company is building a content management system that stores articles, images, and user comments. Articles are text-heavy and need full-text search. Images are binary files. Comments are relational with user IDs. Which TWO AWS services should be combined to best support this workload?

A company has an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster with a single writer and two readers. The writer instance fails, and the failover mechanism promotes one of the readers to writer. The application, which uses a custom connection pool, continues to experience errors for several minutes. What should the database administrator do to minimize downtime during future failovers?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to a user who is attempting to run a Scan operation on the Orders table using the AWS CLI. The Scan operation fails with an AccessDeniedException. What is the most likely reason?

A company wants to deploy a highly available Amazon RDS for MySQL database across two Availability Zones. Which feature should be enabled?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy statement allows creating manual snapshots for an RDS instance. A database administrator is unable to create a snapshot from the AWS Management Console. The error message indicates insufficient permissions. What is the likely cause?

A developer is configuring an RDS for PostgreSQL instance for a new application. The application requires automatic failover to a standby instance in a different Availability Zone. Which deployment option should be selected?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database is 2 TB in size and has a high transaction rate. The migration must have minimal downtime and support ongoing replication. Which AWS service should be used for the migration?

A company is building a document management system where each document can have multiple attributes (tags) that need to be queried efficiently. The workload is write-heavy with occasional reads. Which database is best suited?

A company is running a production Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The database size is 500 GB and the workload is write-heavy. The team notices that the automated backups are taking longer than expected and are impacting the performance during the backup window. Which action should be taken to minimize the performance impact?

After migrating a database to Amazon RDS, an application on an EC2 instance in the same VPC cannot connect. The command in the exhibit shows the endpoint. What is the most likely cause?

A company is using Amazon Redshift and needs to comply with regulatory requirements that mandate encryption of all data at rest and control of the encryption keys. Which THREE steps should be taken? (Choose THREE.)

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The database experiences a sudden increase in latency and the application reports timeouts. CloudWatch shows elevated 'ReadLatency' and 'WriteLatency' metrics, while 'CPUUtilization' and 'DatabaseConnections' remain normal. Which is the MOST likely cause?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB and wants to ensure that all data is automatically encrypted at rest. What is the default encryption status for a new DynamoDB table?

A developer notices that an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance is running low on free storage space. The instance has 100 GB of allocated storage. What is the recommended first step to troubleshoot this issue?

A company is deploying a new application that requires a globally distributed database with low latency reads. They choose Amazon DynamoDB global tables. What is a key consideration for this deployment?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. Users report that queries are taking longer than expected. Which CloudWatch metric should be monitored to identify if queries are waiting for resources due to concurrency scaling?

A company is migrating a PostgreSQL database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database has a large table that is frequently accessed. The team wants to minimize downtime during the migration. Which TWO strategies should be used together?

A database administrator is troubleshooting a performance issue on an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance. The CPU utilization is consistently above 90%, and the number of database connections is high. Which Amazon CloudWatch metric should be analyzed first to determine if the issue is due to a specific query?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store session data for a web application. The table has a partition key of 'SessionId'. The company wants to automatically expire sessions after 1 hour. Which feature should be used?

A database administrator needs to monitor the number of database connections to an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. Which Amazon CloudWatch metric should the administrator use?

A developer is trying to create a FULLTEXT index on a column in an RDS MySQL instance. The error log shows the index creation failed. What is the most likely cause?

A company wants to store database credentials for an Amazon RDS instance securely. Which AWS service should be used to rotate the credentials automatically?

An e-commerce company uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a session store for its web application. The application experiences occasional latency spikes during flash sales. The operations team notices that the Redis cluster's CPU utilization reaches 90% during these events. The current cluster is a single shard with a cache.r5.large node. The team wants to reduce CPU utilization and improve performance. What should the database administrator do?

A company needs to store and query time-series data from IoT devices. The data arrives in high volume and requires efficient range queries over time. Which database is most appropriate?

A company has an Amazon DynamoDB table with a global secondary index (GSI). The security team wants to ensure that only certain attributes are returned in query results based on the IAM policy of the calling user. What is the most secure and scalable approach?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database is 500 GB in size and has a 24/7 uptime requirement. The migration window is limited to 2 hours. Which strategy should be used to minimize downtime?

A company is migrating a 5 TB Microsoft SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The database has many stored procedures and triggers. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which approach should be used?

Which TWO of the following are valid considerations when migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle using AWS DMS? (Select TWO.)

A startup needs a fully managed, serverless database for a new web application with unpredictable traffic. The application requires ACID transactions and SQL queries. Which AWS database service should they use?

A company is using Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition. The database is experiencing performance degradation due to long-running queries. The DBA needs to identify the queries that are consuming the most resources. Which action should be taken?

An Amazon RDS for Oracle instance is experiencing high swap usage. Which metric should be monitored to determine if the instance is memory-constrained?

A database specialist is trying to connect to an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance from an EC2 instance but receives a 'Connection timed out' error. The security group for the RDS instance allows inbound traffic on port 3306 from the security group of the EC2 instance. What should the specialist check next?

Refer to the exhibit. A database administrator runs the AWS CLI command to retrieve CloudWatch metrics for an Amazon RDS DB instance. The output shows a spike in WriteLatency at 10:05 UTC. What is the most likely cause of this spike?

A company is migrating a 1 TB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The migration requires minimal downtime and must support ongoing changes. Which TWO AWS services should be used together to achieve this? (Choose two.)

A database administrator needs to retain backups of an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance for 7 years to meet compliance requirements. The automated backup retention period is limited to 35 days. Which solution should be used?

A company runs a critical PostgreSQL database on Amazon RDS Multi-AZ. They need to perform a major version upgrade (e.g., from 12 to 13) with minimal downtime. Which approach should they take?

A financial services company needs to store trade data with strong consistency, high durability, and the ability to run complex SQL queries on the data. The data volume is 10 TB and grows by 1 GB per day. Queries must return results in less than 5 seconds. Which database solution best meets these requirements?

A company is deploying a globally distributed application with users in the US, Europe, and Asia. The application requires sub-10ms read latency for user profiles stored in Amazon DynamoDB. Writes are less frequent. Which configuration meets the latency requirement while minimizing write conflicts?

A security engineer needs to restrict access to an Amazon DynamoDB table so that only users from a specific AWS account can read and write data. Which of the following can be used to achieve this? (Choose TWO.)

A company wants to migrate an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL with minimal downtime. The database is 500 GB and has moderate write activity. Which approach is MOST suitable?

A startup needs a cost-effective database for a small application that handles both transactional and analytical workloads. They expect low traffic initially but want the database to automatically scale as the business grows. Which database solution is BEST suited?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer runs the AWS CLI command and receives the output shown. What is this output?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB to store user session data. The security team requires that all access to the table be authenticated and authorized using AWS IAM. Which mechanism should the developer use to achieve this?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL and notices that database connections are being rejected intermittently. The application logs show 'Too many connections' errors. The DB instance has 1000 max_connections. Which action should the DBA take to troubleshoot and resolve this issue without impacting performance?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for Oracle database in Multi-AZ. The primary instance fails over unexpectedly. The DBA wants to determine the cause of the failover. What should the DBA do?

A company is designing a database for an IoT application that ingests millions of sensor readings per second. Each reading includes device ID, timestamp, and measurement. The workload requires time-series analytics and data retention for 90 days. Which AWS database solution is MOST appropriate?

A company is using Amazon Aurora MySQL and needs to audit database logins. Which of the following can be used to capture login events? (Choose TWO.)

A gaming company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store player profiles with partition key player_id. The access pattern is to retrieve profiles for multiple players in a single request. The application currently makes separate GetItem calls, causing high latency. Which design pattern reduces latency and cost?

A company has an Amazon Redshift cluster with a single node. The cluster is used for reporting. Recently, queries have become slow, and the cluster's disk space is 80% full. Which action should be taken to improve query performance and manage storage?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The security policy requires that all connections to the database use SSL/TLS. What should the database administrator do to meet this requirement?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database uses Oracle Data Pump for export/import. The migration must be completed within a short maintenance window. Which migration approach should they use?

A company's Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance is experiencing a high number of connections, causing performance degradation. The DBA wants to identify which user and application are creating the most connections. What should the DBA do?

A database administrator runs the command shown in the exhibit to create a read replica in us-west-2 from a source DB instance in us-east-1. The command fails. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The database is 500 GB in size and has a 24-hour maintenance window. Which AWS service or tool should be used for the initial data transfer with minimal downtime?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance with Multi-AZ. The database experiences a failover during a maintenance window. After the failover, the application connection pool continues to use the old primary endpoint, causing connection errors. What is the BEST way to ensure application connections automatically redirect to the new primary after a failover?

A company has a high-traffic e-commerce application that uses Amazon RDS for MySQL. During flash sales, the database experiences high read load causing slow page loads. The application is read-heavy with occasional writes. Which design change would provide the most immediate performance improvement?

A company is deploying a new Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance with Multi-AZ. The database will be used by a critical application that requires minimal downtime during failover. The application uses a single connection string with the CNAME of the RDS endpoint. During a recent failover test, the application experienced a 3-minute timeout. The DBA wants to reduce the failover time. The current RDS instance is db.r5.large with 100 GB gp2 storage. The application is hosted on EC2 in the same VPC. Which change would MOST effectively reduce the failover time?

A developer needs to monitor the number of throttled read requests for a DynamoDB table. Which CloudWatch metric should be used?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with a global secondary index (GSI) and client-side encryption using the AWS Encryption SDK. The security team requires that the partition key and sort key be searchable by the application but not stored in plaintext in the table. Which approach should be taken?

An administrator is troubleshooting a permissions issue. A user with the IAM policy shown is unable to share an automated system snapshot with another AWS account. Which action should the administrator take to resolve this issue?

A financial services company needs a database to store transaction records with strong consistency and the ability to run complex analytical queries. The data volume is in the terabytes and is expected to grow. The company also needs point-in-time recovery. Which AWS database solution meets these requirements?

A database administrator needs to audit all SQL statements executed on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. Which service should be used to capture and log the SQL statements?

A team is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance that is running out of storage. The instance uses General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. The team wants to increase storage without downtime. Which action should they take?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with encryption at rest enabled. The security team wants to ensure that the database backups stored in Amazon S3 are also encrypted using a customer-managed KMS key. What should be done to meet this requirement?

A company's application is logging the error shown in the exhibit. The application is deployed on Amazon EC2 and connects to an Amazon RDS for MySQL Multi-AZ DB instance. Which configuration change is most likely to resolve this issue?

A company is designing a database for an IoT application that ingests sensor data from thousands of devices. Each device sends a reading every minute. The data includes device_id, timestamp, temperature, humidity, and pressure. The application needs to store this data and support queries that retrieve all readings for a specific device within a time range. The company expects high write throughput and moderate read frequency. The data must be stored with high durability. Which TWO database designs are appropriate for this workload? (Choose TWO.)

Which TWO database services are most suitable for workloads that require ACID transactions?

A company runs a MongoDB-compatible workload on Amazon DocumentDB. They notice that many read requests are returning stale data even though reads are directed to the primary instance. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company uses Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. They run a daily ETL job that loads data into the cluster. Recently, the job started failing with 'Disk Full' errors. The cluster has 5 RA3 nodes. Which step should be taken to resolve the issue?

Which TWO settings should be verified when troubleshooting an RDS for MySQL instance that has a high number of aborted connections? (Choose 2.)

Based on the CLI output, what is true about this RDS instance?

A financial services company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store sensitive customer data. The security team requires that all data at rest be encrypted using a customer-managed AWS KMS key (CMK) with automatic rotation enabled. The DynamoDB table was created with the default AWS-managed key. Which steps are necessary to transition to a customer-managed CMK while minimizing downtime and data loss?

A company is migrating a 3 TB on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The source database runs Oracle 12c on a Linux server with a 1 Gbps network connection to AWS via Direct Connect. The migration must have minimal downtime and be completed within a 2-day window. The database is heavily used during business hours (9 AM - 5 PM) and has low activity overnight. The company has a test environment on AWS already. The migration team plans to use AWS DMS with CDC for ongoing replication. They also plan to use AWS SCT for schema conversion. They start the migration on a Friday evening. On Saturday morning, the CDC replication lag is increasing, and the target Aurora instance is struggling to keep up. The team notices that the source database has a high number of write transactions even during the weekend, and the DMS replication instance is a small instance type. Which action should the team take to complete the migration on time?

A database administrator needs to audit all SQL statements executed on an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance. The audit logs must be stored in Amazon S3 for long-term retention and analysis with Amazon Athena. Which solution meets these requirements?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to a user. What is the effect when the user attempts to delete the RDS DB instance named 'prod-db'?

A company is deploying a multi-region application with Amazon Aurora Global Database. They need to ensure that the secondary region can be promoted to primary with minimal data loss in the event of a regional failure. Which configuration should they use?

An e-commerce application stores order data in Amazon RDS for MySQL. The database has grown to 1.5 TB and the company needs to retain data for 7 years for compliance. Current queries are becoming slow due to the large table size. The compliance requirement mandates that data older than 1 year must be retained but is rarely accessed. What strategy would reduce the active table size while maintaining compliance?

A company has a 100 GB MySQL database on an EC2 instance. They want to migrate to Amazon RDS for MySQL with minimal downtime. They have set up replication from the source to the target using MySQL native replication. After enabling replication, the 'Seconds_Behind_Master' value is increasing. The source database is write-heavy. What should the team do to reduce replication lag?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with provisioned capacity. The application is experiencing throttling on write requests. The database specialist needs to identify the cause. Which TWO metrics should be reviewed in CloudWatch? (Select TWO.)

A company wants to encrypt an existing unencrypted Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. What is the correct procedure?

A company is running an Amazon Aurora MySQL database cluster. The database specialist notices that the write latency is high during peak hours. The cluster consists of one writer and two reader instances. Which action should the specialist take to reduce write latency?

A company has an Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity mode. They notice that write requests are being throttled during peak hours. The table has a global secondary index (GSI) that is also throttled. Which action should the database specialist take to resolve the throttling?

A company is designing a document management system using Amazon S3 and needs to store metadata such as document ID, owner, creation date, and tags. The metadata must be searchable with low latency, supporting queries like 'Find all documents owned by user X with tag Y created after date Z'. Which AWS database service is most suitable for storing and querying this metadata?

A company uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis. They want to monitor cache hit ratio. Which TWO metrics should be used to calculate the cache hit ratio?

A company is migrating a MySQL database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The current database has several stored procedures and triggers that use user-defined functions (UDFs) compiled as shared libraries. What is the best practice for handling these UDFs in RDS?

A company runs a reporting application on Amazon Redshift. The application queries a large fact table that is distributed by a key. The report queries filter on a date column. The report performance is slow. The database has 10 nodes. The company wants to improve query performance by optimizing the table design. Which design change should be made?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance with Multi-AZ deployment. They notice that the primary DB instance is experiencing high CPU utilization. The read replica shows normal CPU. Which action should the DBA take to reduce the load on the primary instance?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database size is 2 TB and the network bandwidth is limited. The company needs to minimize downtime during migration. Which AWS service should be used?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a gaming leaderboard that updates frequently. They need to maintain a sorted list of top 100 players by score. Which THREE design patterns can achieve this efficiently?

A company is running a production PostgreSQL database on an EC2 instance (db.m5.xlarge) with 500 GB of gp2 EBS storage. The database is used by a customer-facing application that requires low latency. The company plans to migrate this database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with minimal downtime. The current database has a high write load with frequent updates and deletes, and the table sizes are growing. The company also wants to enable Multi-AZ for high availability and use read replicas for reporting workloads. During migration planning, they discover that the source database has several large unlogged tables and uses custom PostgreSQL extensions that are not available in RDS. Which migration strategy should the company use to minimize downtime and meet all requirements?

A database team uses Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. They observe frequent throttling on a table during peak hours. The table's read capacity is set to 5000 RCU with auto scaling range 3000-7000. The consumed read capacity graph shows spikes to 6000 RCU but throttling occurs at 5500. What is the most likely cause?

A company runs a production Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL Multi-AZ DB instance (db.r5.large) with 500 GB of General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. The application experiences intermittent latency spikes every 15 minutes. Monitoring shows that during these spikes, the ReadIOPS metric on the primary instance spikes to 5,000 IOPS (the baseline is 1,500 IOPS), and the BurstBalance drops from 100% to 20% then recovers. There is no increase in CPU or connections. The application uses connection pooling with pgBouncer on an EC2 instance. The team has verified that no long-running queries or index scans are causing the spikes. Which action is MOST likely to resolve the intermittent latency?

A company wants to deploy an Amazon RDS for MySQL database for a new application. The database must be highly available with automatic failover. Which configuration should they choose?

A multinational e-commerce company runs an Amazon Aurora MySQL database for its product catalog. The database is 2 TB and has a high write volume. The company needs to create a test environment that contains a subset (10%) of the production data for developers to use. The test environment must be refreshed daily with the latest production data. The operations team wants to minimize cost and ensure that the test environment does not impact production performance. Which solution should they implement?

A database administrator has the IAM policy shown in the exhibit. Which action will be allowed by this policy?

A company runs a large-scale e-commerce platform using Amazon RDS for MySQL with a Multi-AZ deployment. The database has a table 'orders' with 200 million rows. Recently, they added a new index on the 'order_date' column to improve reporting queries. After adding the index, they noticed increased write latency and occasional replication lag. The application writes new orders continuously. The table experiences about 10,000 writes per second. The DB instance is db.r5.4xlarge. The index creation was done using the ALTER TABLE statement with a default algorithm. What is the most likely cause of the increased write latency and replication lag?

A company has an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance with automated backups enabled. The retention period is set to 7 days. A developer accidentally performed a DROP TABLE operation on a critical table 2 days ago. How can the table be recovered with minimal data loss?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a web application. The company notices that read requests to a particular table are throttled during peak hours. The table has a provisioned read capacity of 1000 read capacity units (RCUs). The read requests are mostly eventually consistent reads. What should the company do to reduce throttling without changing the application code?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a high-traffic application. The application is experiencing intermittent `ProvisionedThroughputExceededException` errors. The team has already increased the read and write capacity units multiple times but the errors persist. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause of the issue?

A company is migrating a 200 GB PostgreSQL database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They want to use the AWS DMS console to create a migration task. The source database is in a VPC and the target Aurora cluster is in the same VPC. The DMS replication instance is also in the same VPC. The source database is publicly accessible. What additional configuration is required to enable connectivity between DMS and the source database?

A company runs a customer relationship management (CRM) application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The application stores customer data in a table with over 50 million rows. The company recently added a new query that searches for customers by their email domain (e.g., '@example.com'). The query uses a LIKE pattern: 'WHERE email LIKE ''%@example.com'''. The query takes over 30 seconds to complete. The DBA has already created a B-tree index on the email column, but it does not help. Which action should the database specialist recommend to improve query performance?

A developer notices that an Amazon ElastiCache for Redis cluster is experiencing high latency. The cluster uses a single node. Which CloudWatch metric should be reviewed first to determine if the issue is due to memory pressure?

A company is deploying a new multi-AZ Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database. The security team requires that all traffic to the database be encrypted in transit. Which configuration ensures this?

A startup uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for its database. Users report that application responses are slow. The developer checks the ElastiCache metrics and sees that 'CacheHits' are low and 'CacheMisses' are high. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition. The security team wants to implement database activity streams to monitor database activity. Which THREE statements are true about Aurora database activity streams?

Refer to the exhibit. A company is creating an Aurora MySQL cluster using the AWS CLI. The command fails with an error. The company has a default KMS key but the command specifies a customer-managed KMS key. What is the most likely cause of the failure?

A company runs an Amazon Redshift cluster with 8 dc2.large nodes for its data warehouse. The data engineering team loads data daily using COPY commands from S3. Recently, the load times have increased significantly. The cluster's CloudWatch metric 'CPUUtilization' is high during the load. The administrator runs the STL_LOAD_ERRORS table and finds no errors. The SVL_S3LOG shows that the COPY command is scanning many small files. The data in S3 is stored as 10,000 small CSV files (each ~100 KB). Which action will MOST improve the COPY performance?

A financial services company is migrating a 10 TB Oracle data warehouse to Amazon Redshift. The source database uses a combination of partitioned tables, indexes, and materialized views. The migration team plans to use AWS SCT and DMS. Which approach should the team take to optimize query performance after migration?

Which TWO AWS services can be used to migrate an on-premises SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server?

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The migration must be online with minimal downtime. Which AWS service should be used?

A company uses Amazon Aurora MySQL for its customer relationship management (CRM) system. The database has a table "contacts" with millions of rows. The application frequently searches for contacts by email address. The email column has a B-tree index. The DBA notices that queries are still slow, and the EXPLAIN plan shows index scans but not index-only scans. What is the most likely cause?

A company needs to comply with PCI DSS requirements for an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance. The requirements include encryption of sensitive data at rest and in transit, and automated key rotation. Which combination of services and configurations should be used? (Select THREE.)

A security team needs to grant an IAM user permission to modify only the 'db_secrets' secret in AWS Secrets Manager. Which IAM policy statement is correct?

A company uses Amazon RDS for SQL Server with Multi-AZ deployment. The security team has mandated that all connections to the database must use SSL/TLS. The database is accessed by multiple applications running on EC2 instances. Which configuration ensures that all connections use SSL/TLS?

A developer retrieved a database secret using the AWS CLI as shown. What is the MOST secure way to store and rotate this secret?

A company wants to migrate their on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. They have a complex data loading process that uses Oracle Data Pump. Which migration approach is MOST efficient and minimizes downtime?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity. The operations team wants to monitor for throttled read requests. Which metric from Amazon CloudWatch should be used to set up an alarm for read throttling?

A company stores sensitive customer data in an Amazon S3 bucket. The data is accessed by an Amazon Redshift cluster using the COPY command. The security team wants to ensure that data is encrypted in transit between S3 and Redshift. Which configuration should be used?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance with Multi-AZ deployment. The security team wants to ensure that all data at rest is encrypted using a customer-managed key stored in AWS KMS. Which steps must be taken to achieve this? (Choose THREE.)

A company is implementing fine-grained access control for a DynamoDB table named UserSessions. The table has a partition key of 'user_id'. The above IAM policy is attached to an IAM role assumed by the application. What does this policy achieve?

A financial services company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database has a high volume of write transactions and requires minimal downtime during migration. Which AWS service or feature should be used to replicate data continuously to the target RDS instance during the migration?

A company is deploying a new multi-AZ Aurora MySQL database. The application requires read-heavy workloads and low latency. Which configuration will best meet these requirements?

A company is deploying a new web application on AWS. The application uses Amazon RDS for MySQL as its database. The database must be highly available and automatically failover in the event of an AZ outage. The company also needs to offload read traffic from the primary database to improve performance. The application read-to-write ratio is 80:20. The database workload is variable, with occasional spikes. The company wants a cost-effective solution that scales read capacity automatically. The operations team has limited experience with AWS. Which solution should the company implement?

A retail company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL as the backend for its e-commerce platform. During a flash sale, the database experienced high CPU utilization and increased the number of active connections. The application team reported that some queries timed out. The database specialist reviewed the slow query log and found that several queries were performing sequential scans on large tables due to missing indexes. The specialist created the necessary indexes, but the issue persists for some queries. Upon further investigation, the specialist notices that the query planner is still choosing sequential scans for some queries. What should the database specialist do to ensure the query planner uses the indexes?

A company is migrating a 200 GB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. They want to minimize downtime and ensure data consistency. Which two services should they use together? (Choose TWO.)

A financial services company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store transaction records. Each transaction has a unique transaction_id as the partition key and a timestamp as the sort key. The application frequently queries all transactions for a given customer within a date range. However, customer_id is not an attribute indexed for querying. The company wants to optimize these queries without redesigning the entire table schema. Which action should the company take?

A company is deploying a new web application using Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The application requires read-heavy workloads and automatic failover. Which configuration should be used?

A company has a document database workload on Amazon DynamoDB that stores user session data. The application frequently updates session attributes (e.g., last activity timestamp). The current design stores the entire session as a single item and updates the entire item on each session activity. This is causing high write costs and throttling. Which design pattern would reduce write costs and improve performance?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle OLTP workload to AWS. The database has complex stored procedures and requires minimal code changes. Which AWS database service is the most suitable target?

A company runs a MySQL database on Amazon RDS for an e-commerce platform. The application performs frequent INSERT and UPDATE operations on the 'orders' table. The team notices an increase in disk I/O and CPU usage. They want to optimize the database for write-heavy workloads without changing the application. Which option is the MOST effective?

A startup is building a multi-tenant SaaS application where each tenant's data must be isolated. The data model is relational with complex joins. Which database deployment model is most appropriate?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) for caching. The security team is concerned about data in transit between the application and DAX. What should the team do to ensure that all traffic to DAX is encrypted?

Which TWO are valid use cases for Amazon ElastiCache for Redis? (Choose 2)

A company is deploying a new Amazon RDS for Oracle database in a VPC. The database must be accessed by an application running on an EC2 instance in a different subnet. Which THREE steps are required to allow this access?

A company needs to migrate a 1 TB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The migration must have minimal downtime and the source database is running on-premises. Which TWO AWS services should be used together to achieve this?

A company wants to deploy a DynamoDB table that requires consistent single-digit millisecond latency regardless of traffic spikes. Which DynamoDB capacity mode should be selected?

A company is running a MongoDB-compatible Amazon DocumentDB cluster. The application experiences high write latency during peak hours. The database administrator checks the CloudWatch metrics and notices that the Write IOPS metric is consistently at the maximum for the instance size. What should the administrator do to reduce write latency?

A company is running a production Amazon DynamoDB table and notices that read requests are being throttled. The table has on-demand capacity mode enabled. Which action should the database specialist take to troubleshoot the throttling?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to an IAM user that performs database migrations. When the user tries to start an AWS DMS replication task that writes to the RDS instance 'targetdb', the task fails with an access denied error. Which additional permission is required?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with global tables. The application team reports that data written in one region is not immediately available in another region. The database specialist needs to monitor the replication lag. Which CloudWatch metric should be used?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance's storage is filling up unexpectedly. The administrator has enabled automated backups and retains them for 7 days. Which of the following actions would help reduce storage consumption without losing the ability to perform point-in-time recovery?

A company is migrating a 2 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They need to minimize downtime and ensure data consistency. Which migration strategy should they use?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for a web application. The application's response time has increased, and the operations team suspects that cache evictions are occurring frequently. Which ElastiCache metric should be monitored to confirm cache evictions?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a gaming application. During a new game launch, write traffic spikes and some users receive 'ProvisionedThroughputExceededException' errors. The company wants to handle these spikes automatically and cost-effectively. What should be done?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with provisioned capacity and Auto Scaling. They notice that during a marketing campaign, write traffic exceeded the provisioned WCU and caused throttling. Auto Scaling increased the WCU, but the throttling persisted for several minutes. Which additional measure can prevent throttling during such predictable spikes?

A company is planning to migrate a 5 TB Oracle data warehouse to Amazon Redshift. They need to transform the data during migration. Which AWS service should they use to perform the transformation?

A company wants to migrate an on-premises MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The migration should be performed with minimal application changes. Which AWS service should be used?

A company stores financial data in an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster. The security team requires that database audit logs be stored in Amazon CloudWatch Logs and encrypted at rest using a customer-managed KMS key. The database specialist enables audit log publishing to CloudWatch Logs and specifies a KMS key for log encryption. However, the audit logs are not appearing in CloudWatch Logs. What is the most likely cause?

A database administrator is troubleshooting a backup failure for an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance. The error message states 'Insufficient storage capacity for backup. Free storage space is 0 GB.' The DB instance has 200 GB allocated storage. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL to store sensor data. Each sensor sends a row every second. The table has grown to 500 GB and queries filtering on a timestamp column are slow even with an index. The team wants to improve query performance while keeping the data online. Which approach should they take?

A company notices that its Amazon DynamoDB table is consuming more read capacity than expected. The table has a global secondary index (GSI) with a different sort key. Which action would most likely reduce the read consumption?

A company is migrating a 2 TB Oracle database running on an on-premises Linux server to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The migration must have minimal downtime and must be fully reversible if any issues arise. The DBA has configured AWS DMS with a full load and ongoing replication task. The full load completes successfully, and CDC is replicating changes. During the cutover window, the DBA stops the source database and promotes the target RDS instance. However, after cutover, the application team reports that some recent transactions are missing from the target database. The DBA confirms that the DMS task showed a 'healthy' status before stopping. Which action should the DBA take to resolve the issue and prevent recurrence?

A company is deploying a new application that requires a highly available DynamoDB table with eventual consistency. The table will be accessed from multiple AWS Regions. What is the most appropriate deployment strategy?

A developer is using AWS Database Migration Service (DMS) to migrate a database from on-premises to Amazon RDS. The migration task is failing with 'Insufficient memory' error. Which resource should be increased to resolve this?

A company runs an e-commerce application on AWS using an Aurora MySQL database cluster. The security team mandates that all database audit logs must be stored in Amazon S3 for at least one year for compliance. The database is currently configured to publish audit logs to Amazon CloudWatch Logs. The security team wants to use AWS Database Migration Service (DMS) to migrate the database to a new Aurora MySQL cluster, and during the migration, the audit logs must continue to be captured uninterrupted. Which solution meets these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

A company is migrating a 2 TB Oracle database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database has a 4-hour maintenance window and the migration must have minimal downtime. Which AWS service should be used for the migration?

A gaming company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL to store player profiles and game state data. The database is currently 500 GB and grows by 10 GB per day. The company runs weekly reports that scan the entire database, causing high I/O and CPU usage. The application experiences read latency spikes during report generation. The team wants to minimize performance impact on the application while maintaining the ability to run reports. Which solution should the team implement?

A company runs a data warehouse on Amazon Redshift. The workload has frequent DELETE and UPDATE operations on a large fact table. Over time, query performance degrades. Which maintenance operation should be scheduled regularly to optimize performance?

A company wants to restrict access to an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance so that only applications running in a specific VPC can connect. Which solution should be implemented?

A database administrator is troubleshooting connectivity to an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The application is running on an EC2 instance in the same VPC and security group. The application can connect using the endpoint shown in the exhibit. However, the security team requires that all connections be encrypted using SSL. The DBA has enabled SSL on the DB instance and modified the parameter group to set require_secure_transport to ON. The application is now failing to connect. What is the most likely cause?

A company needs to migrate a 2 TB PostgreSQL database from an on-premises data center to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The network bandwidth is limited to 100 Mbps. The migration window is 5 days. Which approach is most cost-effective and likely to succeed?

A gaming company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store player profiles. Each profile is about 5 KB and is accessed frequently. The access pattern is mostly point reads by player ID. The company wants to reduce read costs while maintaining low latency. Currently, the table uses provisioned capacity with 3000 RCU. Which change would be MOST effective?

Refer to the exhibit. A DBA sees the above log entries for an Amazon Aurora MySQL cluster. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating a 500 GB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The migration must be completed within 24 hours with minimal downtime. The on-premises network bandwidth is 1 Gbps. The migration team plans to use AWS DMS with ongoing replication. During the initial load, the DMS task fails with an error indicating that the source database is experiencing high CPU utilization. The source database is a production system serving live traffic. The team needs to reduce the impact on the source database while still meeting the migration deadline. Which approach should the team take?

A developer accidentally deleted a critical table from an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. Automated backups are enabled with a retention period of 7 days. The deletion occurred 3 hours ago. What is the fastest way to restore the deleted table without affecting other tables?

A company is migrating a 1 TB Amazon RDS for Oracle database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The migration must be completed within a 4-hour maintenance window. The database has a high volume of transactions. Which migration method minimizes risk of data loss?

A company is migrating a 100 GB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. They need to minimize downtime and ensure that only the schema is converted. Which tool should they use?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. The table's read capacity is set to a minimum of 100 and maximum of 1000 read capacity units (RCUs). The actual consumed read capacity is consistently at 200 RCUs. What should the database specialist do to optimize costs without impacting performance?

A company is migrating a large Oracle data warehouse to AWS. The warehouse contains 50 TB of data and runs complex analytical queries. The solution must support concurrency of up to 100 users and provide high performance for queries. Which THREE design decisions should the company make? (Choose three.)

Match each AWS monitoring tool to its capability for databases.

A financial services company needs to enforce row-level security on a MySQL database hosted on Amazon RDS. They want to restrict access so that each application user can only see their own data. Which approach should they take?

A database specialist is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance that is running out of storage. The instance has automated backups enabled. The specialist needs to free up storage space immediately without losing backup capability. Which action should the specialist take?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL and notices that the Read IOPS metric is consistently high during business hours. The application is read-heavy. Which configuration change would most likely reduce Read IOPS?

A company needs to store and query time-series data from IoT sensors. The data is written continuously and queried by time range for dashboards. Which AWS database service is most cost-effective and scalable for this workload?

A DBA runs the IAM policy simulation above. The DBA can describe the DB instance but cannot modify it. What is the most likely cause?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The database performance has degraded over time, and the company suspects that slow queries are the cause. Which AWS service should the company use to identify the slow queries and analyze the database performance?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance as shown in the exhibit. The application is experiencing high write latency. The instance has a high number of write operations and the storage queue depth is consistently above 100. Which change would most effectively reduce write latency?

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL and needs to ensure that only specific IP addresses can connect to the database. Which configuration should be used?

A social media startup is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis to cache user profiles. The cache currently has a 24-hour TTL. The application experiences a sudden spike in traffic after a celebrity mentions the service, causing the cache to be flooded with requests for uncached profiles. This results in high latency and database load. Which design pattern should the company implement to prevent this in the future?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a session management system. They need to store session data with a TTL of 24 hours. However, they notice that expired items are not being deleted promptly, causing storage costs to increase. What is the most likely cause?

A startup is building a social media analytics application that ingests high-velocity streaming data from multiple sources. The data consists of JSON objects with varying schemas. The application needs to store this data for real-time querying and later batch processing. Which AWS database solution is most cost-effective and scalable for this workload?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for analytics. The security team wants to audit all SQL queries executed against the database, including the actual query text, for compliance. They also want to ensure that the audit logs are stored in a secure, immutable location. Which THREE services or features should they use together to meet these requirements?

A startup wants to store session data for a web application. Each session is small (under 1 KB) and accessed frequently with low latency. The data can be ephemeral and does not require complex queries. Which AWS database service is most suitable?

A financial services company is migrating a 500 GB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition. The migration must have minimal downtime and support bidirectional replication for a test-and-cutover approach. The company currently uses Oracle GoldenGate for replication. Which migration strategy should be used?

A company wants to migrate an on-premises MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The migration must be performed with minimal downtime and should support live data synchronization. Which AWS service should be used?

A company is migrating a 5 TB MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. The migration must have minimal downtime and support ongoing replication. The source database is in a corporate data center with a 500 Mbps internet connection. Which THREE steps should the database specialist take?

Refer to the exhibit. A DynamoDB table has a primary key of pk (partition key) and sk (sort key). An application needs to perform GetItem and Query operations but should only be allowed to retrieve the pk and sk attributes. The IAM policy above is applied to the application's IAM role. Why does the policy fail to achieve the goal?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. They notice that a table's write capacity is frequently throttled during a specific hour each day. The access pattern is uniform across partitions. Which action would resolve the throttling without manual intervention?

Refer to the exhibit. A company is creating an IAM policy for a migration engineer who needs to perform a database migration from an on-premises SQL Server to Amazon RDS for SQL Server using AWS DMS. The policy is attached to the engineer's IAM user. Which additional permission is required for the engineer to create a DMS replication instance?

A company uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis and needs to encrypt data in transit between the application and the cache cluster. Which feature should be enabled?

A company runs a time-series application that collects sensor data from millions of IoT devices. The data is written in batches every minute and queried to generate hourly, daily, and monthly aggregates. The database must support high ingestion rates and efficient storage. Which database service is most appropriate?

A company is running an Oracle database on Amazon RDS with the configuration shown in the exhibit. The application is experiencing high latency for write operations. The storage is consistently showing high queue depth and write latency. Which change will most improve write performance?

A company is migrating an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The database has a table with 100 million rows. During the migration using AWS DMS, the full load phase is taking too long. What change can speed up the full load?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with global tables (multi-region) for a gaming application. The application writes to a table in us-east-1 and reads from a table in eu-west-1. The team notices that writes in us-east-1 are taking longer than expected to propagate to eu-west-1. What is the most likely cause?

A company wants to migrate an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle with minimal downtime. Which AWS service should be used for the initial data load and ongoing replication?

Refer to the exhibit. A DBA deploys this CloudFormation stack. After creation, the DBA needs to enable deletion protection for the DB instance. Which modification to the template would accomplish this?

A company is migrating a large Oracle data warehouse to Amazon Redshift. Which THREE design considerations are important for performance optimization?

A financial services company is using Amazon DynamoDB to store customer transaction data. The compliance team requires that all data be encrypted at rest using a customer-managed AWS KMS key, and that access to the key be auditable via AWS CloudTrail. Additionally, the security team wants to ensure that DynamoDB can only be accessed from within the VPC using a VPC endpoint. Which combination of steps should the company take to meet these requirements?

A company wants to run a MongoDB-compatible database on AWS with automated patching and backups. Which service should they choose?

A company is migrating a 3 TB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The migration must be completed with less than 15 minutes of downtime. The company has set up AWS DMS with ongoing replication. During the final cutover, the DMS task fails with a 'Target error: Cannot insert duplicate key' error. What is the most likely cause?

A company is deploying a new Amazon RDS for Oracle instance and needs to ensure high availability and automatic failover. Which configuration should be used?

Which THREE considerations are important when designing a database for a global, multi-Region application using Amazon DynamoDB Global Tables? (Select THREE.)

A company needs to store and query JSON documents that have varying attributes. The workload is read-heavy, and the team wants to use SQL-like queries. Which service is most appropriate?

A company is using Amazon Redshift and needs to encrypt data at rest with a customer-managed key. Which TWO steps are required to enable encryption with a customer-managed AWS KMS key?

A company runs a MySQL database on Amazon RDS. They need to export a subset of data to Amazon S3 for analysis using Amazon Athena. The data is stored in multiple tables with complex joins. What is the MOST efficient way to export the data?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database is 500 GB and has a 4-hour downtime window. Which AWS service should be used to perform the migration with minimal downtime?

A company is migrating a 1 TB Microsoft SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server using native backup and restore. The DBA has taken a full backup of the source database and uploaded it to an S3 bucket. The DBA then uses the 'aws rds restore-db-instance-from-db-snapshot' CLI command to restore the backup to an RDS instance. The restore fails with an error: 'Could not find the specified backup file in the S3 bucket.' The DBA verifies that the backup file exists in the correct S3 bucket and that the IAM role used by RDS has permissions to access the bucket. What is the most likely cause of the failure?

A gaming company uses Amazon DynamoDB with provisioned capacity. During a new game launch, the read activity spikes and some requests receive 'ProvisionedThroughputExceededException' errors. The operations team needs to monitor read throttling in real-time. Which CloudWatch metric should they create an alarm for?

A company is migrating an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The database is 500 GB and the migration must have minimal downtime. Which TWO AWS services should be used together to accomplish this?

A company runs a production Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity. The table stores session data for a web application. Recently, users have reported occasional slow response times. The operations team notices that the table's ConsumedWriteCapacityUnits metric shows occasional spikes that exceed the provisioned throughput (though on-demand auto-scales), and ThrottledWriteEvents metrics show occasional throttling. The application uses the AWS SDK with default retry logic. The database specialist is asked to investigate. Upon reviewing the table configuration, the specialist finds that the table has a simple primary key (partition key only) and the data access pattern is heavily skewed toward a small number of partition keys. The application writes in batches of 25 items using the BatchWriteItem API. What should the specialist recommend to reduce throttling and improve performance?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The security team requires that all data be encrypted at rest using a customer-managed AWS KMS key. Additionally, the team wants to ensure that the key must be used only for this specific Redshift cluster. Which configuration should be applied?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store session data for a web application. The application is experiencing occasional throttling (ProvisionedThroughputExceededException) during peak hours. The DynamoDB table has on-demand capacity mode. Which combination of steps should be taken to resolve the issue?

Arrange the steps to troubleshoot a connection timeout issue from an EC2 instance to an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance in the correct order.

A company is migrating a 10 TB PostgreSQL database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. They need to minimize downtime and have limited network bandwidth. Which approach is most appropriate?

A company is migrating a 5 TB MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL. They need to minimize downtime. Which approach should they use?

A database specialist observes the CloudWatch metric for a production RDS for MySQL instance. The max_connections parameter is set to 150. The Sum of DatabaseConnections over 1-minute periods is shown. The application reports intermittent connection failures. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating a 1 TB SQL Server database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The database has a large table with a LOB column. The network bandwidth between the on-premises data center and AWS is limited to 50 Mbps. The migration must be completed within a week. Which approach should the company use?

A financial services company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store transaction records. The security team requires that all items be encrypted at rest using a customer-managed AWS KMS key. Additionally, the company must be able to audit key usage and rotation. What is the MOST secure and auditable approach?

A company is using Amazon RDS for Oracle with Automated Backups enabled. The database size is 1 TB. The company wants to improve the backup and restore performance. Which TWO actions should be taken? (Choose two.)

A company is migrating a 2 TB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The migration requires minimal downtime. They use AWS SCT to convert the schema and AWS DMS for data migration. After the full load, DMS ongoing replication is unable to capture changes because the archived redo logs are being deleted on the source before DMS can read them. The source database has a log retention setting of 2 hours. The team cannot increase the retention due to storage constraints. What should they do?

An Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance has a high number of connections and the application is experiencing slow response times. The database administrator wants to identify the queries that are causing the most load. Which approach is most effective?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store sensitive user data. The security team wants to ensure that all data is encrypted at rest using a customer-managed AWS KMS key. The DynamoDB table was created with the default AWS managed key. What is the required action to change the encryption key?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a time-series IoT workload. Each device sends a data point every minute. The primary key consists of device_id (partition key) and timestamp (sort key). The company wants to efficiently retrieve the latest 10 data points for a specific device. Which query design is most efficient?

An administrator runs the CLI command shown in the exhibit and sees the output. The DB instance 'mydb' is currently running MySQL 5.7.22. What does the output indicate?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. They notice that query performance has degraded over time. The database administrator checks the system tables and finds that there is significant skew in data distribution across slices. What action should be taken to improve query performance?

A company is using Amazon RDS for SQL Server with Always On Availability Groups. The primary DB instance is in us-east-1, and the secondary is in us-west-2. The application writes to the primary and reads from the secondary. The secondary instance becomes unreachable due to a network issue. What happens to the primary instance?

A company needs to migrate a 10 TB SQL Server database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for SQL Server with minimal downtime. The database is heavily used with frequent write operations. Which migration strategy should be used?

A startup is using Amazon RDS for MySQL as its primary database. The database contains user profiles and payment information. The security team wants to ensure that database snapshots are encrypted and that the encryption key is managed by the company. The team also wants to enforce that all future snapshots are encrypted automatically. The current RDS instance is not encrypted. What should they do?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for frequently accessed data. The application needs to support caching of session data that must be highly available across multiple Availability Zones. Which ElastiCache configuration should be used?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance. The company needs to capture changes to a specific table and replicate them to an Amazon S3 bucket in near real time. Which AWS service should be used to achieve this?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a gaming application that stores player data. The application frequently accesses items by the player's user ID. However, the company also needs to query players by their subscription tier (Gold, Silver, Bronze) and registration date. Which design should the database specialist recommend for this access pattern?

An IAM policy is shown in the exhibit. What is the effect of this policy when a user tries to create an unencrypted RDS DB instance?

A company has a self-managed Redis cluster that needs to be migrated to Amazon ElastiCache for Redis. The cluster is 100 GB in size and has a high write throughput. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which steps should be taken?

Which THREE of the following are best practices for securing an Amazon DynamoDB table? (Select THREE.)

A company wants to migrate its on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The company needs to convert the database schema and code from Oracle to PostgreSQL. Which AWS service should they use for schema conversion?

A database specialist created the above IAM policy for a user. When the user attempts to delete an item from the Orders table, what happens?

A company needs to migrate a 100 GB MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility). The migration must have minimal impact on the source database performance. Which approach should the company take?

A company is migrating a PostgreSQL database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They want to use the AWS DMS for the migration. Which THREE resources need to be created in the AWS account?

A company wants to store and analyze time-series sensor data from millions of IoT devices. The data is append-only and rarely updated. Queries aggregate data over time ranges. Which AWS database service is most cost-effective and performant for this workload?

A company is designing a relational database for an e-commerce application that requires high availability and automated failover across AWS Regions. Which AWS database service should they use?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The query performance has degraded over time. The DBA suspects that the distribution style of large tables is suboptimal. Which Redshift system view should be queried to identify distribution skew?

A company is migrating a PostgreSQL database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. To minimize downtime, they plan to use the AWS DMS with change data capture (CDC). During the full load phase, DMS reports an error: 'Failed to add foreign key constraint'. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with provisioned capacity for a gaming application. During a new game launch, write traffic spikes to 2x the provisioned write capacity for 30 minutes. Some writes are throttled. The company wants to handle these predictable spikes without manual intervention. What is the MOST cost-effective solution?

A database administrator wants to receive an alert when an RDS instance's storage space drops below 10% of total allocated storage. Which AWS service should be used to set up this alert?

A database specialist notices that an RDS MySQL instance's FreeableMemory metric is consistently below 100 MB. Which monitoring tool should be used to identify the queries consuming the most memory?

A company is migrating a 500 GB on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The migration must have minimal downtime and support ongoing replication after the initial load. Which AWS service should be used?

A company runs an Amazon RDS for MySQL Multi-AZ DB instance. The application experiences intermittent read latency spikes. The DB instance type is db.r5.large with 500 GB of General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. The spike occurs during peak hours when read activity is high. Which action would most effectively reduce read latency?

A company hosts a critical application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The security team requires that all database connections be encrypted in transit. Which configuration step is necessary?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The security team requires that all database connections use SSL and that the database is encrypted at rest. Which THREE steps are required to meet these requirements? (Choose THREE.)

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with encryption at rest enabled. The security team requires that all access to the database be authenticated using IAM database authentication. Which combination of steps must the company take to meet this requirement?

Arrange the steps to configure a read replica for an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance in a different AWS Region in the correct order.

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to a role used by an application that accesses the DynamoDB 'Orders' table. The application needs to perform a Scan operation on the table. According to the policy, is the Scan operation allowed?

A company wants to run a graph database for a social network application. The data model involves users, posts, comments, and likes, with many-to-many relationships. Which AWS database service is most appropriate?

A company uses Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The security team has implemented column-level security using Redshift's column-level access controls. However, during a security audit, it is discovered that a user with SELECT privilege on a table can still see the content of a column that should be restricted. The column is defined with a GRANT statement that only allows SELECT on certain columns to specific users. What is the most likely cause of this issue?

A financial services company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL to store transaction data. The database has a single table 'transactions' with 500 million rows. The table has an auto-increment primary key and an index on 'transaction_date'. The company runs a monthly report that aggregates transactions by account_id and transaction_date. The report query uses a GROUP BY on account_id and transaction_date, and scans the entire table. The query takes over 2 hours to complete and often times out. The DBA suggests creating a materialized view. However, the company wants to minimize operational overhead. Which solution meets the requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

Which THREE factors should be considered when designing a database for a high-traffic web application that requires low-latency reads and writes?

A company has an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database that is experiencing intermittent connection timeouts. The application logs show 'FATAL: remaining connection slots are reserved for non-replication superuser connections'. The database has a max_connections parameter set to 200. The application uses a connection pool. The DBA checks the CloudWatch metric 'DatabaseConnections' and sees it at 195 during peak hours. The application is deployed on AWS Lambda with a provisioned concurrency of 100. The Lambda function creates a new connection for each invocation. What should the DBA do to resolve the issue?

A company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The database is experiencing increased latency and the application team reports slow queries. The DBA wants to identify the queries that consume the most resources. Which AWS service should be used to capture and analyze these queries?

A company wants to migrate its Oracle data warehouse to Amazon Redshift. The source database is 10 TB and has many complex stored procedures. Which AWS service should be used primarily for converting the stored procedures to Amazon Redshift compatible code?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. They need to minimize downtime. Which TWO actions should they take?

A company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL with a Multi-AZ deployment. During a recent failover, the application experienced a 2-minute downtime because it was connecting to the primary instance endpoint. The company needs to reduce failover downtime to under 30 seconds. What should be done?

A startup is building a social media application that requires storing user profiles, posts, comments, and likes. The workload has variable traffic, with spikes after marketing campaigns. The team expects to run complex JOIN queries to generate a user's feed. Which AWS database service is MOST suitable for this relational workload?

Which THREE components are required to set up IAM database authentication for an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance? (Choose three.)

A company is using Amazon RDS for SQL Server with Multi-AZ deployment. The security team wants to ensure that database audit logs are stored in a secure S3 bucket for long-term retention. The audit logs are currently stored on the RDS instance. Which approach should be used to export the audit logs to S3?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database is 2 TB and the migration must have minimal downtime. Which TWO AWS services should be used together to accomplish this?

A developer is migrating a self-managed MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The database contains 500 GB of data. What is the most efficient method to perform the initial data load?

A company is running Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The data warehouse is used for complex analytical queries. Recently, query performance has degraded due to data skew. Which steps should be taken to address this issue?

A developer reports that an application is unable to connect to an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The security group for the DB instance allows inbound traffic on port 3306 from the application server's security group. The DB instance is in a VPC with both public and private subnets. The application server is in a private subnet. What is the most likely cause of the connection failure?

A company needs to store session state for a web application that runs on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. The session data is small (less than 1 KB per user) and must be highly available with low latency. Which AWS database service is best for this use case?

A company runs a global application using Amazon Aurora Global Database. The primary region is us-east-1, and secondary regions are eu-west-1 and ap-southeast-1. The application reports that writes to the primary are taking longer than expected. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The security team wants to audit all database logins and queries. Which TWO actions should be taken to enable auditing?

A company is running a MongoDB workload on-premises and wants to migrate to AWS with minimal operational overhead. The application uses MongoDB-specific features like aggregation pipelines. Which service is best?

A security engineer needs to ensure that all access to an Amazon DynamoDB table is encrypted in transit. Which configuration achieves this?

A company is designing a disaster recovery strategy for an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database. They need a Recovery Point Objective (RPO) of less than 5 seconds and a Recovery Time Objective (RTO) of less than 1 minute. Which TWO actions should they take? (Choose two.)

A company is using Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL and needs to ensure that all connections to the database use encryption in transit. The database is accessible over the internet. Which configuration is required?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with a cross-Region read replica to support disaster recovery. The primary DB instance is in us-west-2, and the read replica is in us-east-1. The read replica is used for reporting and also serves as a failover target. The operations team notices that the read replica lag is consistently above 10 seconds during peak hours. What should the team do to reduce replica lag?

A company is migrating a 5 TB MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. They have a short maintenance window and need to minimize downtime. Which migration strategy should be used?

A company is designing a security architecture for Amazon DynamoDB. They need to ensure that only authorized applications can access the data, and that data in transit is encrypted. Which THREE steps should be taken? (Choose THREE.)

Which TWO of the following are valid strategies for reducing costs for an Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity mode? (Choose TWO.)

Which THREE actions should be taken to prepare for a migration of an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL with minimal downtime using AWS DMS?

A company is using Amazon RDS for Oracle with Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) enabled. They need to rotate the TDE master key. What is the correct procedure?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The migration uses AWS Database Migration Service (DMS) with ongoing replication. The team notices that the target Aurora database is falling behind the source during peak hours. Which of the following actions would MOST effectively improve the replication performance?

Arrange the steps to set up cross-Region read replicas for an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster in the correct order.

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database uses Oracle Data Guard for disaster recovery. Which AWS service should be used to monitor the replication lag between the source and target databases during migration?

A company needs to migrate an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL with minimal downtime. Which AWS service should be used for the ongoing replication?

A company is migrating an Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. Security policy requires that all database connections be encrypted in transit. The security team wants to enforce that clients must use TLS 1.2 or higher. How can this be achieved?

A startup is building a social media application. User profiles, posts, and comments have relationships but the team expects rapid growth and wants to scale horizontally with no single points of failure. They need a database that supports flexible schemas for different content types. Which database service is most appropriate?

A KMS key has the grant shown. An IAM role named AdminRole is the grantee. What additional permission does this grant provide to AdminRole beyond what the role's IAM policy allows?

A developer accidentally deleted a table in an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. The instance has automated backups enabled with a retention period of 7 days. The deletion occurred 2 hours ago. What is the quickest way to recover the table?

A company is planning to migrate a 1 TB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. Which TWO factors should be considered when choosing the migration approach?

A company needs to store application logs for 90 days and run periodic analytical queries. The logs are generated at 1 TB per day. Which storage solution is most cost-effective?

A company is designing a database for an e-commerce platform that requires high availability and automatic failover with minimal downtime. The application performs both OLTP and read-heavy analytics. Which AWS database service should be used?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance is using 100% of its allocated storage. Which action should be taken first to prevent the instance from becoming inaccessible?

A company is designing a database for a mobile application that requires offline synchronization. Users should be able to read and write data while offline, and changes should sync when connectivity is restored. Which AWS service supports this pattern?

An IAM policy is attached to a user who is deploying an RDS database. The user attempts to create a DB instance named 'my-database' using the AWS CLI. Which statement is true?

A development team is building a serverless application that uses Amazon DynamoDB. The team needs to ensure that only the application's Lambda function can read and write data to a specific DynamoDB table. The Lambda function uses an IAM role. How should the team configure access?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB to store IoT sensor data. The application writes a large volume of data and needs to read recent data by timestamp. The table has a partition key of device_id and a sort key of timestamp. The access pattern is to read the latest data for a specific device. Which TWO design patterns will optimize read performance and reduce costs?

A company is using Amazon RDS for Oracle and needs to comply with regulatory requirements that mandate encryption of all data at rest and in transit. Which TWO actions should be taken to meet these requirements?

A company wants to migrate an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle with minimal downtime. Which AWS service should be used for the migration?

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility). The security team requires that data be encrypted at rest and in transit. Additionally, the team wants to use IAM roles to authenticate applications. Which THREE steps should the database specialist take to meet these requirements?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a highly transactional application. The application is experiencing increased latency and throttled requests. The operations team notices that the DynamoDB table's read and write capacity utilization is consistently near 100%. The table uses on-demand capacity mode. What is the MOST likely cause of the throttling?

A company is running a MySQL database on an EC2 instance and wants to migrate to Amazon RDS for MySQL with minimal downtime. The database is 500 GB in size and has a high write workload. Which migration approach is most appropriate?

A company is running an Amazon Redshift cluster with a single node. They need to improve query performance for large analytical workloads. Which action would provide the most immediate performance improvement?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The DB instance is experiencing high CPU utilization due to a sudden increase in read traffic. The company needs to reduce the load on the primary DB instance with minimal downtime. Which solution should be used?

A developer accidentally deleted a production RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. The company has automated backups enabled with a retention period of 7 days. What is the fastest way to restore the database to the state just before the deletion?

A company is migrating a 10 TB Oracle data warehouse to Amazon Redshift. The migration must minimize data transfer costs and ensure data integrity. Which TWO steps should the company take?

A startup is building a mobile app backend using Amazon DynamoDB. They anticipate unpredictable traffic spikes. Which DynamoDB feature should they use to handle the spikes without manual intervention?

Refer to the exhibit. An application team notices that the MySQL RDS instance 'mydb' is running at 80% CPU utilization during peak hours. They need to improve read performance without increasing the CPU load on the primary instance. Which action should they take?

A company runs an Amazon Aurora MySQL database. The database experiences a sudden spike in connections and then becomes unresponsive. The DB instance has a db.r5.large class with 8 GB memory. The maximum connections parameter is set to the default. Which is the most likely cause of the unresponsiveness?

A mobile gaming company needs a database to store player scores and leaderboards. The data must be updated in real time as players finish games. The database must support high write throughput and provide sub-millisecond read latency for leaderboard queries. Which database is best suited?

A company is using Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition. The security team wants to audit all database login attempts and store the logs in Amazon S3 for 90 days. Which solution meets these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

Which TWO actions will help protect an Amazon RDS for MySQL database from a SQL injection attack? (Select TWO.)

Which THREE actions can be performed using the AWS CLI for Amazon Aurora? (Choose three.)

A company is migrating a large on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database is 5 TB in size, and the migration must be completed within a week. The company has a dedicated 10 Gbps AWS Direct Connect connection. Which TWO AWS services should the company use to minimize downtime during the migration?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB and notices that some queries are taking longer than expected. The table has a partition key only. The 'ConsumedReadCapacityUnits' is below the provisioned throughput. What is the most likely cause of the slow queries?

A company's security team wants to encrypt data at rest for an existing RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. The instance is currently unencrypted. Which steps should the team take to enable encryption with minimal downtime?

A company uses Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition for its e-commerce platform. During flash sales, the database experiences high write contention on the 'orders' table, causing slow inserts and deadlocks. The development team wants to reduce contention without changing the application code. Which database design strategy is MOST effective?

A company is experiencing slow query performance on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. The DB instance is a db.r5.large with 16 GB RAM and 500 GB gp2 storage. Which metric in Amazon CloudWatch would most directly help identify if the performance issue is due to memory pressure?

A company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL and wants to ensure that database users are authenticated using IAM database authentication. Which action must be performed to enable this?

A company needs to store and query graph data (nodes and edges) for a social network. They require low-latency traversals. Which AWS database is best suited?

A company runs a production Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database. The database specialist needs to perform a major version upgrade with minimal downtime. Which strategy should the specialist use?

A startup is building a real-time leaderboard for a gaming application. The data is highly dynamic with frequent updates and requires single-digit millisecond latency. Which database is most suitable?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL and needs to encrypt data at rest for an existing DB instance. Which approach meets this requirement with minimal downtime?

Arrange the steps to create an Amazon DynamoDB global table (multi-Region) in the correct order.

A company is running an Amazon DynamoDB table with global secondary indexes (GSIs). Write activity increases, and the 'ThrottledWriteEvents' metric for a GSI spikes. The table itself is not throttled. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating a 3 TB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The migration must have minimal downtime and support point-in-time recovery after migration. Which THREE steps should be included in the migration plan? (Choose three.)

A company is using AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS) to migrate a 5 TB MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The migration is taking longer than expected. The company notices that the source database has a high volume of write operations. Which configuration change would MOST likely improve the migration performance?

Which TWO of the following are benefits of using Amazon RDS Proxy? (Choose TWO.)

A database specialist needs to monitor the number of deadlocks occurring in an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance. Which CloudWatch metric should be used?

A company has an Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity mode. The table experiences occasional spikes in traffic. During these spikes, some requests receive ProvisionedThroughputExceededException errors. The company wants to minimize these errors without changing the application. Which solution should be used?

A developer is checking the encryption status of an RDS MySQL instance. The CLI output shows StorageEncrypted is true. What does this indicate?

A company is migrating a 500 GB on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which AWS service should be used for the initial data load and ongoing replication?

A financial services company is migrating its Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database runs a critical batch processing job every night that updates millions of rows. The company needs the migration to minimize downtime and ensure data integrity. Which AWS service should the database specialist use to perform the migration?

A company is building a real-time chat application using Amazon DynamoDB. Each message has a conversation ID, timestamp, sender, and content. The primary access pattern is to retrieve the most recent 50 messages for a given conversation, ordered by timestamp. Which table design minimizes cost and latency?

A financial services company uses Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition for transaction processing. They need to run complex analytical queries on the same data without impacting transactional performance. Which solution meets these requirements?

A company is deploying a global application that requires a database with sub-millisecond read latency across multiple regions. Which AWS database service should they use?

A company is designing a database for an IoT application that ingests millions of small sensor readings per second. The data is time-series and queries are mostly range scans over time. The company needs a cost-effective solution with high write throughput. Which AWS service should the database specialist recommend?

A company is designing a security strategy for an Amazon Aurora MySQL database. They need to ensure that database activity is monitored for suspicious behavior and that alerts are sent when anomalies are detected. Which AWS services should be combined to achieve this? (Select TWO.)

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL Multi-AZ DB instance. They notice increased latency during peak hours. The DB instance type is db.r5.large, and the storage is General Purpose SSD (gp2) with 500 GB. The application is read-heavy with frequent SELECT queries. Which action would most likely resolve the latency issue without changing the DB instance class?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with global tables. They notice that changes made in one region are not appearing in another region after several minutes. Which CloudWatch metric should be monitored to check the replication lag?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. Despite auto scaling, the application is still experiencing throttling during traffic spikes. Which THREE actions should the company take to resolve this issue? (Choose THREE.)

Which THREE measures can help protect an Amazon RDS database from a DDoS attack? (Choose 3.)

A database administrator is troubleshooting a performance issue on an Amazon Aurora MySQL cluster. The application is experiencing high latency on write operations. Which TWO CloudWatch metrics should the administrator analyze to identify the root cause?

A database team is troubleshooting a performance issue on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. They notice that the 'DiskQueueDepth' metric is consistently high. Which TWO actions should the team take to resolve this issue? (Choose TWO.)

A company is designing a database for an IoT application that receives millions of sensor readings per second. Each reading is a small JSON payload (timestamp, device_id, metric, value). The primary query pattern retrieves the most recent reading for a given device. Which AWS database service is BEST suited for this workload?

A company is migrating their on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. They need to ensure minimal downtime. During the migration, they observe that the change data capture (CDC) is falling behind. What is the most effective approach to catch up?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a high-traffic web application. The table has on-demand capacity mode. During a marketing event, the application experiences throttling. Which TWO actions should the database specialist take to prevent throttling in future events?

A company is building a social network application that needs to store user profiles, friend relationships, and a feed of posts. The feed queries are complex, involving graph traversals (e.g., friends of friends). Which database is best suited for the relationship data?

Which THREE are valid methods to encrypt data at rest in Amazon DynamoDB? (Choose 3.)

Which TWO CloudWatch Logs features can be used to monitor and troubleshoot Amazon RDS for SQL Server error logs? (Choose TWO.)

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The migration must have minimal downtime and support ongoing replication. Which THREE services should the company use? (Choose 3.)

An administrator runs the above AWS CLI command to create an RDS MySQL instance. The command completes successfully. What is the status of the new DB instance immediately after the command returns?

A company is migrating a 5 TB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database contains large BFILEs stored in a file system. The company needs to migrate the data with minimal downtime and ensure the BFILEs are migrated. Which THREE steps should the company take?

Refer to the exhibit. A DBA is checking the backup configuration of an RDS MySQL instance. The current time is 2023-03-15T06:00:00Z. What is the most recent point to which the database can be restored?

Arrange the steps to enable encryption at rest for an existing unencrypted Amazon RDS for MariaDB DB instance in the correct order.

A company wants to ensure that an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance is encrypted at rest. Which action should be taken to enable encryption for the first time?

A company is migrating a 500 GB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They need to convert the schema and migrate the data with minimal downtime. Which THREE actions should they take? (Choose three.)

A startup is building a social media analytics platform. The workload is write-heavy, with millions of events per day containing user actions (likes, shares, comments). The data model is simple: each event is a JSON document with a timestamp, user ID, and action type. Queries are primarily aggregations over time (e.g., count of likes per hour) and require low-latency responses for dashboards. The team wants to minimize operational overhead and cost. Which database service is most appropriate?

A company is migrating its on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database contains sensitive data that must be encrypted at rest and in transit. The security team also requires that the encryption keys be rotated every year. The DBA has enabled encryption at rest using a customer-managed KMS key and SSL/TLS for in-transit encryption. What additional step is needed to meet the key rotation requirement?

A company is migrating an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The database is 2 TB in size and the network bandwidth is 100 Mbps. The company needs to minimize downtime. Which migration strategy should be used?

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The security team wants to ensure that any access to the database is logged, including SELECT queries. What should be done to capture these logs?

A company is building a mobile application that requires users to be able to query their order history quickly. The data is stored in Amazon DynamoDB, and each user has up to 10,000 orders over time. The application needs to support pagination and filtering by order date. What is the MOST efficient way to model this data in DynamoDB?

A company is migrating a 2 TB PostgreSQL database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with minimal downtime. The database is continuously updated. Which migration strategy should be used?

A company is migrating a self-hosted Cassandra cluster to Amazon Keyspaces (for Apache Cassandra). The cluster has 10 nodes and handles 50,000 writes per second. Which migration strategy is MOST efficient?

A company runs a time-series application that records sensor data every second. The data volume is 500 GB per month and grows continuously. They need to query the last 30 days of data frequently and older data rarely. Which database design is MOST appropriate?

A company uses a self-hosted MySQL database on EC2. They want to migrate to Amazon RDS for MySQL with minimal downtime and automated failover. Which migration strategy should be used?

A company is deploying a new application that uses Amazon RDS for MySQL. The database must be highly available with automatic failover. Which deployment configuration meets these requirements?

Refer to the exhibit. The output is from the AWS CLI for an RDS instance. The security team suspects that the encryption key used for this DB instance has been compromised. What is the required action to re-encrypt the instance with a new key?

A company has an Amazon Redshift cluster that contains sensitive data. The security team requires that data be encrypted at rest using a customer-managed AWS KMS key. The cluster was initially launched without encryption. How can the company enable encryption with minimal downtime?

A company has a 200 GB PostgreSQL database on-premises and wants to migrate to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The company requires encrypted data transfer and wants to minimize downtime. Which combination of services should be used?

A company is deploying a new Amazon RDS for MySQL database. The security team requires that all data at rest be encrypted. What is the simplest way to meet this requirement?

An application is receiving the error shown in the exhibit. The application uses connection pooling. The RDS instance is a db.r5.large with max_connections set to 1000. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database has a large table that is frequently accessed by reporting queries. The reporting queries filter on a column that has a high cardinality but low selectivity. To optimize query performance on this table, which design choice should the database specialist recommend?

An e-commerce platform uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL to store order data. The database has a table "orders" with 500 million rows. The application runs a report query that aggregates daily sales for the last 30 days. The query currently scans the entire table and takes 15 minutes to complete. The team needs to reduce the query time to under 30 seconds. Which solution is MOST cost-effective?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database is 1 TB and has complex stored procedures. The migration must be completed within a 4-hour downtime window. Which migration approach is most efficient?

A company uses Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. A nightly ETL job fails with 'Disk full' error on some nodes. The cluster has 8 dc2.large nodes. Which action will MOST efficiently resolve the issue without increasing costs?

A company uses Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility) for its application. The application is experiencing high write latency. The DB cluster has one primary instance and two replicas. Which action should be taken to identify the cause?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They used AWS SCT to convert the schema, but some stored procedures failed to convert automatically. What is the best course of action?

A startup is building a mobile app backend with user profiles and social features. They need a database that can handle flexible schemas, high read throughput for user profiles, and strong consistency for friend requests. Which database service should they choose?

A database administrator sees the above error logs in CloudWatch for an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. The application team confirms that the password for 'app_user' is correct. What is the most likely cause of the authentication failures?

A company has a multi-player game that uses DynamoDB to store game state. The access pattern is write-heavy, and the game state for each active game session is updated frequently. The team notices throttling on the table during peak hours. The table has a partition key of game_id and no sort key. What design change would best reduce throttling?

Which TWO of the following are valid actions to take when an Amazon Redshift query is taking longer than expected due to disk-based operations?

A database team notices that the Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible DB cluster is experiencing frequent failovers during peak hours. The failover events are not correlated with any maintenance windows or manual interventions. Which metric in Amazon CloudWatch should be investigated first to identify the root cause?

A company runs an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance with Multi-AZ deployment. The primary DB instance fails unexpectedly and a failover occurs. Which action should be taken to minimize downtime during future failovers?

A healthcare company is migrating its patient records database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The database contains Protected Health Information (PHI). The compliance team requires that all PHI data be encrypted at rest and that the encryption keys be stored in a dedicated AWS CloudHSM cluster. Additionally, the database must be replicated to a second AWS region for disaster recovery. The DBA has enabled RDS encryption at rest using a KMS key, but the compliance team insists on using CloudHSM. What should the DBA do to meet the compliance requirement while maintaining disaster recovery?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store user session data. The security team requires that all data be encrypted at rest using a customer-managed AWS KMS key. The DynamoDB table is already configured with AWS managed KMS encryption. How can the company meet the encryption requirement without recreating the table?

An administrator needs to migrate an on-premises MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The migration must have near-zero downtime. Which approach should the administrator use?

A social media startup is selecting a database for user profiles with a flexible schema and high write throughput. The application is built on Node.js and requires low-latency access. Which database should they choose?

A company is migrating a 500 GB MySQL database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The database is critical and must have minimal downtime. Which approach should be used to migrate the database with the least downtime?

A company is deploying a new Amazon RDS for MariaDB instance. The database must be accessible from a specific set of EC2 instances in a VPC. How should the company configure security to allow access?

Which THREE practices should be implemented to secure an Amazon DynamoDB table that stores personally identifiable information (PII)? (Select THREE.)

A company's Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance is experiencing high CPU utilization. The DB instance is a db.r5.large with 200 GB of General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. The application is performing many complex queries. Which action would BEST reduce CPU utilization without changing the application code?

A company is migrating a 500 GB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The database has a large number of stored procedures and triggers. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which approach should be used?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with a global secondary index (GSI). The security team requires that only specific IAM users can query the GSI. Which THREE conditions must be met to restrict access to the GSI?

A company wants to enforce encryption in transit for all connections to their ElastiCache for Redis cluster. Which security measure should they implement?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with server-side encryption enabled. They need to ensure that all access to the table is audited. Which service should be used to capture data-plane API calls?

A company wants to ensure that their Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database is automatically backed up every day and retains backups for 30 days. Which configuration should they use?

Which TWO AWS services can be used to monitor and set alarms on Amazon RDS database performance metrics? (Choose two.)

A startup is building a real-time analytics dashboard on AWS. The data arrives as time-series events from IoT devices at a rate of 10,000 writes per second. Each event is approximately 1 KB. The dashboard requires sub-second query latency for the last hour of data and must support ad-hoc analytical queries on historical data spanning months. The team needs to design a cost-effective database solution. Which combination of AWS services should be used?

An IAM policy is attached to an IAM user. The user wants to connect to an RDS MySQL database using IAM database authentication. What does this policy allow?

A company is migrating a 3 TB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The migration uses AWS DMS with ongoing replication. The source database is actively used by applications. After the initial full load, the target RDS instance is in sync. However, during the ongoing replication phase, the replication task fails with an error: 'ORA-1555: snapshot too old.' The DMS task has been set up with a source endpoint that uses the 'Oracle TNS' connection method. The company needs to resolve the issue without stopping the source database. Which action should be taken?

A database administrator is troubleshooting a failover event for an Amazon RDS for SQL Server Multi-AZ DB instance. The failover occurred automatically. Which AWS service or feature should the administrator use to view the failover history and the reason for the failover?

A company is building a real-time analytics dashboard for IoT sensor data. The data arrives as JSON and needs to be stored in a way that supports fast ingestion and complex queries. Which database service is best suited?

A financial services company is designing a ledger system using Amazon QLDB. The application records transactions that must never be modified or deleted. The company expects high write throughput and needs to ensure that the ledger can handle the load without throttling. Which design consideration is MOST important to achieve this?

A financial services company is using Amazon Aurora MySQL as its primary database. The database has a table 'transactions' that receives high inserts during business hours. The table is partitioned by date. Recently, the application team noticed an increase in lock wait timeouts. The database specialist reviewed the InnoDB status and found that there are frequent gap locks on the 'transaction_date' column. The isolation level is REPEATABLE READ. What should the specialist do to reduce lock waits while maintaining data consistency?

A company is building a microservices architecture and needs a database for a service that stores JSON documents with variable schema. The database must support high availability and automatic scaling. Which TWO services meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

Refer to the exhibit. An Amazon RDS for Oracle instance is experiencing ORA-00257 errors. The DBA has already increased the archive log retention setting. What is the most efficient next step to resolve the issue without manual intervention?

Which TWO methods can be used to encrypt an existing unencrypted Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance? (Choose 2.)

A company uses Amazon RDS for SQL Server with Multi-AZ deployment. The security team wants to ensure that all database connections use SSL/TLS encryption. Which TWO actions should the database specialist take to enforce SSL connections? (Choose two.)

Arrange the steps to perform a point-in-time recovery (PITR) for an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance in the correct order.

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The application team reports intermittent connection timeouts. CloudWatch shows increased DatabaseConnections and CPU Utilization during peak hours. Which action should the database specialist take to troubleshoot the issue?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with encryption at rest using an AWS managed key. The security team now requires that the encryption key be rotated every 90 days. What should they do?

A social media company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store user posts. The table has a partition key of 'user_id' and a sort key of 'post_timestamp'. Each item is about 10 KB. The application needs to retrieve all posts for a given user within a date range. The company recently added a new feature that allows users to 'like' posts, and they store the like count as an attribute in the post item. The like count is updated frequently. The application experiences high write throttling on the table. The table has 1000 WCUs provisioned. The write pattern is bursty. Which design change would MOST effectively reduce write throttling?

A company is designing a disaster recovery plan for an Amazon DynamoDB table that stores critical session data. The table is provisioned with on-demand capacity. The recovery objective is to have the data available in another AWS Region within 15 minutes of a regional outage. Which design should they choose?

A gaming company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store player profiles. The table has partition key 'player_id' and sort key 'game_id'. During a new game launch, write traffic to a subset of players (influencers) spikes, causing throttling. The table uses on-demand capacity. Which solution resolves the hot key issue?

A company uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis to cache session data. The security team requires that all data in transit be encrypted. The Redis cluster currently does not have encryption in transit enabled. The database specialist needs to enable encryption in transit with minimal downtime. Which action should the specialist take?

A financial services company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store transaction records. The table has a partition key of 'AccountId' and a sort key of 'TransactionDate'. The company needs to run analytical queries that aggregate transactions by account and month. Currently, queries are slow due to full table scans. Which design change will improve query performance most effectively?

A company is designing a database for a global e-commerce platform that requires low-latency reads and writes from multiple AWS Regions. The database must support ACID transactions and complex queries with joins. Which TWO services should they consider? (Choose two.)

A company is migrating its on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The security team requires that all data at rest be encrypted using a customer-managed key stored in AWS KMS, and that the key be rotated automatically every year. The company also needs to ensure that only specific IAM roles can access the key. Which combination of steps should the database administrator take to meet these requirements?

A database engineer is reviewing Amazon RDS for MySQL error logs and sees repeated authentication failures from the same IP address. The application team confirms the password is correct. What is the most likely cause of these errors?

A database specialist is managing an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance. The instance has a large amount of data and the specialist needs to migrate it to a new instance in a different AWS Region. Which method would minimize downtime and be the most efficient?

A snapshot of an Amazon RDS DB instance is shown in the exhibit. What does the output indicate?

A company is designing a database solution for a global user base that requires single-digit millisecond read latency for user profile data. The data is eventually consistent and can tolerate a few seconds of staleness. Which TWO AWS services or features should be combined to achieve this latency?

A company is migrating a 2 TB MySQL database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for MySQL. They need to minimize downtime and ensure data consistency. They plan to use AWS DMS. What is the first step they should take before starting the migration task?

Which THREE factors should be considered when selecting the backup strategy for an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance? (Choose 3.)

A team manages an Amazon Aurora MySQL database. They observe that the 'Deadlocks' metric in CloudWatch is spiking. The application uses a single writer instance and multiple read replicas. Which action is most effective at reducing deadlocks?

A company is building a document management system where each document can have multiple tags and users need to query documents by any combination of tags. The number of tags per document is up to 20, and the total number of documents is expected to be 50 million. Which database design is most appropriate for this flexible tag-based querying?

An application using Amazon DynamoDB is experiencing higher than expected read costs. The table uses on-demand capacity mode. The read pattern is mostly fetching small items (1 KB) using GetItem. Which of the following is the most cost-effective optimization?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The security team requires that all data be encrypted at rest using a customer-managed KMS key. Additionally, the database should be accessible only from a specific VPC. Which THREE steps should the database specialist take to meet these requirements? (Choose three.)

A startup is building a social media application that requires a database to store user relationships (followers, following) and support graph queries. The data volume is expected to grow to tens of terabytes. Which AWS database service is most suitable for this workload?

A company is migrating a 500 GB MySQL database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The migration must have minimal downtime and support ongoing replication. Which AWS service should be used?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a session management workload. The access pattern is random and requires single-digit millisecond latency. The table has a read capacity of 5000 RCU. During peak hours, read requests occasionally exceed this capacity, causing throttling. Which design change is most appropriate to handle traffic spikes?

A company is planning to deploy a new Amazon RDS for Oracle database in a Multi-AZ configuration. The database must be highly available and fault-tolerant. Which THREE actions should the company take to meet these requirements? (Choose three.)

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a gaming application. The application stores player scores in a table with a partition key of player_id and a sort key of timestamp. The company wants to query the top 10 scores for a given player efficiently. Which TWO steps should the company take to optimize this query?

A company is running a MySQL database on Amazon RDS for a customer relationship management (CRM) application. The database has a table named 'contacts' with over 100 million rows. The application frequently runs queries to find contacts by email address. The email column has a B-tree index. Recently, the application started experiencing slow query performance. The team checked CloudWatch metrics and saw that the ReadIOPS for the RDS instance is consistently at 80% of the provisioned IOPS limit. The instance type is db.r5.large with 3000 provisioned IOPS (gp2). The buffer pool hit ratio is 95%. What is the most cost-effective design change to improve query performance?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store session data. The security team has enabled DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) for performance. However, they are concerned about data encryption at rest. DAX encrypts data at rest by default. The security team wants to use a customer managed key (CMK) in AWS KMS. How can this be configured?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The data engineering team notices that queries are running slower than expected. CloudWatch shows that 'CPUUtilization' is high and 'DiskSpaceUsage' is also high. The cluster has 4 dc2.large nodes. What is the most likely cause of the performance degradation?

A company is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance that is experiencing high CPU utilization. The DB instance is a db.t3.medium. Which TWO actions should the database administrator take to investigate the cause?

A company wants to migrate a self-hosted MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. They need to convert the schema. Which AWS service should they use?

A company is migrating a 3 TB on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL using AWS DMS. The migration task is failing with an error indicating insufficient memory. Which TWO actions should the company take to resolve this issue? (Choose TWO.)

A startup is building a mobile application that needs to store user profiles and preferences. The data is schema-less and will grow rapidly. The application requires single-digit millisecond latency for reads and writes. Which AWS database should they choose?

A company is deploying a new Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. Which THREE actions are recommended for a secure deployment?

A company runs a critical e-commerce platform on Amazon Aurora MySQL. The database is 2 TB and experiences a sudden spike in write latency during flash sales. The application uses auto-generated UUIDs as primary keys. The CPU utilization on the writer instance is 80%, and the read replicas show low utilization. Write latency has increased from 5 ms to 200 ms. The company needs to reduce write latency with minimal application changes. Which course of action is MOST effective?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for a web application. The application team reports that cache miss rates have increased significantly, causing higher database load. The Redis cluster has two nodes (one primary, one replica) with the default eviction policy of noeviction. Which action should the database specialist recommend to reduce cache misses?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with a table that stores sensitive customer data. The security team requires that all data at rest be encrypted using a customer-managed AWS KMS key (CMK). Additionally, the company needs to ensure that only specific IAM roles can access the table. Which solution meets these requirements with the least operational overhead?

Which THREE factors should be considered when selecting a database for a time-series workload (e.g., IoT sensor data) that requires high write throughput and efficient data retention?

A company uses an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance that needs to be accessed by a Lambda function. Which TWO steps should be taken to ensure secure access?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with Auto Scaling enabled. During a flash sale, write traffic spikes and the application experiences ProvisionedThroughputExceededException errors. The DynamoDB table has provisioned write capacity of 1000 WCU and Auto Scaling is set to scale between 1000 and 10000 WCU. What is the most likely cause of the throttling?

A startup is building a real-time leaderboard for a mobile game using Amazon DynamoDB. The leaderboard must update frequently and support global access with low latency. Which database design approach is most suitable?

A company runs a time-series application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The table 'events' has 500 million rows and is queried by event_time and event_type. Queries for the last hour are slow despite indexing. Which design change would most improve query performance?

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which THREE steps should be taken? (Choose three.)

A company runs an Oracle database on Amazon RDS. The database is used by multiple applications, and the company needs to capture all data modification language (DML) changes for auditing. Which solution should be used?

An administrator is setting up an AWS DMS replication instance and attaches the IAM policy shown in the exhibit. The administrator receives an error that the replication instance cannot be created. Which missing permission is the MOST likely cause?

A company runs a critical Oracle database on Amazon RDS. They need to implement a disaster recovery strategy that provides the lowest possible recovery point objective (RPO) and recovery time objective (RTO) across AWS Regions. Which TWO actions should they take? (Choose two.)

An IAM role with the above trust policy is created. The role is then attached to an EC2 instance. The application on the EC2 instance tries to create an RDS DB instance using the AWS SDK. What will happen?

A company is migrating a 2 TB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. They have a limited maintenance window and need to minimize downtime. Which TWO strategies should they combine?

A company wants to encrypt data at rest for an existing Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The database is currently unencrypted. What is the most efficient way to enable encryption?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB as a session store for a web application. The application uses a TTL attribute to expire old sessions. The company noticed that expired sessions are not being deleted promptly, causing the table size to grow and increasing costs. The TTL attribute is defined as 'expire_time' with a Unix epoch timestamp. The database specialist verified that TTL is enabled. What should the specialist do to ensure expired sessions are deleted in a timely manner?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity for a mobile application. During a marketing campaign, write traffic spikes to 10,000 writes per second for 5 minutes. The application experiences throttling after the first minute. The DynamoDB table has a single partition key. What should be done to prevent throttling in future campaigns?

A company is designing a multi-region active-active application that requires low-latency reads and writes across regions. The database must support conflict resolution. Which database should be used?

Match each AWS database migration tool/service to its function.

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity mode. The application experiences occasional throttling during peak hours. The operations team wants to reduce throttling without changing the application code. What should they do?

An RDS DB instance has two security groups attached. Security group sg-12345678 allows inbound traffic on port 3306 from 0.0.0.0/0. Security group sg-87654321 allows inbound traffic on port 3306 from 10.0.0.0/16. What is the effective inbound access to the DB instance?

A financial services company runs a critical PostgreSQL database on Amazon RDS. The DBA needs to ensure that any database failover is detected within 30 seconds. Which monitoring approach should be used to meet this requirement?

A company runs an e-commerce platform on Amazon RDS for MySQL with a Multi-AZ deployment. The database has a table 'orders' with 50 million rows. During Black Friday sales, the application experiences severe slowdowns. Analysis shows that the CPU utilization is at 90% and there are many slow queries that perform full table scans on the 'orders' table. The development team has already added indexes on the most queried columns, but the problem persists. The database specialist suspects that the issue is not solely due to missing indexes. They notice that the queries often filter on a combination of 'order_date', 'customer_id', and 'status', and that the data distribution is heavily skewed: 80% of orders are 'completed' status. The 'order_date' range is typically the last 30 days. What should the database specialist do to improve query performance?

A security auditor reviews the output of a DynamoDB table description command as shown in the exhibit. Which statement accurately describes the encryption configuration of the Users table?

A gaming company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store player scores. The table has a partition key of 'game_id' and a sort key of 'player_id'. The application needs to retrieve the top 10 players for a given game_id based on score (stored as an attribute). The game_id has high cardinality. The team wants to avoid full table scans. Which design pattern is MOST efficient?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL and needs to monitor for slow queries. Which TWO AWS services can be used to capture and analyze slow query logs? (Choose TWO.)

A company is designing a multi-tier application that uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The application must encrypt data at rest and in transit. Which combination of steps should be taken to meet these requirements? (Choose the single best answer.)

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a gaming application. During a new game launch, the application experiences high latency and throttling on a table with a partition key of 'user_id' and a sort key of 'timestamp'. The access pattern is to query recent items for a given user. Which TWO design changes can improve performance?

Which THREE design patterns are commonly used to optimize DynamoDB performance for write-heavy workloads?

What is the purpose of the 'TimeToLiveSpecification' in this template?

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB database to AWS. The database stores JSON documents for a content management system. The workload requires read-after-write consistency and automatic scaling. Which AWS database service is MOST appropriate?

A developer needs to grant an IAM user the ability to perform all operations on an Amazon RDS DB instance except the ability to delete it. Which IAM policy action should be explicitly denied?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL database. The application team reports that the database is slow. Upon investigation, you notice that the DB instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 90%. Which initial troubleshooting step should you take?

A company is running a MongoDB-compatible workload on Amazon DocumentDB. They are experiencing high write latency during peak hours. The current cluster has one instance (db.r5.large) with 100 GB storage. Which change is most likely to improve write performance?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with a global table. The security team requires that all data be encrypted at rest using a customer-managed KMS key. The table was originally created with AWS managed key encryption. The company wants to switch to a customer-managed key without downtime. What should they do?

A startup is building a social media application that needs to store user profiles, posts, comments, and likes. The data is highly interconnected, and the team wants to query relationships efficiently, such as 'find all friends of a user who liked a post'. Which database service is best suited for this workload?

A company wants to enforce that all new Amazon RDS DB instances are created with encryption at rest enabled. Which approach should be taken?

A developer reports that an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance is experiencing high CPU utilization. You suspect a specific query is causing the issue. Which CloudWatch metric should you examine to confirm this?

A company is migrating a 500 GB on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The migration must have minimal downtime and support ongoing replication after the initial load. The network link has limited bandwidth, and the company wants to avoid costly data transfer fees. Which approach should be used?

A company is designing a multi-tenant application using Amazon Aurora MySQL. Each tenant's data must be isolated from others. They need to encrypt data at rest with a unique AWS KMS key per tenant. How can this be achieved?

A company is designing a database for an e-commerce platform that stores product catalog data. The catalog has frequent reads and occasional writes. The data is highly relational but the team wants the lowest possible latency for read queries. Which database service should they choose?

A company runs an Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity. They notice that a specific partition key receives a high volume of read requests, causing throttling for that partition. What is the BEST solution to distribute the load evenly?

A company wants to restrict access to an Amazon DynamoDB table so that only requests from a specific VPC endpoint are allowed. Which policy should be attached to the table?

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The database stores IoT sensor data with time-series characteristics. The application performs range queries on timestamp fields and updates recent documents frequently. Which THREE aspects of DocumentDB should the company consider to optimize performance for this workload? (Choose three.)

Which TWO actions are recommended when deploying an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance in a production environment to ensure high availability and durability? (Choose two.)

A DBA runs the above AWS CLI command. The DB instance is an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance. The DBA needs to connect to the database from an EC2 instance in the same VPC but cannot connect. Which action should be taken first?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance has experienced a failover during a maintenance window. What is the most likely cause of this failover?

A developer needs to deploy an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance that is accessible only from a specific EC2 instance in a VPC. Which configuration ensures this?

A company has an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance that stores financial data. The security team requires that all database activity be monitored in real-time for suspicious queries. Which AWS service should be used to meet this requirement?

Which TWO of the following are valid methods to migrate an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL? (Select TWO.)

A company is deploying a new web application that uses Amazon RDS for MySQL. The application must be highly available across three Availability Zones with automatic failover. Which deployment configuration should be used?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to an IAM role used by a Lambda function that writes to a DynamoDB table. The function also needs to read items from the table. What is the outcome of this policy?

A media company stores video metadata in Amazon DynamoDB. The table has partition key 'video_id' and sort key 'upload_date'. The application frequently queries videos by 'category' and 'status'. The access pattern changes over time. Which design minimizes cost and maximizes query flexibility?

A company has a 50 GB MariaDB database on an on-premises server. They want to migrate to Amazon RDS for MariaDB. They have a 100 Mbps network connection. The migration window is 2 hours. The database can be offline for up to 30 minutes. Which migration approach is most appropriate?

A company has a production Amazon RDS for SQL Server database that stores financial data. The database administrator wants to audit all access to sensitive columns (e.g., credit card numbers) using the SQL Server Audit feature. The database is part of a Multi-AZ deployment. The administrator has enabled audit logging to the 'DEFAULT' file audit target, but the audit files are being written to the local instance storage and are not being retained after failover. The compliance team requires that audit logs be stored in Amazon S3 for at least 7 years. The administrator has set up an event subscription to send database events to an S3 bucket using AWS DMS, but the audit logs are not being captured. What should the administrator do to meet the compliance requirements?

A company runs a critical OLTP workload on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database size is 2 TB and growing. To reduce storage costs, the company wants to archive old data that is rarely accessed. Which approach is most cost-effective and minimally impacts performance?

A company uses Amazon Redshift for its data warehouse. The security team wants to encrypt the data at rest and ensure that only authorized users can access the encryption keys. Which AWS service should be used to manage the encryption keys?

Which TWO of the following are valid considerations when designing a database for an e-commerce application with high read traffic and low write latency requirements?

A database specialist is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance that is experiencing high CPU utilization. The instance has multiple databases. Which TWO actions should the specialist take to identify the cause?

Which TWO of the following are methods to control access to an Amazon RDS DB instance? (Select TWO.)

A company is migrating a self-managed PostgreSQL database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They want to use the pglogical extension for logical replication to minimize downtime. Which THREE prerequisites must be met before setting up pglogical?

Which TWO of the following are best practices for designing a DynamoDB table for high traffic? (Choose 2)

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL to run a reporting application. The reporting queries are complex and take several minutes to complete, causing performance impact on the primary instance. The company wants to isolate the reporting workload without data staleness. Which solution should they implement?

Which TWO metrics should be monitored to troubleshoot an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database that is experiencing high connection count and connection timeouts?

A company needs to store session data for millions of users with sub-millisecond latency. The data is key-value in nature and can tolerate eventual consistency. Which database service is best suited?

A developer is troubleshooting an application that writes to an Amazon ElastiCache for Redis cluster. The application occasionally fails with 'OOM command not allowed when used memory > maxmemory'. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses the IAM policy shown in the exhibit to control access to a DynamoDB table. The table has a partition key user_id and a sort key timestamp. The application uses the AWS SDK to query items. When a user tries to query items with a filter condition, they receive an AccessDeniedException. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating a 3 TB MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. They need to validate data consistency after migration. Which approach should they use?

A security engineer is investigating an Amazon RDS for MySQL database that was compromised. The engineer finds that the compromise was due to a SQL injection vulnerability in a web application. The web application uses a database user with full administrative privileges. What is the BEST practice to prevent such incidents in the future?

A company is migrating a 500 GB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. They need to minimize downtime and support ongoing changes during migration. Which approach should they take?

A development team is using Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity mode for a new application. During initial testing, they notice that write requests are occasionally throttled during traffic bursts. They have enabled DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) for read-heavy operations. What is the best recommendation to eliminate write throttling?

A company has a compliance requirement to encrypt all RDS snapshots at rest using a customer-managed KMS key. The RDS instance is already encrypted with an AWS-managed key. What is the correct procedure to ensure snapshots use the customer-managed key?

A team is troubleshooting an Amazon DynamoDB table that is throttling write requests. The table has on-demand capacity mode enabled. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the throttling?

A company has a critical application that uses Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. During a recent failure, the automatic failover took 2 minutes, causing application timeout. The company needs to reduce failover time to under 30 seconds. Which solution should the database specialist recommend?

Match each AWS security feature to its purpose for databases.

A database administrator is responsible for managing an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance. The DBA needs to ensure that all changes to the DB instance's security group rules are logged for audit purposes. Which TWO services can be used together to achieve this? (Select TWO.)

A social media application stores user posts in a DynamoDB table with a partition key of user_id and a sort key of timestamp. The most frequent query is to retrieve the 10 most recent posts for a given user. Which secondary index design would optimize this query?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle using AWS DMS. The migration fails with an error indicating that DMS cannot capture changes from the source because the archive log mode is not enabled. What should be done?

A company is experiencing high read latency on their Amazon RDS for MySQL Multi-AZ DB instance. The application performs many small, random reads. Which configuration change would most likely reduce the read latency without incurring additional compute costs?

Which TWO of the following are valid methods to secure data at rest for an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance?

A company is deploying a new Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity. The table will store session data for a web application. Which THREE features should be enabled to improve performance and durability?

A database engineer is troubleshooting high CPU usage on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. Amazon CloudWatch shows CPU Utilization consistently above 90% during business hours. Which combination of actions should the engineer take to identify the root cause? (Choose TWO.)

A company attaches the above IAM policy to a user. The user tries to modify the DB instance 'prod-db' in us-east-1. What is the result?

A social media company runs a multi-region application on Amazon DynamoDB with global tables. The application is deployed in us-east-1 and eu-west-1. Recently, they enabled DynamoDB Streams on the table to trigger an AWS Lambda function for real-time analytics. The Lambda function runs in us-east-1. After enabling streams, they notice that the Lambda function is triggered multiple times for the same update, and the application's write latency in eu-west-1 has increased. The company has strict latency requirements. A database specialist is asked to resolve the issue. What should the database specialist recommend?

A security administrator is setting up a new Amazon RDS for SQL Server database. The company requires that all data be encrypted at rest and in transit. Additionally, the database must be accessible only from a specific CIDR range. Which TWO actions should the administrator take? (Choose TWO.)

A company is designing a new e-commerce platform using Amazon DynamoDB. The workload requires single-digit millisecond latency for user session data, which is accessed by session token. The session data is temporary and should be automatically deleted after 24 hours. Which DynamoDB design should the database specialist recommend?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The primary instance recently experienced an unexpected failover due to a hardware failure. The database is 2 TB in size and has high write throughput. Which TWO actions should the database administrator take to minimize recovery time and ensure data durability?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The operations team notices that queries are running slower than usual. Which Amazon Redshift system view should be used to identify the queries that are consuming the most resources?

A company has an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster with one writer and two readers. The application is experiencing high read latency. CloudWatch shows that the 'AuroraBinlogReplicaLag' metric is high for one of the reader instances. What is the most likely cause?

A company is moving a self-hosted MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. The current database uses InnoDB with full-text indexes and triggers. The migration must be done with zero downtime. Which approach meets these requirements?

A financial services company runs a production Amazon Aurora MySQL database cluster (1 writer, 2 readers) in us-east-1. The database stores critical trading data. The company's disaster recovery policy requires an RPO of 5 seconds and an RTO of 1 minute for a regional failure. The current setup does not include any cross-region replication. The database is 5 TB in size. The operations team needs to implement a solution that meets the DR requirements with minimal cost and operational overhead. Which solution should the team implement?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity for a serverless web application. The application experiences occasional throttling. The DynamoDB table has a simple primary key (partition key only). The throttled requests are related to a small number of partition keys. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company needs to migrate a SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The database uses stored procedures with xp_cmdshell. What should the company do?

A gaming company uses Amazon DynamoDB for player session data. Each session has a partition key of `game_id` and a sort key of `session_id`. The table has a global secondary index (GSI) on `player_id` for leaderboard queries. Recently, the company noticed that write traffic to the GSI is causing throttling on the base table, even though the base table's write capacity is not fully utilized. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database is 2 TB and has a daily change rate of 10%. They have a 1 Gbps network connection to AWS. They want to minimize downtime during the migration. Which migration approach should they use?

A database administrator is trying to delete the RDS instance named 'prod-critical' using the AWS CLI. The IAM policy shown is attached to the user. What will happen?

A company wants to deploy a MySQL database that automatically scales read capacity based on traffic without manual intervention. Which AWS database offering should they use?

A database specialist is troubleshooting an Amazon Aurora MySQL cluster. The writer instance's CPU is at 90% and there are frequent 'Lock wait timeout exceeded' errors. The application uses many short-lived connections. What should the specialist do FIRST to reduce lock contention?

A company needs a database for a serverless web application that stores user sessions. The sessions expire after 24 hours. The database must be highly available and require no server management. Which AWS service is most appropriate?

Refer to the exhibit. The exhibit shows CloudWatch metrics from an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. The application is experiencing slow query performance. Which is the most likely cause?

A company is designing a database for a global application that requires active-active replication across two AWS Regions. The database must support multi-master writes with conflict resolution. Which AWS database service should they use?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL and needs to comply with PCI DSS requirements. Which TWO actions should the company take to secure the database? (Choose TWO.)

A developer reports that an application is unable to connect to an Amazon RDS for Oracle database. The security group for the database allows inbound traffic on port 1521 from the application's security group. The database is publicly accessible. What should be checked next?

Which THREE factors should be considered when choosing between Amazon RDS Multi-AZ and Amazon Aurora for high availability? (Choose 3)

A team is using AWS DMS to migrate a 3 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They configured the task as shown. After the full load completes, they notice that the target tables have no indexes, primary keys, or foreign keys. What is the most likely cause?

A company is deploying an Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity mode. The table will be accessed from multiple AWS Regions and requires strong consistency. Which THREE steps should be taken to meet these requirements?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer runs a DynamoDB query against a global secondary index. The index's partition key is 'status' and sort key is 'created_at'. There are many items with status 'PENDING' in the table. Why does the query return zero items?

A healthcare application requires storing patient records that include structured data (e.g., name, age) and unstructured data (e.g., medical images). The application needs to query structured data with SQL and serve images via HTTPS. Which combination of AWS services provides the MOST efficient design?

A company runs an Amazon Redshift cluster with three nodes. The data warehouse team notices that some queries are slow due to high disk usage. The cluster has reached 80% storage capacity. What is the MOST cost-effective way to increase storage without interrupting operations?

A company is deploying a new MySQL database on Amazon RDS. They need to ensure that the database is automatically backed up daily and retained for 30 days. Which TWO configurations should be set? (Choose 2)

A company is designing a database for a social media application that requires low-latency access to user profiles and support for complex graph queries. Which AWS database service is most suitable for this workload?

A company runs a document database using Amazon DocumentDB. They notice that some queries are taking much longer than expected. The explain plan shows a COLLSCAN. Which action would most improve query performance?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL Multi-AZ DB instance. They notice that the application is experiencing increased latency during peak hours. The DB instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 80%, and the Read Latency metric is high. Which action would most effectively reduce the latency without requiring application changes?

A company uses Amazon RDS for Oracle with a custom application that generates complex hierarchical queries using CONNECT BY. They want to migrate to Amazon Aurora to reduce licensing costs. Which migration strategy requires the fewest application changes?

A company is migrating a 2 TB PostgreSQL database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The migration must have minimal downtime and support ongoing replication. Which AWS service should be used for the migration?

A company uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for its e-commerce application. Recently, the cache hit ratio has dropped significantly, causing increased database load. The operations team needs to identify which cache keys are being evicted. What should they do?

A company is migrating a 200 GB MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. The migration must be completed within a 1-hour downtime window. Which TWO methods can achieve this?

Which THREE factors should be considered when choosing between Amazon DynamoDB and Amazon RDS for a new application? (Choose three.)

A company is migrating a 200 GB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. Which TWO steps should be taken to ensure a successful migration? (Choose two.)

Which TWO methods can be used to securely connect to an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance from an EC2 instance in the same VPC? (Select TWO.)

Which THREE are factors to consider when choosing between Amazon RDS and Amazon DynamoDB? (Select THREE.)

A company is designing a database for an e-commerce application that requires high availability and automatic failover. The application performs mainly read-heavy workloads with occasional write spikes during flash sales. Which AWS database service is most suitable for this workload?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The database administrator needs to identify which queries are consuming the most resources. Which system view should be queried?

A company needs to store and query JSON documents that vary in structure. The application requires flexible schema, automatic indexing, and the ability to run complex aggregation pipelines. Which AWS database service should be used?

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB database to AWS. Which AWS database service is most compatible and requires minimal application changes?

A company is migrating a 2 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The migration requires ongoing replication for minimal downtime. Which THREE AWS services should be used?

A company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ. During a recent failover test, the database experienced a 5-minute write outage. The application can tolerate up to 1 minute of downtime. Which solution should be used to reduce the failover time?

Which THREE of the following are best practices for managing Amazon DynamoDB tables with provisioned throughput?

A company is migrating an on-premises Microsoft SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The database uses SQL Server Agent jobs, custom CLR assemblies, and cross-database queries. Which of the following will require modification before migration?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. They need to ensure that data is encrypted at rest using a customer-managed AWS KMS key. The cluster is currently unencrypted. What is the simplest way to enable encryption?

A company is using DynamoDB with a VPC endpoint. They want to restrict access to only requests originating from their VPC. Which policy condition should be used?

A company wants to deploy a globally distributed application with a DynamoDB table that uses optimistic locking. Which DynamoDB feature should be used to implement this?

An e-commerce application uses Amazon DynamoDB as its primary database. The table stores order data with a partition key of 'OrderID' and a sort key of 'OrderDate'. The application frequently queries orders by customer ID (which is not a key attribute). What design change would improve query performance?

A company is deploying a new application that uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database must be highly available and fault-tolerant. Which deployment option meets these requirements?

A mobile gaming application uses Amazon DynamoDB to store player profiles and game state. The write throughput is high during events, but low otherwise. The company wants to minimize costs while maintaining performance. Which capacity mode should they use?

A company is designing a database for an IoT application that ingests millions of sensor readings per second. Each reading is a small JSON document (less than 1 KB) and must be stored with low latency. Queries are primarily by device ID and timestamp range. The team expects to rarely update or delete old data. Which AWS database solution is MOST cost-effective and performant?

Match each backup/restore concept to its AWS database feature.

A company is running a production Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity. The application is experiencing increased latency and throttled requests during peak hours. Which monitoring tool should the database specialist use to identify the specific partition keys causing the throttling?

A company is using Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with a read replica. The security team wants to ensure that data in transit between the primary DB instance and the read replica is encrypted. What should be done?

A developer is designing a DynamoDB table for an order management system using the above CloudFormation template. The application needs to query orders by CustomerID. The current design has a GSI on CustomerID. However, the developer notices that the GSI has low write throughput and often throttles. What is the most cost-effective way to improve write throughput on the GSI?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer is trying to query the ProductCatalog table using the 'Id' attribute. The query returns no results even though the developer knows data was inserted. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The current MongoDB workload uses aggregation pipelines with the $lookup stage and geospatial queries. The migration tool reports that some aggregation stages are not supported. Which THREE actions should the company take to address the incompatibilities?

A company wants to ensure that an Amazon RDS for MySQL database is automatically backed up daily and backups are encrypted. What should they do?

Which THREE steps should be taken to troubleshoot an Amazon DynamoDB table that is experiencing high read latency?

A company has an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance that needs to be accessed by an application running on an Amazon EC2 instance. Both resources are in the same VPC. The security team insists that all traffic between the application and the database be encrypted in transit. Which configuration ensures this?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store sensor data from IoT devices. The table has a partition key of DeviceID (String) and a sort key of Timestamp (Number). The table is configured with provisioned capacity of 1000 read capacity units (RCUs) and 500 write capacity units (WCUs). Auto Scaling is enabled with target utilization of 70% and is working correctly. Recently, a new batch job was introduced that performs Scan operations on the entire table every hour. The Scan consumes many read capacity units and causes throttling of the sensor write requests. The team wants to minimize the impact on the write-heavy sensor ingestion. Which approach is BEST?

A company has an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance that is running out of storage. The database is 2 TB in size and growing at 10 GB per day. They need a solution that allows automatic storage scaling with minimal downtime. What should they do?

A company is running a MongoDB-compatible Amazon DocumentDB cluster. The application team reports that write operations are failing intermittently with a `WriteConcernError` indicating that the write concern could not be satisfied. The cluster has one primary and two replicas. What is the MOST likely cause of this issue?

Which TWO of the following are required when migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle using AWS DMS with change data capture (CDC)? (Select TWO.)

A company runs an analytics platform that queries billions of rows of sales data. Queries are complex and involve aggregations across multiple dimensions. The data is updated in bulk daily. Which service should be used as the primary data store?

A company is deploying a new application using Amazon DynamoDB. They need to ensure data durability and availability. Which THREE steps should they take? (Choose three.)

A company needs to store time-series data from IoT sensors. Each sensor sends a reading every minute. The data is rarely accessed after 30 days. The query pattern is to retrieve all readings for a specific sensor within a time range. Which AWS database is most cost-effective?

A company is setting up an Amazon Aurora MySQL-compatible database. The security policy requires that all traffic between the application and database be encrypted in transit. Which TWO steps should be taken?

A company is planning to migrate a 3 TB PostgreSQL database from an on-premises data center to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The migration must have near-zero downtime. The on-premises database is using a custom pg_hba.conf that restricts access to specific IP ranges. Which combination of steps will meet the requirements?

A company is migrating an on-premises SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. During the migration, the DBA notices that the network latency between the source and target is high. Which THREE actions can the DBA take to reduce the impact of network latency on migration performance?

A financial services company needs a database to store transaction records with strict ACID compliance and the ability to run complex JOIN queries for reporting. The workload is read-heavy with occasional batch inserts. Which AWS database service should they choose?

A company is designing a database for a social media analytics platform that requires: 1) storing relationships between users, posts, and interests; 2) running complex graph queries like 'find all friends of friends who like topic X'; 3) high availability with multi-region replication. Which TWO AWS services should they consider? (Choose TWO.)

A company is deploying an Amazon DynamoDB table with server-side encryption using a customer-managed AWS KMS key. The security team requires that the key be automatically rotated every year and that access to the key be logged. Which THREE steps should be taken?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with global tables to support a multi-region application. They notice that writes to the table in us-east-1 are not replicating to the table in eu-west-1. The replication lag metric shows increasing values. What is the most likely cause?

A database specialist is troubleshooting a performance issue on an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster. The cluster has a primary instance and two Aurora Replicas. The application is experiencing high read latency. Which THREE actions should the specialist take to identify the cause?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with fine-grained access control using IAM policies. A developer reports that an application role can read and write to the 'orders' table but cannot perform a Scan operation on a Global Secondary Index (GSI). The IAM policy attached to the role includes 'dynamodb:Scan' and the resource ARN for the table. What is the likely reason for this failure?

A database administrator needs to audit all SQL queries executed on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance, including SELECT statements. Which two most efficient ways to achieve this?

A company runs a critical application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The database is a db.r5.xlarge instance with 500 GB of Provisioned IOPS (io1) storage. The application writes a large volume of time-series data every 5 minutes. Recently, the team noticed that the replica lag between the primary and standby instance has increased to over 10 seconds during peak write periods. The application requires that the standby be within 5 seconds of the primary for disaster recovery purposes. The team has already verified that network latency between AZs is minimal, and the standby instance is the same size as the primary. The CloudWatch metric 'TransactionLogsDiskUsage' shows that the primary is generating logs at a high rate. Which combination of actions should the database administrator take to reduce the replica lag? (Choose the best option.)

A company is migrating its on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database is 2 TB in size and contains both transactional and analytical workloads. The company uses Oracle Data Pump for migration. During the migration, the database specialist notices that the export job on the source database is taking longer than expected and is generating significant I/O, impacting production performance. The company needs to minimize the impact on the source database while completing the migration within a 48-hour window. The source database is currently running on a dedicated server with sufficient CPU and memory. Which course of action should the database specialist take?

A database administrator is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance that is experiencing high CPU utilization. The administrator runs the following query to find the current running queries: SELECT pid, now() - pg_stat_activity.query_start AS duration, query, state FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE state = 'active'; The output shows a high number of queries with a state of 'active' and durations exceeding several minutes. What should the administrator do FIRST to reduce CPU utilization?

Which THREE factors should be considered when planning a cross-Region disaster recovery strategy for an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster? (Choose 3.)

A media streaming company uses Amazon DynamoDB as the primary data store for user session information. The table has a partition key of 'user_id' (String) and a sort key of 'session_start_time' (Number). The table is provisioned with 5000 read capacity units (RCU) and 5000 write capacity units (WCU). Over the past week, the company noticed occasional throttling on writes during peak hours, even though the average consumed WCU is only 3500. The DynamoDB table also experiences hot partitions. The development team is considering using DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) to cache read-heavy workloads, but the issue is with writes. The database administrator needs to resolve the write throttling and hot partitions. Which action should the administrator take?

A company is building a real-time analytics dashboard from IoT sensor data. Data arrives as time-series with millions of writes per second. The dashboard queries the last hour of data with aggregations. Which database design is most cost-effective?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. During a flash sale, write traffic spikes and some requests receive ThrottlingException errors. The table's write capacity auto scaling reaches the maximum configured capacity but still throttles. Which TWO actions should resolve the throttling? (Choose TWO.)

Which TWO database services are suitable for storing time-series data with high ingestion rates? (Select TWO.)

A company is designing a database for a social media application that needs to handle friend-of-friend queries and recommendation engine traversals. Which AWS database is best suited?

A company is migrating a 1 TB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. They use AWS DMS with full load and ongoing replication. After the full load completes, they observe that the ongoing replication is falling behind and the target database is not consistent. The source database has high transaction volume. What is the most effective way to improve replication performance?

A retail company runs its inventory management system on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The application performs frequent updates to inventory counts. The operations team notices that write latency increases significantly during peak sales hours. The database is a single db.r5.large instance with General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. The CPU utilization is around 40% during peaks, but the write latency spikes. The team suspects a storage bottleneck. Which change would most effectively reduce write latency?

A company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL with encryption at rest enabled. The security team mandates that all access to the database must be authenticated using IAM database authentication. The database administrator has created a user 'app_user' and granted appropriate privileges. However, when the application tries to connect using an IAM authentication token, it receives an 'Access denied' error. Which action should be taken to resolve this issue?

A company is designing a database for a ride-sharing application that requires real-time location updates and driver-passenger matching. The database must support geospatial queries to find nearby drivers within a radius. The expected throughput is 10,000 writes per second and 5,000 reads per second. The company wants a fully managed solution with low latency. The application team has experience with PostgreSQL. Which database design should they choose?

A company is building a real-time leaderboard for a mobile game using Amazon DynamoDB. The leaderboard displays the top 100 players by score. The table has 'game_id' as partition key and 'player_id' as sort key. The score is updated frequently. Which THREE design patterns should the company implement to ensure low-latency reads for the leaderboard? (Choose three.)

A company needs to ensure that all changes to an Amazon RDS DB instance's security group are logged for auditing purposes. Which AWS service should be enabled?

A company wants to audit all SQL statements executed on their Amazon Aurora MySQL database for compliance. Which AWS feature should be enabled?

Match each AWS database feature to its description.

A company is running an Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible DB cluster. The application is experiencing increased latency during peak hours. The DB cluster's CPU utilization is at 40%, but the ReadReplicaLag metric is high. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. During a sales event, the write capacity consumption increases, but the table does not scale up as expected, resulting in throttled requests. The table has read/write capacity mode set to 'Provisioned' with auto scaling configured. What should the team check first to troubleshoot the issue?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The security team requires that all network traffic between the application servers and the database be encrypted using TLS. The application servers are in a different VPC connected via VPC Peering. What is the simplest way to enforce encryption in transit?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer. The application is experiencing higher latency than expected. The team suspects that cache evictions are occurring due to memory pressure. Which ElastiCache metric should be monitored to confirm this?

A database administrator needs to monitor the number of connections to an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. Which Amazon CloudWatch metric should be used?

A database specialist is monitoring an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance and notices that the 'CPUUtilization' metric is consistently above 90%. Which TWO actions should the specialist take to investigate the issue? (Select TWO.)

A company wants to migrate an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL with minimal downtime. They plan to use AWS DMS. Which source database configuration is required to enable ongoing replication (CDC)?

A company is migrating a 5 TB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The migration must have minimal downtime and support a cutover window of less than 30 minutes. The company is using AWS DMS with ongoing CDC. Which THREE steps should be taken to minimize cutover time? (Choose three.)

A company runs a production Amazon RDS for MySQL Multi-AZ DB instance with 10 TB of storage. The application team notices that database write latency has increased from 5 ms to 80 ms over the past week. The DB instance is a db.r5.8xlarge with 500 GB of gp2 storage. CloudWatch metrics show WriteIOPS averaging 10,000, WriteThroughput at 50 MB/s, and BurstBalance decreasing from 100% to 20% over the same period. The DB instance has no reserved IOPS. The database workload is write-heavy with frequent small transactions. The company needs to resolve the high write latency while minimizing costs and downtime. Which solution should the database specialist recommend?

A company is deploying a new web application that uses Amazon RDS for MySQL. To improve read performance, they add a read replica. However, the application reports stale data. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition and needs to audit all SQL statements executed by database users. Which feature should be enabled?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance in a VPC. The security team requires that all connections to the database use SSL/TLS. The DBA has enabled 'require_secure_transport' parameter in the DB parameter group. However, after applying the change and rebooting, some applications that were previously connecting successfully are now failing. What is the most likely cause?

A database administrator has the IAM policy shown above attached to their user. When they try to run the AWS CLI command `aws rds describe-db-instances --region us-west-2`, they receive an access denied error. Why does this fail?

A company is running a critical application on Amazon DynamoDB. The table has a partition key of 'user_id' and a sort key of 'timestamp'. The application frequently queries for all items for a given user within a date range. The read capacity is often throttled during peak hours. Which THREE steps should the database specialist take to resolve the throttling?

A company is deploying a multi-AZ Aurora MySQL database. They need to ensure that failover happens automatically with minimal data loss. Which configuration should be used?

A company has an Amazon DynamoDB table with auto scaling enabled. During a traffic spike, the application experiences high write latencies. Which action should the company take to troubleshoot the latency issue?

A company is running a MongoDB-compatible Amazon DocumentDB cluster. The application is experiencing high write latency during peak hours. The cluster has one writer and two readers. The DBA suspects that the issue is due to a large number of indexes on the collection. What should the DBA do to verify this hypothesis without affecting production?

A company is using an Amazon RDS for SQL Server database with Multi-AZ deployment. They need to migrate to Amazon RDS for SQL Server in a different AWS region. The database is 1 TB and cannot tolerate more than 15 minutes of downtime. Which strategy minimizes downtime?

A company is deploying a MySQL RDS instance using this CloudFormation template. After deployment, they notice that the database is not automatically backed up at the scheduled time. What is the most likely cause?

A company has an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster with one writer and two readers. The application is reporting increased read latency. The DB cluster is using Aurora Auto Scaling for readers. Which metric should be used to trigger scaling out readers?

A database administrator is troubleshooting why Amazon RDS Enhanced Monitoring is not displaying metrics for a DB instance. The IAM role attached to the instance has the policy shown in the exhibit. What is the likely cause?

A company is deploying an RDS MySQL database using the above CloudFormation template. After deployment, the database automatically reboots during the maintenance window. The company wants to reduce the impact of maintenance events. Which parameter change would minimize unavailability?

A security engineer is designing access controls for an Amazon DynamoDB table containing customer data. Which TWO actions enforce least privilege access?

A company is migrating an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. The database is 2 TB and the migration must have minimal downtime. The network bandwidth between the on-premises data center and AWS is 1 Gbps. Which migration approach is most appropriate?

Which TWO metrics should be monitored to detect an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance that is experiencing memory pressure? (Choose 2.)

Which THREE steps should be taken to troubleshoot high replica lag in an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster? (Choose THREE.)

A company is running a PostgreSQL database on Amazon RDS. They need to improve read performance for a reporting application that runs complex queries. The reporting application can tolerate slightly stale data. Which THREE actions should they take? (Choose three.)

A company is running a production Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database. The database experiences high write latency during peak hours. The company wants to reduce latency without changing the application code. Which solution is MOST cost-effective and scalable?

A company is designing a multi-tenant SaaS application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. Tenants have vastly different data sizes and access patterns. The current design uses a separate schema per tenant, but some tenants experience slow queries while others are fine. Which approach would best isolate tenant performance and simplify management?

A company is designing a data lake on Amazon S3 with Amazon Redshift Spectrum for analytics. The data includes JSON logs from web servers. Which THREE design practices should the company follow to optimize query performance and cost?

A DBA sees the above error log entries for an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. What is the most likely cause?

An Amazon RDS for MySQL instance is running out of storage. Which TWO actions can be taken to resolve this issue without downtime?

A company is migrating a 5 TB MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. The migration must have zero downtime and the source database is continuously written to. The team plans to use AWS DMS with ongoing replication. However, they notice that the target Aurora instance is not receiving all changes from the source. Which configuration change is most likely required to resolve this?

A database administrator needs to monitor the free storage space on an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance. Which TWO CloudWatch metrics should be used? (Choose two.)

Refer to the exhibit. A company's production RDS MySQL instance 'mydb' is configured as shown. The application experiences write latency spikes during peak hours. Which action would most effectively reduce write latency?

A company is using Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with automated backups. The security team requires that backups be encrypted at rest. The DB instance is currently unencrypted. What is the most efficient way to enable encryption for future backups?

A company wants to encrypt data at rest for an existing Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance. The database is currently unencrypted. What is the simplest way to enable encryption with minimal downtime?

A company wants to restrict access to an Amazon DynamoDB table so that only specific IAM users can read and write data. What is the BEST way to achieve this?

Match each AWS service to its primary purpose.

A company is running an Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity. The application is experiencing high latency for GetItem operations. CloudWatch shows that 'ThrottledRequests' is zero, but 'ConsumedReadCapacityUnits' is consistently below the provisioned limit. The table has a global secondary index (GSI) with a different partition key. What is the most likely cause of the high latency?

A database engineer is troubleshooting an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster that is experiencing frequent failovers. The failovers are occurring during periods of low write activity. The engineer notices that the primary instance's writer endpoint is being used for read traffic from a legacy application. What is the most likely cause of the failovers?

A company runs an e-commerce platform on AWS. The application uses an Amazon RDS for MySQL Multi-AZ database instance. The security team recently conducted an audit and found that the database is accessible from the internet because the public accessibility setting is enabled. The security team has disabled public accessibility and updated the security group to allow inbound traffic only from the application's security group. However, after these changes, the application can no longer connect to the database. The application is running on EC2 instances in the same VPC. The RDS instance is also in the same VPC. The security group for the RDS instance allows inbound MySQL traffic (port 3306) from the application's security group. The application's security group allows all outbound traffic. The application's EC2 instances have a public IP address and are in a public subnet. The RDS instance is in a private subnet. The VPC has an internet gateway attached. What is the most likely cause of the connection failure?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. Which TWO AWS services can be used to assess the source database for compatibility and migration readiness?

A company is running Amazon Redshift and notices that queries are slow. The administrator runs the STL_ALERT_EVENT_LOG and sees many 'Nested Loop Join' alerts. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The security team requires that all data is encrypted at rest using a hardware security module (HSM). Additionally, the team wants to ensure that only specific IAM roles can access the database. Which configuration will meet these requirements?

A gaming company uses Amazon DynamoDB for player profiles. The access pattern is to retrieve a player's profile by 'player_id'. Each profile includes a list of 'achievements' that can grow up to 400 KB. Recently, the application has been encountering 'ProvisionedThroughputExceededException' errors. The table has 1000 read capacity units (RCU) and 500 write capacity units (WCU). The average item size is 200 KB. What is the MOST likely cause of the throttling?

Which TWO AWS services can be used to centrally manage database credentials and automate rotation for Amazon RDS? (Choose two.)

A company is migrating a 500 GB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The migration must minimize downtime and support ongoing replication. Which TWO AWS services should be used together?

Which THREE factors should be considered when choosing between Amazon RDS and Amazon DynamoDB for a new application? (Choose THREE.)

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database has a large table with a BLOB column storing PDF files. Which migration approach minimizes downtime?

A database specialist is troubleshooting a degraded Amazon Aurora MySQL database cluster. The primary instance is showing elevated read latency and the replica lag is increasing. The DB cluster has one writer and one reader instance. The writer instance is using 90% of its allocated memory, and the reader instance is using 70%. Which action is most likely to reduce read latency and replica lag?

A company needs to store JSON documents that are up to 10 KB in size. The documents are accessed by a primary key, and the company requires single-digit millisecond latency. Which database service should be used?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling. The application is experiencing increased read latency. The monitoring shows that the ReadThrottleEvents metric is high. Which action should the company take to reduce read throttling?

A company needs to audit access to an Amazon DynamoDB table. The audit should capture which IAM user or role performed each action. Which AWS service should be used?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The security team requires that all connections to the database use Oracle Native Network Encryption (NNE). How should this be configured?

A financial services company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store transaction records. Each transaction has a partition key of customer_id and a sort key of transaction_timestamp. The application queries transactions for a specific customer within a date range. Recently, the query latency increased significantly for customers with a large number of transactions. The company needs to improve query performance without changing the application code. The table is provisioned with 5000 RCUs and 2000 WCUs. Which design change should be made to optimize for this workload?

Refer to the exhibit. A security engineer has applied this key policy to a customer managed KMS key used to encrypt a Secrets Manager secret containing database credentials. An application running on an Amazon EC2 instance in the same account and region is unable to decrypt the secret. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company is designing a database for a real-time leaderboard in a mobile game. The leaderboard updates thousands of times per second and must return the top 100 scores with minimal latency. Which AWS database service is most suitable for this workload?

A developer reports that an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database instance's storage is full and the instance is in 'storage-full' state. The team wants to resolve this without downtime. Which action should be taken?

A company is deploying a new web application that requires a highly available MariaDB database. The application is read-heavy and needs to scale read traffic. Which deployment approach meets these requirements?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The security team requires that all connections to the database use SSL/TLS encryption. Which step is necessary to enforce SSL connections?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance is experiencing high CPU utilization and increased latency during peak hours. The administrator wants to identify the queries causing the issue. Which TWO actions should be taken to diagnose the problem? (Select TWO.)

A financial services company runs a critical application on Amazon RDS for MySQL. The database stores transaction data that must be retained for 7 years for regulatory compliance. The current retention policy stores all data in the same table, causing performance degradation on the main transactional table. The company needs to archive data older than 1 year while keeping it queryable. Which design should they implement?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a high-traffic gaming leaderboard. The table has a partition key of 'game_id' and a sort key of 'score'. During a tournament, the application experiences throttling on a single partition. The application uses strongly consistent reads. Which TWO actions should be taken to resolve the throttling and maintain performance?

Which TWO of the following are valid ways to encrypt data at rest in Amazon DynamoDB? (Select TWO.)

A developer is connecting to an RDS for MySQL instance. What is the endpoint address that should be used in the database connection string?

A company is migrating a self-hosted MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. They need to ensure that indexes are created after the data load to improve migration performance. Which migration strategy should they use?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. The application experiences increased latency during peak hours. The DynamoDB table has a read capacity of 10,000 RCU and write capacity of 5,000 WCU. The auto scaling target utilization is 70%. During peak hours, the consumed read capacity reaches 8,000 RCU, but auto scaling does not increase capacity. What is the most likely reason?

A company is migrating a PostgreSQL database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They have set up AWS DMS with change data capture (CDC). However, after the initial load, the CDC replication is experiencing high latency. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company is migrating a PostgreSQL database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The current database has complex queries that join multiple tables and performs well. After migration, the same queries are slower on Aurora. What is the most likely cause?

A company needs to encrypt an existing unencrypted Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance. Which set of steps should be followed?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The users report that queries are slow, and the CloudWatch metric 'CPUUtilization' shows high usage. The cluster has 4 dc2.large nodes. The administrator runs the following query: SELECT * FROM stl_query WHERE starttime > '2023-12-01' ORDER BY duration DESC LIMIT 10; This shows that the longest query runs for over 5 minutes. Which of the following is the MOST effective way to improve query performance?

A company runs an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance with Multi-AZ. The application team reports that a recent schema change caused a significant increase in replication lag. The instance has a read replica in a different AWS Region. Which THREE actions should be taken to reduce replication lag?

A company runs an Amazon RDS for SQL Server database. The database size is 500 GB. The company needs to create a test environment with a copy of the production database that refreshes daily. Which THREE steps should be taken to automate this? (Choose THREE.)

A company is deploying a new Amazon RDS for MySQL database in a VPC. The database must be accessible only from an application server running in the same VPC. The security team also wants to ensure that the database is not accessible from the internet. Which TWO configurations are required? (Choose TWO.)

A company is using Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL for its transactional database. The application generates reports that query millions of rows, causing high CPU on the primary instance. The reports are not time-sensitive. What is the MOST cost-effective way to offload the reporting queries without affecting write performance?

A company is using Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The database administrator needs to perform a minor version upgrade with minimal downtime. Which TWO actions should the administrator take? (Choose TWO.)

A company is using Amazon RDS for MariaDB. The database administrator wants to monitor the database for slow queries. Which TWO services can be used to achieve this? (Choose TWO.)

A company's Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance is experiencing high CPU utilization. The DB instance is a db.r5.xlarge with 500 GB of General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. The application team reports that write-intensive batch jobs are causing latency. The DBA notices that the ReadIOPS metric is low but WriteIOPS is consistently near the instance's maximum. Which action would most effectively reduce write latency?

Refer to the exhibit. A database specialist is investigating an application outage that occurred at 14:25 UTC. The RDS event log shows the events above. What is the most likely cause of the outage?

A database specialist sees the above error log entries from an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. Which action should be taken to resolve the issue?

A database specialist runs the CLI command shown. The output indicates the instance is Multi-AZ and available. The application, however, is experiencing intermittent connection timeouts to the database endpoint. What is the most likely cause?

A company is deploying a new web application that uses Amazon RDS for MySQL. To meet high availability requirements, the database must automatically failover to a standby in a different Availability Zone with minimal downtime. Which deployment configuration should be used?

A company runs a financial application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL that requires point-in-time recovery (PITR) with a recovery point objective (RPO) of 1 second and recovery time objective (RTO) of 5 minutes. Which configuration meets these requirements at the lowest cost?

A company's Amazon Redshift cluster is experiencing slow query performance. Which THREE diagnostic steps should be taken to identify the bottleneck?

A company is migrating a 2 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL using AWS DMS. The migration is taking longer than expected, and the ongoing replication lag is increasing. Which action would MOST likely improve the migration speed?

A financial services company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store transaction data. The table is encrypted with an AWS managed KMS key. The compliance team requires that the encryption key be rotated every 90 days. The current key was created 6 months ago and has not been rotated. The company also needs to ensure that all access to the table is logged for audit purposes. The security engineer proposes to enable DynamoDB Streams and AWS CloudTrail. However, the compliance team notes that CloudTrail only logs management plane events (e.g., CreateTable) and not data plane events (e.g., GetItem, PutItem). What should the engineer do to meet both requirements?

Which TWO Amazon RDS features can be used to increase the availability of a production database?

A database administrator runs the above command. The database is currently in a healthy state. Which statement is true about this database?

A company's RDS for SQL Server instance has been running for 3 years. The DBA notices that the DB instance's allocated storage (500 GB) is 80% full. The application is write-heavy. The DBA needs to increase storage without downtime. What is the most efficient way to achieve this?

A company is migrating a 1 TB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. They want to use the native backup and restore feature. What must they do first?

A company runs an Amazon ElastiCache for Redis cluster as a caching layer for a high-traffic web application. The cluster has one primary and two replica nodes. Recently, the application experienced increased latency. Monitoring shows that the CPU utilization of the primary node is consistently above 80%, while replicas are below 40%. The application uses the cluster mode disabled. The operations team needs to reduce the CPU load on the primary node. Which solution should they implement?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database contains sensitive data that must be encrypted at rest using a customer-managed KMS key. The company also needs to ensure that the database is automatically patched by AWS. Which DB instance configuration should be used?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for a web application. Users report that some cached data is missing, causing slower responses. Which ElastiCache feature should be checked first to understand key evictions?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to a user who needs to deploy an RDS MySQL instance. After creating the instance, the user tries to modify it to enable deletion protection, but the action fails. What is the most likely reason?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to a role used by an application running on Amazon EC2. The application needs to read items from a DynamoDB table named 'MyTable' and create manual snapshots of an RDS instance. What is the issue with the policy?

A company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The primary instance fails and the database administrator notices that the failover did not happen automatically. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with a global table for a multi-region application. The application is deployed in us-east-1 and eu-west-1. The company notices that write latency to eu-west-1 is higher than expected. Which TWO actions can reduce write latency? (Choose TWO.)

A company has an Amazon RDS for SQL Server database that stores customer orders. The database is running on a db.m5.large instance. Recently, the DBA noticed that the 'Write IOPS' metric is consistently high during business hours, and the 'Write Latency' metric is also elevated. The application is experiencing slow order placement. The DBA checks the disk queue depth and finds it to be high. The database uses General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage with 500 GB. What should the DBA do to improve write performance?

A company is designing a global e-commerce platform using Amazon DynamoDB. The platform must support strong consistency for inventory updates and eventual consistency for product catalog reads. Which TWO design patterns should the company implement to meet these consistency requirements?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The migration uses AWS DMS with ongoing replication (CDC). Which TWO tasks must be completed before starting the migration?

A database administrator runs the AWS CLI command shown in the exhibit. The administrator wants to enable encryption at rest for the RDS instance. What should the administrator do?

A database administrator runs the 'describe-db-clusters' CLI command and sees the above output. The earliest restorable time is December 1, 2023. However, the backup retention period is 7 days. Why is the earliest restorable time earlier than 7 days from now (assuming today is December 5, 2023)?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database is 2 TB and has a high number of small transactions. The company needs to minimize downtime during the migration. Which TWO strategies should be used together? (Choose two.)

Which TWO options are valid methods to migrate an on-premises Microsoft SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server with minimal downtime? (Choose 2.)

An e-commerce application uses Amazon Aurora MySQL. During a flash sale, the database experiences a surge in write operations, and the application reports 'Lock wait timeout exceeded' errors. The DBA suspects a long-running transaction is blocking others. Which AWS tool or feature should the DBA use to identify the blocking transaction?

A company's production RDS for PostgreSQL instance experienced a failover to the standby replica. After the failover, the application team reports that writes are failing with 'ReadOnlyException: Connection is read-only'. The DB instance status in the RDS console shows 'available'. Which action should the database administrator take to resolve the issue?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity mode. The company notices that during a flash sale, the write requests are throttled. What is the most likely cause of the throttling?

A company runs a financial application that requires ACID transactions on a relational database. The workload has a high volume of writes and reads, and the team wants to minimize operational overhead. Which AWS database service should they choose?

A company manages multiple RDS for PostgreSQL instances in different AWS accounts. The security team requires that all DB instances have automated backups enabled with a retention period of at least 14 days. How can the company enforce this policy across all accounts?

A company is using Amazon RDS for SQL Server with Multi-AZ. The application experiences a brief interruption during a planned maintenance window. The DBA wants to verify that the failover occurred correctly. Which set of metrics should the DBA examine?

A company is designing a database for an analytics workload that requires storing 5 TB of data and running complex SQL queries with joins. The workload is read-heavy and requires high concurrency. Which TWO services are suitable for this workload? (Choose two.)

Which TWO actions should be taken to protect sensitive data in an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance? (Choose two.)

A company is using Amazon Redshift and has a query that is running slowly. The DBA wants to identify if the query is I/O-bound. Which TWO metrics from Amazon CloudWatch can indicate I/O-bound queries?

A company is designing a disaster recovery strategy for an Amazon Aurora MySQL database with a recovery point objective (RPO) of 1 second and a recovery time objective (RTO) of 1 minute. Which TWO solutions meet these requirements? (Choose TWO.)

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a session management application. The application is experiencing higher latency during peak hours. The DynamoDB table uses on-demand capacity. Which TWO steps should a database specialist take to diagnose the issue?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle data warehouse to AWS. The warehouse contains 50 TB of data and runs complex queries that involve joins and aggregations. The team wants to minimize migration effort and cost while maintaining query performance. Which AWS service should they use?

A company wants to migrate a 10 TB Microsoft SQL Server database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The migration must be completed within a week and minimize network bandwidth usage. Which approach is most suitable?

Which THREE methods can be used to authenticate users to an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance? (Choose three.)

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with AWS KMS-managed encryption at rest. The security team requires that all access to a particular DynamoDB table be logged for audit purposes. Which solution meets this requirement?

Refer to the exhibit. A database specialist is troubleshooting an automation script that fails when trying to create a snapshot of the RDS DB instance 'mydb' using an IAM role with the attached policy. The error message indicates that the user is not authorized to perform the operation. Which statement best explains the failure?

A company runs an OLTP application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database stores customer orders. The application frequently queries orders by customer_id and order_date. The orders table has 100 million rows. The query performance has degraded over time. The database has a single index on customer_id. The company needs to improve query performance without changing the application code. Which design change should be made?

A company stores sensitive data in an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. The security team requires that all data at rest be encrypted. The instance is currently unencrypted. What is the simplest way to enable encryption with minimal downtime?

An administrator is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance that is experiencing high CPU utilization. The administrator has enabled Performance Insights. Which metric should be examined first to identify the queries consuming the most CPU?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity for a gaming leaderboard. During a promotional event, write traffic spikes 10x, causing occasional 'ProvisionedThroughputExceededException' errors. The application retries with exponential backoff, but latency increases. The team notices that the 'ThrottledWriteRequests' metric spikes. What is the MOST cost-effective solution to handle these unpredictable spikes?

A company is migrating a 2 TB MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. Which TWO factors should be considered when planning the migration?

A company is experiencing slow query performance on an Amazon RDS for MySQL database. The DBA wants to identify the most time-consuming queries. Which TWO actions should the DBA take? (Choose two.)

A company uses Amazon Aurora MySQL for its e-commerce platform. The DB cluster has one writer and two readers. Recently, the application started showing occasional deadlock errors during order processing. The error logs show: 'Transaction (Process ID 123) was deadlocked on lock resources with another process and has been chosen as the deadlock victim. Rerun the transaction.' The application retries three times before failing. The development team wants to reduce the likelihood of deadlocks. Which three actions should the team take? (Choose three.)

An IAM policy is attached to a role used by an RDS instance. The RDS instance is in VPC with a VPC endpoint to KMS. What is the effect of this policy?

Which TWO CloudWatch metrics should be monitored to determine if an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster has sufficient I/O capacity?

A company is migrating a MySQL database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for MySQL. They want to use native MySQL replication to minimize downtime. Which configuration is required in the on-premises MySQL server?

A company runs an Amazon Aurora MySQL database cluster with one writer and two readers. The application suddenly fails with 'Too many connections' error. The writer instance's maximum connections is set to 1000. Which configuration change would best resolve the issue while maintaining high availability?

A company has an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance that needs to be encrypted at rest. The instance currently uses Oracle Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) with a key stored in the database. The company wants to use AWS KMS for key management. What is the correct migration path?

An e-learning platform uses Amazon Aurora MySQL for its database. The application runs reporting queries that scan large portions of the database, causing high CPU utilization on the primary instance. The primary instance is a db.r5.2xlarge with 64 GB memory. The reporting queries are not time-sensitive but need to return results within 5 minutes. The operations team wants to reduce the impact on the primary instance without increasing costs significantly. Which action should be taken?

A company is migrating a 10 TB Amazon RDS for MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. The migration must have minimal downtime and must support point-in-time recovery for the source during migration. Which approach meets these requirements?

A company is migrating a MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. The database has several stored procedures and triggers. During the migration, some stored procedures fail to execute. What is the most likely cause?

A company is designing a database for a ride-sharing application that needs to store real-time driver locations and trip history. The application requires low-latency updates to driver locations (every few seconds) and the ability to query nearby drivers within a radius. The company expects millions of drivers and trips. Which AWS database service should the database specialist recommend for storing real-time driver locations and supporting proximity queries?

A social media application stores user posts in an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. The application experiences a sudden spike in read traffic during peak hours, causing database bottlenecks. The team needs to improve read scalability without changing the application code. Which solution is MOST cost-effective?

A company runs an online auction platform on AWS. The application uses Amazon DynamoDB as the primary database, with a table 'Auctions' that has a partition key 'auction_id' (String) and sort key 'end_time' (Number). The table also has a global secondary index (GSI) on 'status' (String) and 'current_bid' (Number). The application frequently queries for active auctions sorted by current bid. Recently, the team noticed that queries on the GSI for active auctions with a high current_bid are returning results slowly. The DynamoDB table has 10,000 write capacity units (WCU) and 30,000 read capacity units (RCU) provisioned. The GSI has 5,000 RCU provisioned. The team suspects throttling on the GSI. What is the most likely cause of the slow queries?

A developer is troubleshooting an issue where an IAM user cannot perform a 'DescribeTable' action on a DynamoDB table. The IAM policy attached to the user is: {"Version":"2012-10-17","Statement":[{"Effect":"Allow","Action":["dynamodb:GetItem","dynamodb:PutItem"],"Resource":"*"}]}. What is the most likely reason for the failure?

A company is experiencing increased latency on their RDS for PostgreSQL instance. The CloudWatch metrics show high ReadIOPS but low CPU utilization. Which action is MOST likely to resolve the issue?

A developer is troubleshooting an issue where an application using Amazon DynamoDB is receiving occasional 'ThrottlingException' errors. The application uses eventually consistent reads. What is the MOST likely cause of this error?

A developer sees the above key schema for the ProductCatalog table. Which query will be most efficient for retrieving a single item?

A company is migrating a 10 TB MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which strategy should be used?

A financial services company runs a critical PostgreSQL database on Amazon RDS. The database stores transaction records and requires point-in-time recovery (PITR) with a recovery window of 35 days. The database size is 500 GB and grows at 10 GB per day. The team wants to minimize storage costs while meeting the recovery SLA. Which backup strategy should they use?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB Global Tables for a multi-region application. The table is configured with on-demand capacity. The application writes data in the us-east-1 region and reads from us-west-2. Users in us-west-2 report that data written in us-east-1 is not appearing in us-west-2 within the expected replication latency of under 5 seconds. Instead, replication sometimes takes up to 30 seconds. Which two factors could be causing this increased replication latency? (Choose two.)

A company is running an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance. The database administrator needs to perform a major version upgrade. What is the recommended approach to minimize downtime?

A company has an Amazon Redshift cluster that contains sensitive data. The security team wants to ensure that all data is encrypted at rest and that the encryption keys are managed by AWS. Which configuration should be used?

A company is migrating a 5 TB PostgreSQL database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database has complex stored procedures and triggers. The migration must be completed within a 30-minute downtime window. Which approach would meet the requirement?

A company is using Amazon Neptune and notices that some queries are slow. The DBA wants to identify which queries consume the most time. Which feature should be used?

An organization wants to migrate a 200 GB MySQL database from an on-premises server to Amazon Aurora MySQL. They have a 50 Mbps network connection. The database is 8 hours of downtime. The migration must be completed within 24 hours and costs must be minimized. The team decides to use AWS Database Migration Service (DMS). Which approach best meets the requirements?

An IAM user has the policy shown. The user is trying to restore a DB instance from a manual snapshot using the AWS CLI. The restore fails with an access denied error. What is the most likely reason?

A company is migrating its on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database is 2 TB in size and the network bandwidth is 100 Mbps. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which TWO approaches should be used together to achieve this?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database has several stored procedures that use Oracle-specific PL/SQL. The team needs to minimize manual code changes. Which AWS service or tool should be used to automate the conversion of the stored procedures?

Which TWO of the following are methods to encrypt data at rest for an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance? (Select TWO.)

A company is migrating a 3 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database has a heavy OLTP workload with many small transactions. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which TWO strategies should the company use? (Choose two.)

A database administrator is using AWS DMS to migrate an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The migration has been running for several hours, but the full load phase is taking much longer than expected. The CPU utilization on the DMS replication instance is consistently below 10%. What is the MOST likely cause of the slow performance?

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with a single-AZ deployment. The operations team needs to ensure that the database is available during a planned maintenance event that requires a reboot. The maintenance window is set for 30 minutes. The database size is 200 GB and the application can tolerate a few minutes of downtime. Which action should the team take to minimize downtime during the reboot?

A company is using an Amazon RDS for MySQL database and needs to audit all database login events. The audit logs must be stored in Amazon S3 for long-term retention. Which steps should be taken to accomplish this?

A company uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for a web application. They observe a sudden increase in CPU utilization on the cache cluster, and the application experiences higher latency. Which action should be taken to diagnose the issue?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB and wants to audit access to a table. Which TWO services can be used together to log and monitor data plane operations? (Choose TWO.)

A developer wants to grant an IAM user read-only access to an Amazon DynamoDB table named 'Orders' in the 'us-east-1' region. Which IAM policy should be attached to the user?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB to store session data for a web application. The session data expires after 24 hours. Which DynamoDB feature should the company use to automatically delete expired items?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance with Multi-AZ. The primary instance in us-east-1a fails, and the standby in us-east-1b is promoted. The application cannot connect after failover. Which TWO steps should the database administrator take to restore connectivity?

A company has an Amazon RDS for MySQL database that contains sensitive data. The security team requires that all data be encrypted at rest using a customer-managed key stored in AWS KMS. Which action should be taken to meet this requirement?

A company is migrating a 4 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL using AWS DMS. The migration completes successfully but the application experiences high latency on the Aurora cluster. The DMS task used LOB mode 'full LOB mode'. What is the most likely cause of the latency?

A company has an Amazon Redshift cluster that stores sensitive financial data. The security team requires that all data be encrypted at rest and that the encryption keys be rotated annually. Which solution meets these requirements?

A company is designing a multi-tenant SaaS application using Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. Each tenant's data must be isolated for security and compliance. The application has a few large tenants and many small tenants. Queries must be able to access data across tenants for reporting, but with strict access controls. Which design best meets these requirements?

A company is deploying a new DynamoDB table for a global application. The table must have low latency reads and writes across multiple AWS regions. Which configuration should be used?

A company needs to deploy a globally distributed application with a database that supports multi-region writes and automatic conflict resolution. Which AWS database service should be used?

A database specialist is troubleshooting a connectivity issue with an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. The instance is in a VPC with a public subnet. The security group allows inbound traffic on port 5432 from the application server's IP address. The application server is in the same VPC but in a private subnet. Despite the security group configuration, the application cannot connect. Which action should the specialist take to resolve the issue?

A company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ and read replicas. The database has a table storing user sessions with 50 million rows. The application team reports that queries using 'SELECT * FROM sessions WHERE user_id = ? ORDER BY login_time DESC LIMIT 10' are slow. The EXPLAIN plan shows a full table scan. Which design change would BEST improve query performance?

A gaming company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store player scores. The table has a partition key of 'game_id' and a sort key of 'player_id'. They notice that during peak hours, write requests for a popular game 'g123' are throttled, while other games are unaffected. What is the most likely cause and solution?

A company is deploying a new application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The security policy requires that all data be encrypted at rest and in transit. Which TWO actions should the company take to meet these requirements?

A company's DynamoDB table uses provisioned capacity and has a global table for disaster recovery. Write requests to the replica region are failing with ProvisionedThroughputExceededException even though the replica table shows low consumed capacity. What is the MOST likely cause?

Which TWO are best practices for designing a DynamoDB table for high-traffic e-commerce application? (Select TWO.)

A company is using Amazon Aurora MySQL. The database performance has degraded, and the DBA wants to identify the queries that are waiting for locks. Which system table should be queried to find information about locking conflicts?

Which TWO use cases are best suited for Amazon RDS Multi-AZ deployments? (Choose 2.)

A company is running an Amazon RDS for SQL Server Multi-AZ DB instance. During a recent failover test, the application experienced a timeout of 60 seconds. The application uses a connection string that points to the CNAME of the DB instance. Which configuration change would reduce the failover time?

A company needs to ensure that all changes to an Amazon RDS DB instance are logged for auditing purposes. Which AWS service should be enabled?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for Oracle instance has a high number of connections, causing performance degradation. Which tool can be used to identify the active sessions and their queries?

Which TWO techniques can reduce read latency for frequently accessed data in Amazon DynamoDB? (Choose 2.)

A company is migrating an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon RDS. The database is used for a critical e-commerce application that requires high availability with automatic failover. Which RDS deployment option should the company choose to meet these requirements?

A database administrator notices that the /var/log/mysql/error.log file on an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance is growing rapidly. The administrator wants to monitor the log file size and receive alerts when it exceeds a certain threshold. Which AWS service should be used to set up this monitoring?

A company is running a production Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity. The table experiences occasional throttling during traffic spikes. The table's partition key is a timestamp, and the workload is write-heavy. The operations team needs to reduce throttling. Which THREE actions should the team take? (Choose three.)

A company is running an Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity mode. The table experiences occasional throttling during peak hours. The application team wants to understand the read/write patterns to optimize the table design. Which approach should the database specialist take to analyze the throttling events?

A developer accidentally deleted a critical table from an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. Automated backups are enabled with a retention period of 7 days. The deletion occurred 3 hours ago. Which action can restore the table with minimal data loss?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The security team requires that all connections to the database be encrypted in transit. Which TWO steps should be taken to enforce this requirement?

A company is deploying a new web application on Amazon RDS for MySQL and expects read-heavy traffic. The database must be highly available. Which deployment approach meets these requirements?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with global tables. The application is experiencing high write latency in one region. Which THREE factors could contribute to this issue? (Choose three.)

A developer accidentally exposed an Amazon RDS snapshot to the public. What is the quickest way to remediate this issue?

A company runs a critical e-commerce application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with a db.r5.2xlarge instance and 500 GB of gp2 storage. The application experiences periodic write spikes during flash sales. During these events, the WriteIOPS metric exceeds the provisioned baseline IOPS of 1,500, and the database becomes unresponsive for several seconds. The DBA has configured a CloudWatch alarm on WriteIOPS, but the alarm triggers after the performance issue occurs. The company needs to ensure that the database can handle these spikes without downtime. The budget allows for moderate cost increases. What should the DBA do?

A company is troubleshooting an Amazon DynamoDB table that is experiencing high latency. The table uses on-demand capacity. Which TWO steps should be taken to diagnose the issue?

Refer to the exhibit. A database specialist is investigating performance degradation on an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The BurstBalance metric shows the values above. What does this indicate, and what action should be taken?

A company is designing a new application that requires a relational database with strong consistency and support for transactions. The application will be accessed by users worldwide, and the database must provide low-latency reads in multiple regions. The company expects the workload to be unpredictable, with periods of very low activity followed by sudden spikes. They want to minimize operational overhead and only pay for the resources they use. Which AWS database solution should they choose?

A company has an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance with automated backups enabled. The database is 500 GB in size. The company wants to create a new test database from the current state with minimal impact on production. Which approach meets these requirements?

An IAM policy is attached to a user to restrict access to a DynamoDB table. What does this policy allow the user to do?

Refer to the exhibit. A DBA sees the above error log entries for an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. Which action should the DBA take to resolve the 'Too many connections' error?

A security audit reveals that an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance is accessible from the internet. The security team requires that the database be accessible only from a specific set of application servers within the same VPC. Which solution should be implemented?

A company needs to audit all SQL queries executed on an Amazon RDS for SQL Server database. Which AWS service should be used?

A database engineer is monitoring an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance and notices that the 'DiskQueueDepth' metric is consistently above 100. The instance uses gp2 storage with 1000 GB allocated. What is the most likely cause of the high disk queue depth?

A database specialist sees the above error in the application logs for an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The application is a web server running on an EC2 instance. What is the most likely cause?

A company runs a multi-tenant SaaS application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. Each tenant has an isolated database. Recently, the application experienced a sudden increase in connection errors and slow query performance. Amazon RDS instance metrics show high CPU utilization and a high number of database connections. The application uses connection pooling with PgBouncer running on an EC2 instance. The team suspects the issue is due to a few noisy tenants opening too many connections. The current architecture uses one RDS instance per tenant. The company wants to optimize for workload-specific database design to handle noisy tenants without affecting other tenants. Which design should be implemented to isolate noisy tenants and reduce costs?

A company is migrating a 50 GB PostgreSQL database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The network bandwidth between on-premises and AWS is 50 Mbps. The migration must complete within 24 hours. What is the most efficient way to transfer the initial data?

A company is migrating a 5 TB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The migration must be completed within 48 hours with minimal downtime. The network bandwidth between on-premises and AWS is 500 Mbps. What is the MOST efficient migration strategy?

A company needs to rotate the master user password for an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. What is the recommended way to do this without downtime?

A company is deploying a new RDS for MySQL database and needs to ensure that connections are encrypted using TLS. Which parameter should be configured?

A company uses Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The security team requires that all data loaded into the cluster be encrypted at rest using a customer-managed KMS key. The cluster is currently unencrypted. What is the most efficient way to achieve this requirement with minimal data loss?

A company runs a critical application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with Multi-AZ. The database has a large table (over 500 GB) that is frequently updated. The operations team notices that the primary instance's CPU usage is consistently above 90%, and the replica lag between the primary and standby is increasing during peak hours. The application can tolerate a few seconds of downtime. The team needs to reduce CPU load and improve write performance without changing the application code. Which action should be taken?

A company is designing a database for an IoT application that ingests millions of small sensor readings per second. The data is append-only and queries are primarily time-based aggregations with low latency requirements (under 10 ms). Which AWS database service is most suitable for this workload?

A company uses an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database with Multi-AZ deployment. The security team wants to audit all SQL queries executed against the database for compliance purposes. Which solution should be implemented to capture and store the queries?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity mode for a critical application. During a marketing campaign, the application experienced throttled requests despite the on-demand mode. The table has a single partition key. The database specialist notices that the throttling occurs sporadically even though overall traffic is within limits. What is the most likely cause?

Which TWO AWS services can be used to implement a serverless database architecture for variable workloads?

A startup is building a mobile application that requires a database to store user preferences and session data. The data is accessed by user ID and requires single-digit millisecond latency. The workload is read-heavy with occasional writes. Which database service is MOST cost-effective?

A developer accidentally deleted an RDS database. Which action will allow the database to be restored with the least data loss?

A database administrator notices that the CPU utilization on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance is consistently above 90% during peak hours. Which CloudWatch metric should be checked first to identify the cause of the high CPU usage?

A company has an Amazon Redshift cluster with two dc2.large nodes. The cluster is used for daily ETL jobs and reporting. The operations team receives an alert that the cluster's disk space is 90% full. The ETL jobs are failing with 'disk full' errors. The team needs to resolve the issue quickly with minimal downtime. Which action should be taken?

A company wants to migrate an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The database is 500 GB and experiences heavy write traffic. They need to minimize downtime and ensure no data loss. Which approach should they take?

A company's Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance is running out of storage. The DB instance has auto-scaling enabled, but the storage did not increase. What is the most likely cause?

A company is running a production Amazon RDS for MySQL Multi-AZ DB instance. The database experiences intermittent high latency and the CloudWatch 'ReadLatency' metric spikes during periods of heavy read traffic. The application uses a single database endpoint. What is the MOST effective way to reduce read latency without changing the application code?

Which TWO database design considerations are critical when migrating a high-traffic e-commerce website from Oracle to Amazon Aurora MySQL? (Choose 2.)

A company is running a MySQL database on Amazon RDS for a web application. The application experiences read-heavy traffic, and the company wants to improve read performance without changing the application code. Which design should the database specialist recommend?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity. The operations team notices that the number of throttled write requests has increased. Which metric should be monitored to determine if the table's write capacity is being exceeded?

A database administrator runs the above AWS CLI command to troubleshoot replication issues. The DB instance 'mydb' is a read replica of 'my-source-db'. The administrator notices that the replica lag is increasing. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?

Refer to the exhibit. A database administrator runs the AWS CLI command and gets the following output: {"Engine":"mysql","DBInstanceStatus":"available","MultiAZ":true,"SecondaryAvailabilityZone":"us-east-1b"}. What can be concluded about the database deployment?

A company has an Amazon RDS for SQL Server Multi-AZ DB instance with a standby replica in a different AWS Region. The database is encrypted with a KMS key. The company needs to implement automated backups that are also encrypted and stored in a cross-region S3 bucket. The backups must be retained for 3 years. Which solution meets these requirements with the LEAST administrative effort?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with client-side encryption using the DynamoDB Encryption Client. The encryption keys are stored in AWS KMS. The security team wants to ensure that the encryption keys can be used only by authorized applications. What should be done?

A company has an Amazon DynamoDB table with provisioned capacity. The table experiences occasional spikes in write traffic that exceed the provisioned write capacity units (WCU). Which feature should the database specialist enable to handle these spikes without throttling?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer created an IAM policy with the above command and attached it to a user. What is the security implication of this policy?

A company uses Amazon Aurora MySQL for a SaaS application. Each tenant has a separate database. The company wants to implement a centralized monitoring solution that collects performance metrics from all tenant databases. The solution should be cost-effective and require minimal overhead. Which approach should be used?

A company runs an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance. The database administrator wants to receive an alert when the storage space is below 10% of the allocated storage. Which Amazon CloudWatch metric and alarm threshold should be used?

A company is deploying a new web application that uses Amazon RDS for MySQL. The application has unpredictable read traffic spikes. The company wants to minimize read latency and automatically scale read capacity. What is the MOST cost-effective solution?

Which TWO actions should a company take to secure an Amazon RDS for MySQL database that is accessible from the internet? (Choose two.)

A company's Amazon RDS for Oracle instance is running out of storage space. The database administrator wants to add storage without downtime. Which action should be taken?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer deploys this CloudFormation template. An application on the EC2 instance cannot connect to the RDS MySQL database. What is the MOST likely cause?

A database administrator is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance that is experiencing high 'ReadIOPS' and 'ReadLatency'. The instance uses General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. The 'BurstBalance' metric is 0%. What should the administrator do to improve performance?

A social media analytics company uses Amazon DynamoDB as the primary data store for user session data. Each session record has a partition key of user_id (String) and a sort key of session_start_time (Number, epoch). The application often queries the most recent 10 sessions for a given user. The traffic pattern shows that 90% of reads are for the last 10 sessions, while 10% are for historical sessions. The table has a provisioned read capacity of 5000 RCU and consistently experiences throttled read requests during peak hours. The company wants to optimize read performance without changing the provisioned capacity. Which design change will MOST improve read performance for this workload?

A company wants to centrally manage database user credentials and rotate them automatically. The database is an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance. Which AWS service should be used?

Which TWO of the following are valid methods to control network access to an Amazon RDS DB instance? (Select TWO.)

A company is migrating its Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The security team requires that all data be encrypted at rest using a customer-managed AWS KMS key. Which TWO steps are necessary to achieve this?

A company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL with read replicas. The application writes to the primary and reads from the replicas. Occasionally, the application reads stale data from the replicas. Which action would ensure read-after-write consistency without impacting write performance?

A company has an Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity mode. The table is used by a serverless application. The company wants to receive an alert when the read request rate exceeds a certain threshold. Which CloudWatch metric and alarm should be used?

A security engineer is designing a disaster recovery plan for an Amazon DynamoDB table that contains sensitive data. The table is encrypted using an AWS KMS customer managed key (CMK). The engineer needs to ensure that the table can be restored in a different AWS Region. Which TWO actions must be taken to enable cross-region restores with the same encryption? (Choose TWO.)

A developer runs the command `aws rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier mydb` and gets the output containing `Source_Region: us-east-1` and `Replica_Mode: async`. Which conclusion can be drawn about the database configuration?

A media company stores video metadata in Amazon DynamoDB. Each record has a partition key of video_id and a sort key of uploaded_timestamp. The application frequently queries videos by genre and upload date. The access pattern is read-heavy with occasional writes. The table is provisioned with 3000 RCUs and 1000 WCUs. The company notices that queries by genre are slow and consume many RCUs. Which design change should be made to optimize for this workload?

An application uses an Amazon RDS for MySQL database. The security team requires that all traffic to the database be encrypted in transit. Which configuration ensures this?

A company wants to store session state for a web application that runs on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. The session data is ephemeral and must be highly available. Which two AWS services are suitable for this use case? (Choose two.)

A company runs a critical Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database. They notice that the 'DiskQueueDepth' metric is consistently high and the 'FreeStorageSpace' is below 10%. The database is used for OLTP workloads. What is the MOST immediate action to take?

An Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance is experiencing high swap usage. The database administrator wants to reduce swap usage. Which action should be taken?

Refer to the exhibit. A database specialist is taking a final snapshot of an RDS DB instance before deletion. The command returns the output shown. The snapshot is at 75% progress. What should the specialist do next?

A company needs to store and manage user sessions for a web application. The application runs on multiple EC2 instances, and sessions must be accessible from any instance. The team wants a fully managed, highly available, and low-latency solution. Which AWS service should they use?

A company is deploying a new Amazon DynamoDB table with global tables for a multi-region application. The application requires strongly consistent reads in the primary region and eventual consistency in secondary regions. Which write strategy should they use?

The exhibit shows an IAM policy attached to a user. The user needs to create a manual snapshot of an RDS DB instance named 'production-db'. Which action will the user be able to perform?

A company runs a production Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance with Multi-AZ. The database is used by a web application. The application team reports that the database is experiencing intermittent connection timeouts and increased latency. The CloudWatch metrics show that the database connections spike to the maximum allowed (max_connections) during peak hours, and the CPU utilization is high. The team needs to resolve the connection issues without modifying the application code. The application uses connection pooling at the application layer. Which action should be taken?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database is 2 TB in size and has a tight migration window of 8 hours. Which THREE steps should be taken to minimize downtime during the migration?

A developer executed a DELETE statement without a WHERE clause on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. The transaction is still open. Which action should the developer take to undo the DELETE without affecting other operations?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database currently uses a custom extension that is not supported by RDS. The application relies heavily on this extension for advanced statistical analysis. Which design approach should the company take to minimize application changes?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with a global table that replicates data across two AWS Regions. The security team requires that all data be encrypted at rest with a customer-managed AWS KMS key. How should the company configure the KMS keys to meet this requirement?

Which TWO AWS services can be used to monitor and alert on suspicious database access patterns in Amazon RDS? (Choose 2.)

A company is moving a large-scale time-series application from Cassandra to a managed AWS service. The workload involves high-frequency writes (millions per second) and queries that aggregate data over time windows. Which THREE AWS services are suitable for this time-series workload?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL to host a web application. The security team has identified that the application is vulnerable to SQL injection attacks. The team wants to implement a defense-in-depth strategy to protect the database. Which THREE measures should be taken to mitigate SQL injection risks?

A company is running an Amazon DynamoDB table with provisioned capacity. The table has a partition key of 'user_id' and a sort key of 'timestamp'. The application performs frequent Query operations using the partition key and a range of sort keys. Recently, the 'ThrottledRequests' metric has spiked. The read and write capacity units are consistently at 80% utilization. What is the most effective way to resolve the throttling?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy allows creation of a DMS replication task only if the source database engine is Oracle. A user attempts to create a replication task with a MySQL source. What will happen?

A company is migrating a 3 TB PostgreSQL database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which THREE steps should be taken?

Which THREE design patterns can improve the performance of a write-heavy application using Amazon DynamoDB?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with Auto Scaling enabled. The database specialist notices that write traffic is being throttled occasionally. Which TWO factors could cause throttling despite Auto Scaling?

A company is deploying a MongoDB-compatible database using Amazon DocumentDB. The application requires the ability to perform ad-hoc queries on nested fields within documents. Which DocumentDB feature should be enabled to meet this requirement?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) to improve read performance. Recently, the cache hit ratio has dropped significantly. The application uses strongly consistent reads. What is the most likely cause of the low cache hit ratio?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The migration must be completed with minimal downtime. Which TWO AWS services should be used together?

A company has an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance that stores sensitive data. The security team wants to audit all SQL queries that read or modify specific columns containing personally identifiable information (PII). The audit logs must be stored for 5 years. Which solution should the database specialist implement?

A company uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis to cache frequently accessed data. The cache cluster experiences high CPU utilization during peak hours. The cluster has a single node of type cache.r5.large. What is the most cost-effective way to reduce CPU utilization while maintaining performance?

An IAM policy is attached to a user to allow read access to the Orders table in DynamoDB. The user reports that a GetItem call for an order returns an 'AccessDeniedException'. What is the likely cause?

A company runs a global e-commerce platform with a relational database. They need to reduce read latency for users in Europe and Asia. The primary database is in us-west-2. Which solution provides the LOWEST read latency for global users while maintaining data consistency?

A company is running a production Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The application team reports intermittent connection timeouts. The DBA notices that the DB instance's CPU utilization spikes to 100% during these times. Which metric should be monitored to determine if the issue is due to a specific query?

A company wants to migrate a 1 TB on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. They have a limited internet bandwidth. Which service should they use to accelerate the migration?

The exhibit shows the output of a MySQL command run on an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The database is experiencing frequent checkpointing that is causing I/O spikes. The parameter innodb_log_file_size is currently 256 MB. Which change should be made to reduce checkpoint frequency?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB Global Tables with strong consistent reads. They notice that a write to us-east-1 is not visible in eu-west-1 after several seconds. Which configuration setting is MOST likely causing this behavior?

A company needs to migrate a 100 GB on-premises SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The migration must be completed within a 4-hour maintenance window. The network link has 500 Mbps throughput. Which approach should be used?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a shopping cart application. The table has a partition key of `user_id` and a sort key of `item_id`. The application performs frequent updates to the `quantity` attribute. The company notices that write requests are being throttled during peak hours. Which TWO actions would help reduce throttling? (Choose two.)

A gaming company wants to store player profiles and game state data with low-latency access for millions of concurrent users. The data is accessed via a REST API and requires high scalability with minimal operational overhead. Which database service is MOST suitable?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with provisioned capacity for a table that experiences unpredictable traffic spikes. The table's read capacity is often underutilized, but occasionally throttling occurs. Which THREE steps should be taken to improve performance and cost? (Choose THREE.)

A database administrator runs the command shown in the exhibit. The security team requires that the database be encrypted at rest. What should the administrator do to enable encryption?

A company is building a real-time leaderboard for a gaming application. The leaderboard must update scores within seconds and support queries for top players and individual ranks. Which database design is most appropriate?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store IoT sensor data. Each sensor sends data every second, and the application needs to query the latest reading from each sensor. The sensor ID is the partition key, and the timestamp is the sort key. The table has millions of sensors. Which query pattern is most efficient to get the latest reading for a specific sensor?

A healthcare application stores patient records in Amazon DynamoDB. Each record has a unique patient ID and contains sensitive health information. The application must encrypt data at rest and ensure that only authorized services can access the data. Which combination of design choices meets these requirements?

A company is migrating a 3 TB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. They want to use Oracle Data Pump to export the data and then import it into RDS. What is the most efficient way to transfer the dump files to AWS?

Which THREE metrics should be monitored in Amazon CloudWatch to detect a potential memory leak in an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance? (Choose three.)

A company recently migrated an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database is 100 GB and used by a web application. After migration, the application's response time increased. The 'ReadLatency' and 'WriteLatency' metrics are normal. The 'CPUUtilization' is at 90%. The 'DatabaseConnections' metric shows 200 connections, which is close to the max connections for the instance class (db.t3.medium, max connections = 200). The application uses connection pooling. The team wants to reduce CPU utilization without changing the application code. Which action should the team take?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. During the migration, the database administrator notices that the CPU utilization on the RDS instance is consistently above 90% during peak hours, even though the on-premises server had similar specifications. The application queries are mostly SELECT statements with occasional DML. The RDS instance is db.r5.large with 500 GB of General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. Which change would most likely reduce CPU utilization?

A financial services company uses Amazon Redshift for analytics. The workload consists of a mix of short-running queries from dashboards and long-running ETL jobs. The company notices that during peak hours, short queries experience high latency due to queueing behind ETL jobs. How can the company reduce the impact of ETL jobs on dashboard queries?

A company needs to implement a database solution for a global e-commerce platform that requires strongly consistent reads and writes with automatic failover across AWS Regions. Which service should be used?

A company is migrating a self-managed MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility). Which TWO actions should the company take to ensure a successful migration? (Choose two.)

Which THREE of the following are required to set up cross-Region replication for an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance? (Choose THREE.)

A company is deploying Amazon DynamoDB for a new application. The application requires single-digit millisecond latency for read operations. Which DynamoDB feature should be configured to meet this requirement?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance with Multi-AZ deployment. The database is used by a critical application. During a recent failover test, the application experienced a 2-minute downtime. The application's connection string uses the DB instance endpoint, not the cluster endpoint. Which change would minimize downtime during future failovers?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB and wants to monitor the read/write capacity utilization of a table. Which ONE AWS service can be used to set up alarms for capacity consumption?

Which TWO AWS services can be used to cache database query results to improve read performance? (Select TWO.)

A company needs to migrate an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database is 2 TB in size and has a 24/7 uptime requirement. Which AWS service should be used to perform the migration with minimal downtime?

A company is using Amazon Redshift and notices that queries are running slowly. Which TWO system views should be used to identify the cause of the slow queries? (Choose TWO.)

A gaming company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL to store player profiles and game state. They report slow queries during peak hours. The DB instance is a db.r5.2xlarge with 500 GB gp2 storage. Which design change would MOST improve read performance for the most frequently accessed player profiles?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The database administrator needs to optimize query performance. Which TWO actions should the administrator take? (Choose TWO.)

A developer is receiving timeout errors when connecting to an Amazon ElastiCache for Redis cluster from an Amazon EC2 instance. The security group for the EC2 instance allows outbound traffic to the Redis cluster's security group on port 6379. The Redis cluster's security group does not allow inbound traffic from the EC2 instance. What is the most likely cause of the timeout?

A company is migrating a MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. The current database uses multi-statement transactions with read committed isolation level. The application frequently encounters deadlocks on the source database. Which Aurora MySQL feature can help reduce deadlocks without application changes?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with a global table in two regions. The application is experiencing high write latency on the replica table in the secondary region. Which THREE factors could contribute to this issue?

A company runs an Amazon Aurora MySQL database cluster with a primary instance and two Aurora Replicas. The application is experiencing occasional deadlocks on the primary instance during peak hours. The deadlocks cause transaction rollbacks that impact customer experience. Which design change should the company implement to minimize deadlocks?

A team is troubleshooting a DynamoDB table that has high read latency. The table uses on-demand capacity and has a global secondary index (GSI). Which configuration is MOST likely causing the issue?

A company runs an Amazon Aurora MySQL database cluster with one writer and one reader instance. The application experiences intermittent connection timeouts during peak traffic. The DB cluster parameter group has 'connect_timeout' set to 5 seconds. What should a database specialist recommend to reduce connection timeouts?

A company has an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster with a primary instance and two Aurora Replicas. The application is experiencing high write latency. The primary instance's CPU utilization is at 90%, while the replicas are at 30%. The DB cluster parameter group has the default values. Which change is most likely to reduce write latency?

A company wants to migrate a 200 GB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server with minimal downtime. The database is used by a critical application. Which service should be used for the migration?

A developer reports that an application using Amazon DynamoDB is experiencing high latency during peak hours. The table has a provisioned capacity of 500 read capacity units (RCUs) and 500 write capacity units (WCUs). The application uses eventually consistent reads and the table is about 50 GB. The developer notices throttled write requests in CloudWatch. Which action would most effectively reduce write throttling?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database contains personally identifiable information (PII). The security team requires that the data be encrypted at rest using a customer-managed key stored in AWS KMS. Additionally, the team wants to ensure that the key can be rotated automatically every year. What should the company do to meet these requirements?

An e-commerce application uses Amazon Aurora MySQL with a Multi-AZ DB cluster. During a recent load test, the application experienced increased read latency. The database cluster consists of one writer and two reader instances. Which THREE actions should be taken to improve read performance?

An application running on Amazon EC2 is unable to connect to an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance. The security group for the RDS instance allows inbound traffic from the security group of the EC2 instance on port 1433. The network ACLs allow all traffic. What is a likely cause of the connectivity issue?

A company is designing a database for a global e-commerce platform. The application requires single-digit millisecond read and write latency for user sessions, and must handle millions of requests per second. The data is key-value in nature. Which TWO AWS services should the company consider? (Choose two.)

A company has a multi-account AWS environment using AWS Organizations. The security team wants to centrally manage database encryption keys for all Amazon RDS instances across accounts. They require that the keys be stored in a single account, and that each account can use the key to encrypt its RDS instances. Additionally, they want to automatically rotate the keys every year. Which solution should they implement?

Which THREE actions should be taken to troubleshoot a high number of ThrottlingExceptions from Amazon DynamoDB? (Choose 3.)

A company is designing a multi-tenant SaaS application on Amazon Aurora MySQL. Each tenant has its own database, but some tenants are very large and generate high write traffic. The company wants to isolate tenant workloads to prevent a noisy neighbor from affecting other tenants. Which TWO design strategies should the database specialist recommend?

A retail company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store shopping cart data. The cart items are frequently updated as users add or remove products. The application reads the entire cart each time the user views it. The cart size averages 50 KB but can reach up to 400 KB. The company wants to reduce read costs and improve performance. Which design change would be most effective?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with fine-grained access control using IAM policies. The security team wants to ensure that a specific IAM role can only read the 'status' attribute from items in a table. The table is named 'Orders'. Which IAM policy statement should be used?

A financial services company runs a critical application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. They must ensure that database activity logs are sent to Amazon CloudWatch Logs for real-time monitoring. The logs must include all SQL queries, including SELECT statements. Which configuration will meet these requirements?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance and wants to automate the patching of the database engine. Which AWS service should be used?

A developer needs to allow an application running on an EC2 instance to read and write data to a DynamoDB table named 'Orders'. The EC2 instance is configured with an IAM role. Which IAM policy should be attached to the role?

A database administrator is troubleshooting an issue where an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance is not allowing connections. The administrator checks the security group and network ACLs, and they are correctly configured. What is the next step to diagnose the issue?

A company wants to migrate its on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The company needs to automatically convert the Oracle schema to PostgreSQL-compatible format. Which AWS service should the company use?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The VACUUM operation is taking longer than expected, and the database administrator wants to identify the tables that require the most vacuuming effort. Which system table should be queried to find the percentage of deleted rows per table?

A company has an Amazon DynamoDB table that stores sensitive user data. The security team requires that all data is encrypted at rest using a customer-managed AWS KMS key. Which step should be taken to meet this requirement?

Refer to the exhibit. A company wants to migrate this RDS MySQL instance to an Aurora MySQL cluster with encryption at rest. What is the most efficient approach?

A company wants to migrate a 2 TB Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance to Amazon Aurora MySQL. The migration must have zero downtime and must be reversible for 48 hours. Which strategy meets these requirements?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL to power a web application. The database contains sensitive data, and the security team requires that all connections to the database use SSL/TLS. The team has enabled 'require_secure_transport' parameter in the DB parameter group. However, a developer reports that they are able to connect to the database using a MySQL client without specifying SSL options. What could be the reason?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a gaming leaderboard. The table has a partition key of 'game_id' and a sort key of 'score'. The application performs a query to retrieve the top 10 scores for a given game_id. The query uses ScanIndexForward: false and Limit: 10. Recently, the query response time has increased. The table's read capacity is 1000 RCU, and the average item size is 1 KB. Which is the most likely cause of the increased latency?

Refer to the exhibit. A database administrator has this IAM policy attached to their user. They attempt to delete the database instance 'prod-mydb' but receive an 'AccessDenied' error. Why?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for analytics. The database administrator notices that some queries are slow and the system is running out of memory. Which THREE steps should the administrator take to improve performance?

A company is deploying Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL and needs to ensure that all data at rest is encrypted. Which action should be taken to enable encryption?

A company is monitoring an Amazon RDS for Oracle instance. CloudWatch alarms show that FreeableMemory is consistently below 256 MB. The database has high read and write I/O. Which THREE steps should the database specialist take to diagnose the issue?

Which TWO metrics should be monitored to detect a memory leak in an RDS for Oracle instance? (Choose 2.)

A company is deploying a new multi-AZ application that requires a relational database. The database must be highly available and must automatically failover to a standby in another Availability Zone within minutes. The database size is 500 GB and the workload is read-heavy. Which AWS RDS configuration meets these requirements?

A company is designing a database for an e-commerce platform that requires ACID transactions for order processing, complex joins for inventory reporting, and the ability to scale read replicas across multiple AWS regions. Which database service best meets these requirements?

Which TWO factors should be considered when selecting a migration method from on-premises Oracle to Amazon RDS for Oracle?

A company is migrating a MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. They have a 200 GB database and need to minimize downtime. Which migration approach is most appropriate?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 90% during peak hours. Which initial troubleshooting step should the administrator take?

A company is running an Amazon DocumentDB cluster. The application is experiencing high write latency. The cluster has a single instance. What should be done to identify the cause of the latency?

A team is using Amazon DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) to improve read performance for a table. They notice that DAX is returning stale data even though the TTL is set to 5 minutes. The table is updated frequently by multiple writers. What is the most likely cause of the stale reads?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis and notices that the cache hit ratio is low. The application is frequently reading data that is not in the cache. Which action would be most effective in improving the cache hit ratio?

A company wants to audit all API calls made to its Amazon RDS DB instances. Which AWS service should be used to capture these API calls?

A company runs an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster with one writer and two readers. The application experiences increased read latency. The DBA wants to offload read traffic from the writer instance. Which configuration change should be made to the application?

A retail company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store product catalog data. The security team wants to ensure that only authorized applications can read and write to the table. The applications are running on Amazon EC2 instances. The current setup uses an IAM role attached to the EC2 instance with a policy that grants dynamodb:* on the specific table. However, during a security audit, it was discovered that any process on the EC2 instance can access the table because the instance has access to the temporary credentials from the instance metadata service. The security team requires that only specific processes (the application) can access the credentials, and that the credentials cannot be extracted from the instance. What should be done to meet these requirements?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. The application is experiencing higher than expected write throttling. Which action should be taken to resolve this issue?

A company runs a critical e-commerce application on Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ enabled. The database is 2 TB and uses General Purpose (gp2) storage. Recently, during peak hours, the application experienced a 5-minute outage. The CloudWatch logs show that the primary DB instance failed and an automatic failover occurred. However, the failover took 3 minutes, which is longer than the expected 1-2 minutes. The 'ReadLatency' and 'WriteLatency' metrics were elevated before the failure. The 'BurstBalance' metric was at 0% for the hour before the failure. The team suspects the issue is related to storage performance. What should the team do to prevent this issue in the future?

A database administrator is monitoring an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance and notices that the FreeableMemory metric is consistently below 200 MB. Which of the following actions is most appropriate to mitigate performance issues?

A company is designing a database for a global application that requires low-latency reads and writes across multiple AWS regions. The application data is key-value and does not require complex queries. The team needs strong consistency for critical data. Which TWO services should they consider? (Choose TWO.)

Which TWO methods can be used to reduce the read latency for an Amazon Aurora MySQL database? (Choose 2.)

A startup is building a social media application that stores user posts in Amazon DynamoDB. The access pattern is to retrieve posts by user_id (partition key) sorted by post_timestamp (sort key) in descending order. The table has a global secondary index (GSI) with the same key structure but with different projection. The application reads from the GSI. Recently, the team noticed that writes to the base table are throttled during peak hours. The write capacity is balanced across partitions. Which design change should be made to reduce write throttling?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance has been in the 'storage-optimization' state for several hours after modifying the storage type from gp2 to io1. What should the administrator do to resolve this?

A company runs a production Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database with automated backups enabled. A database administrator accidentally dropped a critical table. The administrator wants to restore the table from a point in time before the drop. The database is 1 TB in size and the recovery point objective (RPO) is 5 minutes. Which approach minimizes downtime?

A company has an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance with Multi-AZ deployment. During a recent failover test, the application experienced a longer downtime than expected. The application uses a single connection string. What change should be made to reduce failover downtime?

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility). They want to validate that the data is consistent after migration. Which tool should they use?

A company is migrating a 1 TB on-premises SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The migration must be completed within 24 hours and with minimal downtime. Which TWO approaches should be used? (Choose 2)

A social media company stores user posts in a database. Each post has a unique ID, content, and timestamp. The application frequently queries posts by user ID and also needs to support a global feed sorted by timestamp. Which database design is most efficient?

Which TWO steps are required when migrating an Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle using AWS DMS with ongoing replication? (Choose TWO.)

A company is using Amazon RDS for SQL Server with native backup and restore. The backup process is failing with an error indicating insufficient disk space for the backup file. The DB instance has 200 GB of allocated storage, and the backup file is 50 GB. What should the database administrator do to resolve this issue?

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The migration must be online with minimal downtime. The source MongoDB is version 4.0 and uses replica sets. Which tool should the company use?

A gaming company uses Amazon DynamoDB as the primary data store for player profiles and game state. The application experiences sudden spikes in traffic during new game launches, causing throttling on write requests. The current table has on-demand capacity mode. The table's partition key is 'player_id' (high cardinality). The read/write patterns are evenly distributed. Despite on-demand mode, throttling occurs because the per-partition throughput limit is being reached. The company wants to eliminate throttling without changing the partition key. Which solution should be recommended?

A company is migrating a 500 GB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The migration must complete within a 4-hour downtime window. The network bandwidth is 1 Gbps. Which migration approach minimizes the migration time?

A company is migrating its on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database is 2 TB in size and has a 24-hour maintenance window. The company needs to minimize downtime during the migration. Which AWS service should be used to perform the migration with minimal downtime?

A company is running a critical application on Amazon RDS for Oracle. They need to ensure high availability with automatic failover in case of a database failure. The database size is 500 GB. Which solution should they implement?

A database engineer is troubleshooting slow query performance on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. The instance is db.r5.large with 500 GB of General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. CloudWatch metrics show high Read Latency and high Read IOPS, but low CPU utilization. Which TWO actions should the engineer take to improve performance?

A company is running a production Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition database. The database has recently experienced several failovers due to replica lag. The DBA needs to implement monitoring to detect replica lag early. Which THREE metrics should be monitored to assess replication health? (Select THREE.)

A company is migrating a 1 TB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The source database has a high volume of small transactions. The migration must minimize source database impact. Which AWS DMS configuration should be used?

A company is using an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database to store sensitive customer data. The security team requires that all data be encrypted at rest and in transit, and that access to the database is restricted to only specific applications. Currently, the database is encrypted at rest using AWS KMS, and connections are made over SSL. However, the security team wants to ensure that even if the database credentials are compromised, an attacker cannot access the database from unauthorized IP addresses. What should be done to meet this requirement?

Which TWO of the following are advantages of using Amazon Aurora over standard RDS for MySQL?

A gaming company uses Amazon DynamoDB with global tables across two regions. They notice increased write latency and throttling during peak hours. The access pattern is mostly writes to a small set of hot partitions. Which design change would best address this?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL and needs to restrict access to the database to only specific Amazon EC2 instances in the same VPC. Which security mechanism should be used?

A data engineer is troubleshooting a slow-running query on an Amazon Redshift cluster. The query involves large table joins and aggregations. Which diagnostic step should be taken FIRST to understand the query execution plan and identify bottlenecks?

A company is using Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL and needs to implement column-level encryption for sensitive data. The application must be able to encrypt and decrypt data transparently. Which approach should be taken?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with a TTL attribute to automatically delete expired items. The security team is concerned that deleted items might still be recoverable from backups. They need to ensure that once an item is deleted by TTL, it is not included in future on-demand backups. Additionally, they want to ensure that the TTL deletion itself is logged for audit purposes. What should they do?

A company has an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance that stores financial data. The security team requires that the data be encrypted at rest using a customer-managed key stored in AWS KMS. Additionally, they want to ensure that the key cannot be deleted without authorization. What should be done?

A company has a requirement to automatically rotate the password for an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance every 90 days. The password is stored in AWS Secrets Manager. Which combination of steps will meet this requirement?

A developer needs to securely store database credentials for an application that runs on Amazon EC2 and connects to an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database. The credentials must be automatically rotated every 90 days. Which AWS service should the developer use to meet these requirements?

An application using the above IAM policy is trying to perform a Scan operation on the 'Orders' table. What will happen?

A social media application uses Amazon DynamoDB with a table that has a partition key of 'user_id' and a sort key of 'post_timestamp'. The application frequently queries for the 10 most recent posts by a specific user. The query pattern uses a 'begins_with' condition on the sort key with a timestamp prefix. Recently, the query latency has increased significantly for users with many posts. Which design change would improve query performance?

A security team needs to audit all SQL statements executed against an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster. Which combination of actions should be taken to achieve this? (Choose TWO.)

Which TWO of the following are advantages of using Amazon DynamoDB over Amazon RDS for MySQL for a workload that requires high scalability and low maintenance? (Select TWO.)

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The application team reports increased latency during peak hours. Which AWS service should the database specialist use to identify the root cause?

A company is migrating a 100 GB MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. The migration must have minimal downtime and the source database is currently in use. Which approach should the company take?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with provisioned capacity. They notice an increase in throttled write requests. The workload consists of writes to a single partition key. Which TWO actions would help reduce throttling?

Refer to the exhibit. A DBA is monitoring a DMS migration task from on-premises Oracle to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The full load completed successfully with 50 tables. However, the DBA notices that the CDC phase has not started. What is the most likely reason?

A database specialist is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance that has high replication lag between the primary and a read replica. Which TWO metrics should the specialist review to identify the cause? (Select TWO.)

A company is designing a database for an e-commerce platform that needs to store product catalog data. The data is highly relational with many-to-many relationships between products, categories, and suppliers. The platform requires ACID transactions and complex joins. Which TWO AWS database solutions are suitable for this workload? (Choose TWO.)

Refer to the exhibit. A DBA is troubleshooting an issue where an IAM user cannot view CloudWatch metrics for an RDS DB instance. The IAM policy attached to the user is shown above. What is the MOST likely reason the user cannot view the metrics?

A security engineer creates the IAM policy shown in the exhibit and attaches it to an IAM user. What is the effect of this policy?

A company has an RDS for SQL Server DB instance that stores sensitive data. The database administrator needs to ensure that all connections to the database use SSL/TLS encryption. What should the administrator do?

A company is designing a security strategy for an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance that stores Personally Identifiable Information (PII). Which TWO measures should be implemented to protect the data at rest?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with provisioned capacity. The application team reports occasional ProvisionedThroughputExceededException errors. The database administrator notices that the errors occur during periods of high traffic. What is the most cost-effective way to handle these errors without over-provisioning capacity?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis to cache frequently accessed data. Recently, the application has been experiencing increased latency. The database specialist suspects that the cache hit ratio has decreased. Which CloudWatch metric should the specialist analyze to confirm this suspicion?

A company is designing a document management system using Amazon DocumentDB. Each document is up to 10 MB. The application needs to retrieve multiple documents by their IDs in a single request. The IDs are known at query time. Which query pattern is most efficient?

A developer needs to migrate a 500 GB MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. Which approach will minimize application downtime?

A company is using Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition. The database administrator notices that the Aurora cluster has a high number of binary log (binlog) files in the cluster volume, consuming significant storage. The binlog retention period is set to 24 hours. What is the most efficient way to reduce the storage consumed by binlog files without compromising point-in-time recovery (PITR)?

A startup needs a fully managed relational database with automated backups and scaling. They expect unpredictable workloads. Which AWS service meets these requirements?

A company is using Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition. The security team requires that all connections to the database use SSL/TLS. The application currently connects using a standard JDBC connection string without SSL. What changes are needed to enforce SSL connections?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB to store customer session data. The security team requires that all data is encrypted at rest using a customer-managed KMS key, and that access to the key is restricted to specific IAM roles. The company also wants to ensure that DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) cluster is encrypted. Which steps should be taken to meet these requirements?

A developer reports that an Amazon ElastiCache for Redis cluster's memory usage is consistently above 90%. The application uses Redis for caching and session storage. Which configuration change would MOST effectively reduce memory pressure?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance in a VPC. The security team requires that all connections to the database use SSL/TLS. Which combination of steps should be taken to enforce this? (Choose two.)

A team is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. They notice that some requests are returning ProvisionedThroughputExceededException errors during a sudden traffic spike. The application uses strong consistent reads. Which two actions would help mitigate the throttling without over-provisioning capacity? (Choose two.)

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store session data for a web application. During peak hours, they experience occasional ProvisionedThroughputExceededException errors. The table has a read capacity of 1000 RCU and a write capacity of 500 WCU. The application uses strongly consistent reads. The traffic pattern shows short bursts of reads exceeding 1000 RCU. What is the MOST cost-effective way to handle these bursts without changing the application?

A company is migrating a 2 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The on-premises database is 2 TB and the network link is 1 Gbps. The migration must complete within 48 hours with minimal data loss. The DBA has extracted the schema using AWS SCT and created an Aurora cluster. The DBA now needs to transfer the data. The DBA tried using AWS DMS over the network but estimates it will take 72 hours due to network overhead. The DBA also considered using an AWS Snowball Edge device but is concerned about the time to order and ship the device. Which approach should the DBA take to meet the deadline?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a session management store. The application writes and reads session data frequently. The team notices that write requests occasionally fail with ProvisionedThroughputExceededException. They want a cost-effective solution to handle these bursts. What should they do?

A company is migrating a 5 TB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database has several large tables with LOB columns. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which approach should be taken?

Which TWO design patterns help meet ACID compliance requirements in a distributed database environment while maintaining high availability?

A gaming company uses Amazon DynamoDB as the database for user profiles and game state. The application requires strongly consistent reads for the user's own profile, but eventually consistent reads for leaderboard queries. How should the company design the table and queries?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle OLTP database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The database has a complex schema with stored procedures, triggers, and sequences. During the migration, the team notices that the conversion tool reports several incompatibilities. Which strategy should the team use to handle the database schema changes with minimal downtime?

A developer is configuring an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. The application connects using IAM database authentication. Which setting must be enabled on the DB instance for IAM authentication to work?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL. They want to audit all database logins and failed login attempts. Which option should they enable?

A financial services company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store transaction records. The table has a partition key of 'account_id' and a sort key of 'transaction_time'. Recent queries for a specific account's transactions within a time range are experiencing high latency. The table has read capacity units set to auto-scaling. Which design change would most improve query performance?

A company is migrating a 10 TB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. They need to minimize the migration time and cost. Which approach should they use?

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The primary instance fails, and a failover occurs. After the failover, the application is still unable to connect to the database endpoint. The database administrator checks the RDS console and sees that the new primary is in 'available' state. What should the administrator do next to diagnose the connectivity issue?

A company is designing a new application that requires a relational database with read replicas for reporting. The application has unpredictable traffic patterns. The company wants to minimize operational overhead and automatically scale compute capacity. Which TWO services should the company consider?

Refer to the exhibit. A company uses this DynamoDB table to store user session data. The application frequently queries by user_id alone to get all sessions for a user. However, the query is slow. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility). Which AWS service can perform the migration with minimal downtime using ongoing replication?

A company is designing a database for a social media application that requires storing user profiles, posts, and follower relationships. The application needs low-latency queries for user timelines and social graph traversals. Which TWO AWS database services should the database specialist consider? (Choose TWO.)

A database administrator needs to monitor Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL connections and terminate idle connections that have been open for more than 1 hour. Which combination of steps should be taken?

A company is designing a database for a global e-commerce platform with strong consistency requirements. The database must support cross-region disaster recovery with RPO < 1 second and RTO < 1 minute. Which TWO AWS database services meet these requirements?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a shopping cart application. During a flash sale, write requests are throttled due to hot partitions. The access pattern is evenly distributed across items, but the partition key is the customer ID. Which design change would best mitigate throttling?

A company runs a critical Oracle database on Amazon RDS. The database has a large table that is frequently accessed by multiple applications. The team wants to implement caching to reduce the load on the database. The cached data must be strongly consistent with the database. Which caching strategy should they use?

Refer to the exhibit. A database engineer is assigned this IAM policy. Which of the following actions can the engineer perform? (Choose two.)

A company is designing a database for a social media application that stores user posts. Each post can have multiple tags. The workload requires low-latency queries to find all posts with a specific tag. Which database design is most suitable?

A company runs an e-commerce platform on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. During a flash sale, the database experiences high write load and read replicas lag significantly. The application uses read replicas for reporting queries. Which design change would most effectively reduce replica lag without compromising write performance?

A company is using Amazon RDS for Oracle and wants to integrate with AWS CloudTrail to log database API calls. Which action is necessary?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database is 2 TB and has a sustained write rate of 150 MB/s. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which AWS service or tool should be used for the initial data load and ongoing replication?

An IAM policy is attached to a user who is deploying a new RDS instance. What is the effect of this policy on the user's ability to modify an existing production database instance with the identifier 'prod-mydb'?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to a user. The user attempts to delete a DB instance named 'prod-db'. What will happen?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a time-series IoT application. Each device sends a data point every second. The application queries data by device ID and timestamp range. Which table design is most efficient?

Refer to the exhibit. A company is migrating an on-premises database to Amazon RDS for MySQL. During a test migration, the DMS task fails with the error shown. The source database is 500 GB and the target RDS instance has 500 GB allocated storage. What should be done to resolve this error and complete the migration?

A company runs a self-managed Redis cluster on Amazon EC2 for caching. The cluster has one primary and two replicas, each on c5.large instances. The application experiences high latency during peak hours. CloudWatch metrics show that the primary node's CPU utilization is consistently above 80% and the network bandwidth is near the instance limit. The replicas show moderate CPU usage. The team wants to reduce latency without increasing cost significantly. Which combination of actions should the team take? (Choose two.)

Which THREE actions should be taken to troubleshoot an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance that is unresponsive? (Choose 3.)

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB and wants to ensure that only authorized users can access a specific table. Which AWS service should be used to manage access control?

A financial services company needs a relational database with high availability and automatic failover across three Availability Zones in us-east-1. The workload consists of OLTP transactions with occasional analytic queries. Which database solution meets these requirements?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database contains sensitive personally identifiable information (PII). The security team requires that the data be encrypted in transit between the application and the RDS instance, and also encrypted at rest using a key managed by the company. Which THREE actions should the company take? (Choose THREE.)

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with logical replication to a downstream system. The replication slot grows unbounded and causes storage full issues. Which action resolves this without data loss?

An e-commerce company runs a multi-AZ deployment of Amazon RDS for MySQL. During a recent failover test, the application experienced a 30-second write outage. The application uses a connection pooling library. The DB instance has a 60-second TTL for DNS records. What is the MOST likely cause of the outage?

A company is migrating a 3 TB PostgreSQL database from on-premises to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They need to minimize downtime and ensure that the migration is completed within a maintenance window. Which approach should they use?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with On-Demand capacity for a gaming application. During a new game launch, write traffic spikes 10x normal for 30 minutes. Some write requests receive ProvisionedThroughputExceeded exceptions. What is the MOST likely cause and solution?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL Multi-AZ DB instance. The application experiences a brief write disruption during automatic failover. The database workload has low write latency requirements. Which configuration change would minimize application impact during failover?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with autoscaling enabled. The table has a partition key of 'order_id' and a sort key of 'order_date'. The application performs both point queries and range queries. Recently, the 'ConsumedReadCapacityUnits' metric shows that the table is consistently using 100% of the provisioned capacity. Which THREE factors should the database engineer investigate to determine the cause?

A company is running a production Amazon DynamoDB table that supports a gaming application with millions of concurrent users. The table uses on-demand capacity mode. Recently, the application started experiencing throttling (ProvisionedThroughputExceededException) during peak hours. The company wants to resolve this with minimal operational overhead. What should the company do?

A company runs a customer-facing application on Amazon RDS for MySQL. The application experiences frequent read replicas lagging behind the primary due to long-running analytics queries. The analytics team runs complex SELECT queries that scan large tables. Which design change would minimize replica lag without affecting production writes?

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL for its e-commerce platform. The application team reports increasing read latency on the primary instance during sales events. Which action should be taken to reduce read load on the primary?

A company wants to migrate a 10 GB PostgreSQL database from an on-premises server to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The migration can tolerate several hours of downtime. Which migration method is the MOST straightforward?

A financial company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store customer transaction data. The compliance team requires that all data be encrypted at rest using a customer-managed AWS KMS key. Additionally, they need to ensure that the key is used only for DynamoDB and no other AWS service. How can the company meet these requirements?

A company is using Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL to store application data. The security team wants to ensure that database audit logs are stored securely and cannot be modified after creation. Which AWS service should be used to meet this requirement?

A company is migrating a 5 TB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server using AWS DMS. They are using Full LOB mode. The migration is failing with an error about memory allocation. What should they do to resolve this?

A company wants to automate backups for an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. The backup retention period should be 35 days. Which step is required?

A company is using Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The security team wants to ensure that all connections to the database are encrypted in transit. Currently, applications connect using the PostgreSQL native encryption (SSL/TLS). What is the MOST secure way to enforce encrypted connections?

A company uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for a database. The cache cluster has one primary and one replica node. During a maintenance event, the primary node fails and the replica is promoted. After promotion, the application experiences increased latency. What should a database specialist do to reduce the impact of future failovers?

An application is experiencing increased latency when writing to an Amazon DynamoDB table. The table uses on-demand capacity mode. The CloudWatch metric 'WriteThrottleEvents' is zero. What is the most likely cause of the increased latency?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer created a DynamoDB table 'UserSessions' with a simple primary key. The application needs to query by user_id as well. What design change should the developer make to support this query efficiently?

Which TWO design patterns are commonly used to handle hot partitions in Amazon DynamoDB? (Choose 2.)

An e-commerce platform uses Amazon DynamoDB for a shopping cart table with partition key 'user_id' and sort key 'product_id'. The table experiences throttled write requests during flash sales. The access pattern includes reading the entire cart at checkout. Which design change would improve write performance without changing the read pattern?

A company is migrating a 10 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The migration uses AWS DMS with CDC. After the full load, the CDC phase is falling behind by several minutes. The source Oracle database generates 500 MB of redo logs per minute. Which action will most likely improve CDC performance?

A company is using Amazon Neptune to run graph queries. The cluster has one writer and two reader instances. After a major version upgrade, the query performance degrades for complex traversal queries. The database specialist suspects that the query optimizer is not using indexes effectively. Which action should the specialist take to identify the issue?

Which TWO factors should you consider when choosing between Amazon RDS and Amazon DynamoDB for a new application?

A company is migrating a 2 TB Oracle database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for Oracle using AWS DMS. The migration completes successfully, but the new RDS instance shows higher CPU utilization than the on-premises database for the same workload. Which action is MOST likely to reduce CPU utilization on RDS?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB to store financial transactions. The security team requires that all access to the table be logged for auditing, and that any unauthorized access attempts trigger an immediate alert. The company has enabled AWS CloudTrail to log all DynamoDB API calls. However, the security team is concerned that CloudTrail logs may not capture all access patterns, such as queries that return no results. Which additional step should the company take to ensure comprehensive auditing and alerting?

An IAM policy is attached to a user. What is the effect of this policy on the user's ability to delete the DB instance named prod-db? The policy is: ```json { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Effect": "Deny", "Action": "rds:DeleteDBInstance", "Resource": "arn:aws:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:db:prod-db" }, { "Effect": "Allow", "Action": "rds:*", "Resource": "*" } ] } ```

A startup is building a social media application with a news feed feature. The feed must be personalized and updated in real-time as users post. Which AWS database service is best suited for this workload?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB as the primary database for a global gaming application. The application requires single-digit millisecond latency for user profile lookups by user ID. However, some queries need to retrieve all active users in a region (e.g., 'us-east-1') for administrative dashboards, and these queries currently perform full table scans, causing high costs and throttling. What design approach should be taken to optimize this?

A company is migrating its on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. As part of the migration, they need to ensure that all sensitive data is encrypted at rest using AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS). Which configuration step is required to achieve this?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a gaming leaderboard. The application updates scores frequently. Reads must be strongly consistent, and writes must be optimized for cost. Which table design minimizes cost while meeting consistency requirements?

A developer is building a serverless application that uses Amazon DynamoDB. The application needs to access the database from an AWS Lambda function. The security team mandates that the Lambda function should not use long-term AWS credentials. Which TWO steps should be taken to securely grant access? (Choose TWO.)

A database administrator notices that Amazon RDS for MySQL is experiencing high CPU utilization during peak hours. The application is read-heavy with many SELECT queries. Which action is most cost-effective to improve performance?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database is 2 TB in size and has a high write volume. The migration window is limited to 4 hours. Which migration approach provides the fastest initial load with minimal downtime?

A database specialist needs to monitor the resource utilization of Amazon RDS DB instances. Which AWS service provides OS-level metrics such as memory, disk, and CPU usage?

A database specialist is troubleshooting a performance issue on a self-managed PostgreSQL database that they plan to migrate to Amazon RDS. The database has a high number of 'idle in transaction' connections. What is the impact of these connections on the database?

A company is designing a document database on Amazon DocumentDB for a content management system. Which TWO design practices improve query performance and reduce costs?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The data engineering team notices that queries are taking longer than expected. The cluster has two nodes of type dc2.large. The database specialist checks the system tables and finds that many queries are using the disk for temporary storage. Which action should the specialist take to improve query performance?

A company is deploying Amazon RDS for MySQL in a Multi-AZ configuration for high availability. The database must be able to automatically failover to a standby in another Availability Zone. Which RDS feature enables this?

A company is migrating its on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database specialist needs to monitor the migration process and ensure data consistency. Which TWO AWS services should be used together to continuously monitor the replication lag and data integrity?

Arrange the steps to switch over from a primary Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance to a standby in a Multi-AZ deployment (planned failover) in the correct order.

A startup is running an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database for its web application. The database size is 50 GB. The company wants to implement a backup strategy that allows point-in-time recovery (PITR) to any point within the last 35 days with minimal storage cost. Which backup strategy should be used?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with provisioned capacity for a critical application. During a traffic spike, the table experiences throttling on write requests. The DBA needs to resolve the issue quickly. Which THREE actions should the DBA take? (Choose THREE.)

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a real-time analytics platform. The table has a partition key of 'customer_id' and a sort key of 'event_timestamp'. The table receives 50,000 write requests per second, evenly distributed across 10,000 customers. The application frequently queries the last 10 events for a given customer. The company notices that some queries are throttled during peak hours. The table's write capacity is set to 50,000 WCUs, and read capacity to 10,000 RCUs. The throttled queries are read requests. What is the most likely cause of the throttling, and what should be done to resolve it?

A company is migrating a 1 TB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. They need to minimize downtime and support ongoing replication. Which combination of AWS services should they use?

Refer to the exhibit. A database specialist is troubleshooting an issue where an application cannot connect to an RDS for MySQL instance using IAM database authentication. The application uses the database user 'db_user1'. The IAM policy shown is attached to the IAM role used by the application. What is the most likely reason for the connection failure?

A development team is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with read replicas to offload reporting queries. They notice that the read replica is consistently lagging behind the primary by several seconds. The primary handles 5000 writes per second. Which action would most likely reduce replica lag?

Which TWO AWS services can be used to centrally manage database credentials securely? (Choose two.)

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. The table's read capacity is set to a minimum of 100 and maximum of 1000 read capacity units (RCUs). The actual consumed read capacity is consistently at 200 RCUs. What should the database specialist do to optimize costs without impacting performance?

A company wants to migrate a 500 GB MySQL database from an on-premises server to Amazon RDS for MySQL. The migration must be completed within a 2-hour downtime window. Which migration approach is MOST suitable?

A company is designing a secure strategy for managing Amazon RDS for Oracle encryption keys. They want to use AWS KMS with Customer Master Keys (CMKs) for encryption at rest. Which THREE best practices should they follow?

A database specialist is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance that is running out of storage. The instance has 500 GB of provisioned storage and is using General Purpose SSD (gp2). The specialist wants to set up an alarm to notify when free storage space drops below 50 GB. Which CloudWatch metric and threshold should be used?

An IAM policy is attached to an application role that accesses a DynamoDB table named 'Orders'. The table has a global secondary index named 'OrderDateIndex'. The application needs to write new orders and query the index. Based on the exhibit, will the application be able to perform these operations?

A company is using an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The security team requires that all database connections be encrypted in transit. Which configuration step ensures this requirement is met?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. The table's write capacity is set to a minimum of 50 and maximum of 500 write capacity units (WCUs). The actual consumed write capacity is consistently at 100 WCUs. What should the database specialist do to optimize costs without impacting performance?

A company has an Amazon Redshift cluster that is running slowly on complex queries. The cluster has 10 dc2.large nodes. The 'QueryDuration' metric shows high values for several queries. The team wants to improve performance without changing queries. Which action is MOST likely to help?

A company runs a production Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance with Multi-AZ deployment. The DB instance has a large number of connections from application servers. The operations team wants to monitor the number of database connections and receive an alert when it exceeds 80% of the maximum connections. Which combination of steps should be taken to set up this monitoring? (Choose two.)

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with global tables. During a regional outage, the application fails over to the secondary region. After recovery, the DBA notices that the data in the secondary region is not fully consistent with the primary. Which THREE steps should the DBA take to diagnose the issue? (Choose THREE.)

A company is designing a new application that requires a relational database with sub-millisecond read latency for a global user base. The workload is read-heavy with occasional writes. Which database solution should they choose?

A startup is building a real-time chat application that requires storing messages with high write throughput and low-latency reads. The data model is simple: each message has a conversation ID, timestamp, and content. Which database design is MOST appropriate?

Which THREE factors should be considered when choosing between Amazon RDS and Amazon DynamoDB for a new application? (Choose 3.)

Which THREE factors should be considered when choosing between a native database migration tool (e.g., pg_dump) and AWS DMS for migrating a database to Amazon RDS? (Choose three.)

A company has an Amazon DynamoDB table that stores IoT sensor data. The table has a partition key of device_id and a sort key of timestamp. The team wants to efficiently retrieve the latest reading for each device. Which query pattern should be used?

A company is experiencing increased latency on their Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. The application team reports that queries are taking longer than usual. The database metrics show high CPU utilization and a spike in write operations. Which initial step should the database specialist take to diagnose the issue?

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL for its CRM application. The application experiences intermittent spikes in read traffic. Which TWO actions can the company take to improve read scalability with minimal application changes?

A database administrator is creating an IAM policy to allow a DevOps engineer to manage production RDS instances. The policy above is attached to the engineer's IAM role. The engineer reports that they cannot create a new DB instance with the identifier 'prod-analytics'. What is the most likely reason?

A company is investigating a performance issue with an Amazon Aurora MySQL database. The output of the describe-db-instances command is shown. The application experiences intermittent slowdowns during write-heavy periods. Which change would MOST likely improve write performance?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity. Users report increased latency during peak hours. The application uses the DynamoDB API. Which monitoring metric should be examined first to identify throttling issues?

Refer to the exhibit. You run the command and get the output shown. The database is an RDS for MySQL instance. You need to connect to it from an EC2 instance in the same VPC. Which connection string should be used?

A company needs to encrypt data at rest for their Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL database. Which solution is the MOST secure and requires the least operational overhead?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 80% during peak hours. The DB instance is a db.r5.large with 16 GB memory and 500 GB gp2 storage. The application is a read-intensive web application. Which action is MOST effective to reduce CPU load without significant cost increase?

A company needs to run complex analytical queries on structured data in Amazon S3 without loading data into a database. The queries must execute quickly and support standard SQL. Which service should they use?

A company is migrating a 5 TB PostgreSQL database from on-premises to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The database has a 24/7 uptime requirement and must be migrated with minimal downtime. The on-premises network bandwidth is 100 Mbps. The migration must be completed within 48 hours. The team has chosen to use AWS Database Migration Service (DMS) with ongoing replication from a change data capture (CDC) source. After setting up the source endpoint, target endpoint, and replication instance, the initial full load takes 30 hours. However, during the CDC phase, the target falls behind by over 2 hours and continues to lag. The replication instance is a dms.c5.large (2 vCPUs, 4 GB memory). The source database is heavily utilized with frequent updates. What should the team do to reduce the CDC lag and meet the migration deadline?

A company is migrating a 1 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL using AWS DMS. They need to ensure minimal downtime and data consistency. Which TWO actions should the company take?

A company runs an application that requires a relational database with high availability across multiple Availability Zones. The database must automatically failover with minimal downtime. Which AWS service meets these requirements?

A company uses Amazon CloudWatch to monitor an RDS for Oracle instance. They want to receive an alert when the database connection count exceeds 90% of the maximum connections. Which CloudWatch metric should be used to create the alarm?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with provisioned capacity. The table's read capacity is consistently underutilized, but the write capacity is frequently maxed out. The team wants to optimize costs while maintaining performance. Which TWO actions should be taken?

A company wants to automate the creation of a new Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance with specific configurations, including VPC, subnet, and security group settings. Which AWS service should be used to deploy this infrastructure as code?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for a high-traffic web application. The cache hit ratio has dropped from 95% to 70% after a recent deployment that changed the cache key structure. The application team wants to improve the hit ratio without increasing the cache memory. Which action should they take?

A company is using Amazon RDS for SQL Server with Multi-AZ and automated backups enabled. The database administrator needs to restore the database to a specific point in time that is within the retention period. What is the correct procedure?

A company has a production Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity. The table experiences occasional throttling due to hot partitions. The operations team wants to implement a solution to identify the specific partition keys causing the throttling. What is the MOST efficient approach?

A company is migrating a 10 TB Oracle data warehouse to Amazon Redshift. They want to use AWS DMS for continuous replication. However, the migration is taking longer than expected due to LOB columns. What optimization should be applied?

A company is migrating its on-premises MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. The current database has a table of 500 GB that is accessed by a nightly batch job that updates 80% of the rows. The company wants to minimize downtime during migration. Which migration strategy is MOST appropriate?

A data analyst reports that a nightly ETL job to Amazon Redshift is failing with timeout errors shown in the exhibit. The cluster is a dc2.large with 2 nodes. The ETL job inserts large volumes of data. What is the most likely cause?

A database specialist is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance that is experiencing intermittent connection timeouts. The application logs show errors like 'FATAL: remaining connection slots are reserved for non-replication superuser connections'. The max_connections parameter is set to 100. What should the specialist do to resolve this issue?

A company is migrating a 500 GB MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The migration must have minimal impact on the source database. Which approach should the company take?

A database specialist needs to capture SQL queries executed against an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster for performance analysis. The capture should have minimal performance impact and be stored in Amazon CloudWatch Logs. Which feature should the specialist use?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The database performance has degraded over time. The DBA suspects that the issue is due to a high number of connections that are in a 'sleep' state from a legacy application. What is the MOST effective solution to automatically terminate idle connections?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with AWS KMS customer managed keys for encryption at rest. The security team wants to audit who is using the KMS key to encrypt and decrypt data. Which AWS service should be used?

A company uses Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition. The database specialist notices that the DB cluster's failover time is longer than expected. The primary instance is using a db.r5.large instance class. Which change would most likely reduce the failover time?

A company runs an e-commerce platform using Amazon DynamoDB as the database. The table has a provisioned capacity of 5000 WCU and 3000 RCU. During a flash sale, the write traffic spikes to 8000 WCU for 10 minutes, causing significant throttling. The operations team notices that the table's WriteCapacityUnits metric shows 5000, but the ConsumedWriteCapacityUnits metric peaks at 4500. The application is experiencing errors and slow response times. The team wants to handle such spikes automatically without manual intervention and without over-provisioning. Which solution should be implemented?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store IoT sensor data. Each sensor writes a record every second. The table has a partition key of 'sensor_id' and a sort key of 'timestamp'. Over time, the team notices that write performance degrades for certain sensors that generate more data. The table uses provisioned capacity with auto scaling enabled. The application uses eventual consistency. The team needs to ensure consistent write performance without throttling. Which action should be taken?

A company runs a PostgreSQL database on an Amazon RDS DB instance (db.t3.medium) with 100 GB of General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. The database is used by a web application that experiences occasional slowdowns. CloudWatch metrics show that the BurstBalance metric for the storage volume drops to 0% during peak usage and then recovers. The average IOPS during peak is 600, and the baseline IOPS for the volume is 300. The team needs a cost-effective solution to eliminate the performance issues. What should the team do?

A company is migrating a 1 TB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server using backup and restore. The database has high transaction volume. Which backup type should be used to minimize downtime?

A database engineer is troubleshooting a production Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster. The application is experiencing high latency on write operations. The engineer checks the Amazon CloudWatch metrics and sees that the 'AuroraBinlogReplicaLag' metric is high. What is the most likely cause of the write latency?

Which TWO tools can be used to monitor query performance in Amazon Aurora MySQL? (Choose 2.)

A company runs a document management system using Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility). The application stores large documents (up to 5 MB each) and frequently fetches them by document ID. The team notices increased latency during peak hours. They need to reduce read latency. Which action is MOST effective?

A company is running a production Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database. The database has experienced a sudden spike in CPU utilization, causing application timeouts. The monitoring team needs to identify the root cause. Which AWS service or feature should be used to analyze the database load and identify the specific queries causing the high CPU?

A company uses Amazon RDS for Oracle for an OLTP application. The database experiences high CPU utilization during peak hours. The application is read-heavy and can tolerate eventually consistent reads. Which solution reduces CPU load on the primary database with minimal application changes?

A team is setting up a DMS migration task. The IAM policy above is attached to the DMS replication instance's IAM role. The team is unable to modify the target RDS instance's maintenance window during the migration. Which additional permission is missing?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with a global secondary index (GSI) on a table that contains sensitive data. The security team requires that the GSI be encrypted with a different AWS KMS key than the base table. Can this be achieved, and if so, how?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB to store sensitive customer data. They need to ensure that all data is encrypted at rest using a customer-managed AWS KMS key. The company also wants to rotate the KMS key every year. What is the simplest way to achieve key rotation?

A company is using Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL and needs to monitor the database for performance issues. Which TWO metrics in Amazon CloudWatch are most useful for identifying I/O bottlenecks?

A company needs to choose a database for a real-time analytics workload that requires sub-second query latency on streaming data. Which TWO AWS services are most suitable?

A database administrator is troubleshooting a slow-performing query on an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance. The slow query log shows the above entry. Based on the exhibit, which index would most improve the query performance?

A company is migrating a 100 GB Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. They want to use AWS DMS. The source database is in a different AWS account. What is required to allow DMS to connect to the source?

A database administrator runs the described command. What does the output indicate about the RDS instance?

Arrange the steps to restore an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance to a new instance from a manual snapshot in the correct order.

A company runs a document management system using Amazon S3 and Amazon DynamoDB. The application writes document metadata to DynamoDB and stores the document in S3. Recently, users report that occasionally documents are saved in S3 but the corresponding metadata is missing in DynamoDB. The application writes to DynamoDB first, then to S3. If the S3 upload fails, the application retries. The database specialist suspects a transaction consistency issue. The application is running on multiple EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. What should the specialist recommend to ensure that both the metadata and document are stored consistently?

A company is migrating a large Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They need to minimize downtime and validate data consistency after migration. Which THREE steps should they include in their migration plan? (Choose THREE.)

A company is designing a disaster recovery plan for an Amazon RDS for MySQL database. The database must have a Recovery Point Objective (RPO) of less than 5 minutes and a Recovery Time Objective (RTO) of less than 1 hour. Which TWO actions should be taken? (Choose two.)

A company is migrating an on-premises MongoDB workload to Amazon DocumentDB. The workload includes aggregation pipelines with $lookup and $group operations. The team wants to ensure minimal performance impact. Which THREE steps should they take?

A developer is troubleshooting an application that uses Amazon DynamoDB. The application is experiencing throttled requests (ProvisionedThroughputExceededException). Which CloudWatch metric should be monitored to troubleshoot this issue?

A company is migrating a 2 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They need to minimize downtime. Which AWS service should they use?

A company is migrating a 500 GB MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB. The migration is done using AWS DMS with full load and ongoing replication. The full load completes successfully, but during CDC, the DMS task logs show 'Memory limit exceeded' errors and the task fails repeatedly. The DMS replication instance is a dms.r5.large. The source MongoDB has a write-heavy workload with many small updates. The DBA needs to fix the migration without restarting from scratch. Which action should the DBA take?

A social media startup is designing a database for user activity feeds. Each user follows up to 5,000 other users. The feed must show the latest 100 posts from followed users with latency under 200ms. Reads are 10x writes. Which database design best meets these requirements?

A company is deploying a DynamoDB table for a global application that requires low-latency reads and writes in multiple AWS Regions. Which THREE features should be enabled? (Choose three.)

Which TWO metrics should be monitored together to detect a memory leak in an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance? (Choose TWO.)

A financial services company runs a critical application on Amazon RDS for MySQL that processes transactions. The database must maintain ACID compliance and support point-in-time recovery (PITR) with a recovery point objective (RPO) of 5 seconds and recovery time objective (RTO) of 1 minute. The current setup uses a single db.r5.large instance with automated backups enabled (retention period 7 days) and Multi-AZ deployment. During a recent failover test, the failover took 2 minutes, exceeding the RTO. What should the database specialist recommend to meet the RTO requirement?

A data analytics company runs Amazon Redshift clusters. A user reports that a complex query is taking much longer than expected. The DBA uses the STL_QUERY view to check the query execution. Which column in STL_QUERY should the DBA examine to identify if the query is waiting for resources?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance is using more storage than expected. Which metric should be monitored to troubleshoot storage usage?

A developer is configuring IAM permissions for a Lambda function that accesses a DynamoDB table named 'Orders'. The policy shown is attached to the Lambda execution role. The function needs to delete items but only if the item contains only 'order_id' and 'status' attributes. Which statement about this policy is correct?

A company is designing a document storage system using Amazon DynamoDB. Each document is up to 400 KB and is identified by a unique 'document_id'. The access pattern is to retrieve a document by its ID. Which DynamoDB table design is MOST efficient?

A company has an Aurora MySQL cluster with three instances. The current writer instance is 'mycluster-instance-1'. The company wants to failover to 'mycluster-instance-2' for maintenance. What is the most direct way to achieve this?

An IAM policy is attached to a user who needs to restore an Amazon RDS DB instance from a DB snapshot. The user attempts to restore and receives an 'Access Denied' error. Which missing permission is MOST likely causing the failure?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer wants to connect to the database. Which database engine is most likely being used?

A database specialist is troubleshooting a slow-running query on an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster. The query performs a large table scan. Which THREE actions would likely improve query performance?

A company is migrating a self-managed Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL using AWS DMS. The source database has a large number of tables with foreign key constraints. During the full load phase, some tables fail to load due to foreign key violations. What is the most efficient way to resolve this?

A financial services company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL to store sensitive customer data. The compliance team requires that all database administrators (DBAs) must authenticate using IAM database authentication, and no static database passwords should be used. A junior DBA has been granted the rds_iam role in the database. However, the junior DBA is unable to connect using the AWS CLI command: aws rds generate-db-auth-token --hostname mydb.xyz.us-east-1.rds.amazonaws.com --port 3306 --username jdba. The error message says 'Access denied'. What is the most likely cause?

A company has an Amazon DynamoDB table that stores user sessions. The security team wants to ensure that only authorized applications can read and write to the table, and that all access is logged. Which THREE steps should the company take to meet these requirements?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with a table that has a partition key of 'user_id' (string) and sort key of 'timestamp' (number). The application queries for recent items for a specific user using the query API with KeyConditionExpression. The query returns items in descending order. Occasionally, the query returns items that are not the most recent. What is the most likely cause?

Which TWO actions can help protect an RDS database from SQL injection attacks? (Choose 2.)

A startup is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis to cache session data. They deployed a single Redis node (cache.t3.micro) in us-west-2. The application reports high latency when reading session data. CloudWatch metrics show CPUUtilization at 90% and Evictions at 100 per minute. The cache hit ratio is 80%. The database specialist suspects the node is overloaded. What should the specialist do to improve performance?

A company is designing a disaster recovery strategy for an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance that contains sensitive financial data. The database must be encrypted at rest using a customer-managed AWS KMS key. The recovery point objective (RPO) is 5 minutes, and the recovery time objective (RTO) is 1 hour. Which THREE steps should be taken to meet these requirements?

A company is running a MongoDB database on Amazon EC2. The database is experiencing high disk I/O latency. Which AWS service can be used to monitor the disk I/O metrics at the instance level?

A company runs an e-commerce application on Amazon RDS for MySQL. The application experiences read-heavy traffic during flash sales. The development team wants to offload read traffic without changing the application code. Which solution should be used?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database is 2 TB in size and has a high transaction rate. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which migration strategy should a database specialist recommend?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster's primary instance is experiencing high CPU utilization due to a long-running analytical query. The application can tolerate eventual consistency. What is the MOST cost-effective solution to reduce CPU load on the primary instance?

A team is migrating an on-premises database to Amazon RDS using AWS DMS. After the full load completed, the task stopped. The team needs to perform ongoing replication to minimize downtime. What change should the team make to the DMS task?

A startup is building a mobile app that requires a scalable NoSQL database. The data model includes user profiles with variable attributes that change over time. The database must support high read throughput and low latency. Which AWS database is best suited?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL Multi-AZ DB instance. The company wants to implement a backup strategy that meets a recovery point objective (RPO) of 5 minutes and a recovery time objective (RTO) of 1 hour. Which THREE steps should the company take to meet these objectives?

A company is migrating a 5 TB Microsoft SQL Server database to Amazon Aurora MySQL. The migration must be completed with minimal downtime. Which THREE steps should the company take? (Select THREE.)

A developer needs to connect to the RDS instance from an EC2 instance in the same VPC. The EC2 instance's security group allows outbound traffic to 0.0.0.0/0. The RDS security group inbound rules currently allow traffic from 0.0.0.0/0 on port 3306. After a security review, the company decides to restrict inbound traffic to the VPC only. Which inbound rule should be added to the RDS security group?

A financial services company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to AWS. The database supports an OLTP application with complex joins, stored procedures, and requires high availability within a single Region. The company wants to minimize licensing costs and use a fully managed service. Which AWS database service should they choose?

Which TWO actions can help reduce Amazon RDS for MySQL replication lag between a primary instance and a read replica? (Choose two.)

Which TWO steps are required when migrating an on-premises Microsoft SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server using AWS DMS with ongoing replication?

A company runs a critical application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with a Multi-AZ deployment. The application experiences intermittent connection timeouts and slow query performance. The CloudWatch metrics show that the 'ReadLatency' and 'WriteLatency' metrics are elevated during peak hours. The 'CPUUtilization' is consistently below 30%, and 'DatabaseConnections' is within limits. The 'BurstBalance' for the gp2 storage is frequently dropping to 0%. The DB instance is a db.r5.large with 300 GB of gp2 storage. The company wants to resolve the latency issues without significant cost increase. Which solution should the company implement?

A company is using Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition. The security team wants to ensure that database credentials are not stored in application configuration files. They decide to use AWS Secrets Manager to manage credentials. The application is hosted on Amazon EC2 instances that have an IAM role attached. What is the most secure way to grant the application access to the secret?

A company stores sensitive data in an Amazon S3 bucket that is accessed by an Amazon Redshift cluster. The security team requires that the data in transit between Redshift and S3 be encrypted. Which configuration ensures this?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity mode. The application experiences occasional throttling during traffic spikes. The database administrator wants to implement a solution to reduce throttling. Which THREE actions should the administrator take? (Choose THREE.)

A company is migrating a PostgreSQL database to Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The source database uses custom functions written in PL/Python. What should the company consider?

Which TWO AWS services can be used together to migrate an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon Aurora MySQL with minimal downtime? (Select TWO.)

Refer to the exhibit. A company has an S3 bucket with server-side encryption using AWS KMS. The bucket policy allows access to a user, but the user receives 'Access Denied' when trying to download an object. The IAM policy for the user is shown. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with fine-grained access control based on user identity. The IAM policy for a user includes a condition that restricts access to items where the 'department' attribute equals 'engineering'. However, the user is receiving an 'AccessDeniedException' when trying to query items. What is the most likely cause?

A company runs a web application on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. The application uses Amazon RDS for MySQL. Recently, the database CPU utilization spikes to 100% during peak hours. The team observes that the spike is caused by a large number of slow queries. They need to identify and resolve the issue with minimal disruption. Which combination of steps should they take? (Choose two.)

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity. The application experiences increased latency during peak hours. The DynamoDB table receives about 5,000 writes per second and 10,000 reads per second. The read latency is high, but write latency is acceptable. What should the company do to reduce read latency?

A healthcare company stores patient records in Amazon DynamoDB. Each record includes patient_id (partition key), visit_date (sort key), and a large JSON attribute for medical history. The application frequently queries recent visits for a patient and scans historical data for analytics. The scans on the medical history attribute cause high RCU consumption. The company wants to reduce costs and improve query performance. Which design should be implemented?

A company runs an OLTP workload on an RDS for MySQL instance. The database has a table with 50 million rows. The application frequently runs queries that join this table with a small lookup table (1000 rows) using a foreign key. The queries are slow. Which design change would most improve performance?

A startup is deploying a new web application on AWS. The application uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL as its database. The developers need to create the initial schema and load test data. They have a SQL script file that creates tables and inserts 10,000 rows. The DB instance is a db.t3.micro with 20 GB gp2 storage. The developers connect to the RDS instance using pgAdmin from their local machine and run the script. The script fails with a 'connection reset' error after inserting 5,000 rows. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company is migrating a 500 GB PostgreSQL database from on-premises to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They need to minimize downtime and ensure that all data changes made during migration are synchronized. Which three components are required for this migration? (Choose THREE.)

A company runs a critical application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The application team reports that the database occasionally becomes unresponsive for a few seconds. CloudWatch metrics show 'CPUSurplusCreditsCharged' and 'CPUSurplusCredits' are not 0. The instance is a db.t3.medium. What is the likely cause and how should it be fixed?

A financial services company runs an Amazon Aurora MySQL database. The application performs complex joins and aggregations on large tables, causing high CPU utilization on the writer instance. The team wants to reduce load without changing the application code. Which solution would best address this issue?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database contains sensitive data that must be encrypted at rest. Which action should the company take to enable encryption on the RDS instance?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL Multi-AZ DB instance. The primary instance in us-east-1a experiences an unexpected failure. After the automatic failover, the application team reports that write latency has increased significantly. The new primary instance is in us-east-1b. The DB instance class and storage configuration are identical. What is the MOST likely cause of the increased write latency?

A company's Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster is experiencing a failover event. Which THREE metrics in CloudWatch should be examined to understand the cause of the failover?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with automated backups enabled. The security team requires that all backups be encrypted at rest. Which configuration ensures that new automated backups are encrypted?

A company uses Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. They run a query that joins a large fact table (10 billion rows) with a small dimension table (1 million rows). The query is slow. The distribution style of the fact table is AUTO, and the dimension table has DISTSTYLE ALL. The join key is user_id. What is the MOST likely reason for the poor performance?

A company uses Amazon RDS for SQL Server with Multi-AZ deployment. During a failover test, the application experienced a longer downtime than expected. Which monitoring metric should be reviewed to understand the failover duration?

Which THREE factors should be considered when choosing between a homogeneous migration and a heterogeneous migration to Amazon RDS? (Select THREE.)

A database administrator is monitoring an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. The administrator notices that the DB instance is using more memory than expected. Which TWO metrics in Amazon CloudWatch can help diagnose memory usage?

A security engineer is designing a VPC with an RDS instance. The database must not be accessible from the internet, but EC2 instances in a private subnet must connect. Which security group configuration is MOST secure?

A company runs a MySQL-compatible database on Amazon RDS for a mission-critical application. The database experiences high write latency due to frequent index updates. The team wants to redesign the database to reduce write amplification and improve insert performance. Which TWO design changes could help?

A company runs a critical Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity. The table experiences throttling errors (ProvisionedThroughputExceededException) during peak hours. The table has a global secondary index (GSI) with a different partition key. What is the MOST likely cause of the throttling?

A company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The database experiences intermittent write latency spikes. CloudWatch shows elevated 'WriteLatency' and 'WriteIOPS' but normal 'CPUUtilization'. Which is the MOST likely cause?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store order data. The table has a primary key (OrderID) and a Global Secondary Index (GSI) on CustomerID. The application often queries for all orders of a customer sorted by order date. The GSI projects only the keys. The queries are slow. What should the team do to improve query performance? (Choose two.)

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 90% during peak hours. The application is read-heavy. Which action can reduce CPU load?

A company needs to audit all SQL queries executed on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. Which feature should the company enable?

A company is migrating a 1 TB SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. The migration window is 4 hours. The on-premises network bandwidth is 1 Gbps. The database is not actively used during the migration window. The team wants to minimize migration time and cost. Which migration strategy is most appropriate?

A company is deploying an Amazon Aurora MySQL database with read replicas. They need to ensure high availability and disaster recovery across AWS Regions. Which THREE components should be included?

A gaming company runs a leaderboard application on Amazon DynamoDB. The application experiences sudden spikes in read traffic during tournaments. The table uses on-demand capacity and the reads are eventually consistent. However, some users report stale data for several seconds. What is the most likely cause?

Which THREE of the following are best practices for securing an Amazon Aurora MySQL database? (Select THREE.)

Refer to the exhibit. A database engineer runs the command and receives the above output. The engineer wants to convert the database to Multi-AZ. Which command should be used?

A company has an Amazon DynamoDB table that stores session data for a web application. The table's read capacity units (RCUs) are consistently near 100% utilization during peak hours, causing throttling. The application can tolerate eventually consistent reads. Which action should the application team take to reduce throttling?

A company uses Amazon RDS for Oracle with a Multi-AZ deployment for a critical OLTP application. During a recent failover test, they noticed that the application experienced a two-minute downtime. The team wants to reduce downtime to under 30 seconds during automatic failovers. What should they do?

A gaming company uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a leaderboard for real-time game scores. The leaderboard is updated frequently by millions of users. The application uses sorted sets with player scores. Recently, the leaderboard update latency increased and the cache evictions spiked. The company needs to ensure low-latency updates and high availability. The current setup is a single Redis node. Which design should be implemented?

A company is deploying a new MySQL database on Amazon RDS. The database must be highly available and support cross-Region disaster recovery. Which TWO actions should be taken? (Choose two.)

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis to cache database query results. They notice that the cache hit ratio is low and many requests are hitting the database. The 'Evictions' metric is high. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company is designing a social media application that requires storing user relationships (follows) and making graph queries like 'mutual friends.' Which database is most suitable?

A company runs a multi-tenant SaaS application on Amazon DynamoDB. Each tenant's data is stored in a separate table named with a tenant-specific prefix (e.g., tenant1_orders, tenant2_orders). The application uses DynamoDB Streams to replicate data to a central analytics table. Recently, the company added a new large tenant that generates 10x more write traffic than any other tenant. The DynamoDB Streams for the large tenant's table is falling behind by several hours, causing stale data in the analytics table. The company has already increased the write capacity of the large tenant's table to 50,000 WCUs, but the streams lag persists. The analytics table is also in DynamoDB and uses a Global Secondary Index (GSI) for querying. The streams processing Lambda function performs simple transformations and writes to the analytics table. The Lambda function is not throttled. Which action would resolve the streams lag?

A company is building a real-time chat application that requires storing messages with a maximum of 10,000 characters per message. The application needs sub-millisecond latency for reads and writes. The data must be durable and replicated across three Availability Zones. The development team wants to minimize operational overhead. Which AWS database service is most appropriate?

An administrator notices that the CloudWatch metric 'ReadLatency' for an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance has increased significantly. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A company is deploying a new application using Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. They require high availability with automatic failover and the ability to offload read traffic. Which TWO features should they enable? (Choose two.)

A developer is troubleshooting an application that uses Amazon DynamoDB. The application sometimes receives ProvisionedThroughputExceededException errors. The table has on-demand capacity mode. The errors occur in short bursts. What is the most likely cause?

Refer to the exhibit. An application on an EC2 instance is trying to read an object from the S3 bucket 'data-lake-prod'. The instance is in a VPC with an IP address of 10.0.1.5. The application receives an Access Denied error. What is the cause?

Refer to the exhibit. A database administrator is writing an IAM policy to manage Amazon RDS snapshots. The policy allows actions on all RDS resources but denies deletion of any DB instance with the prefix 'production-'. A developer attempts to delete a snapshot named 'production-snapshot-2020'. Will this action be allowed?

A company is deploying a new application that requires a MySQL-compatible database with automatic scaling of compute and storage resources. Which AWS service should be used?

A company wants to ensure that only specific IAM users can perform certain operations on an Amazon RDS DB instance, such as creating snapshots or modifying the instance. Which AWS feature should be used to define these permissions?

A company is running a production Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The application team reports intermittent high latency and connection timeouts. A quick check shows that the DB instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 90% during peak hours. The database size is 500 GB and the instance class is db.r5.large. Which combination of actions should a database specialist take to resolve the performance issue?

Match each AWS database-related CLI command to its function.

A company is running an Amazon Aurora MySQL-compatible edition DB cluster. The application reports that a recent schema change caused a significant increase in the number of deadlocks. Which parameter should the DBA check and possibly adjust to reduce deadlocks?

Which TWO AWS services can be used to migrate a MongoDB database to Amazon DocumentDB? (Choose 2.)

A company is running a MongoDB-compatible Amazon DocumentDB cluster with one writer and two readers. The application writes a large amount of data during batch processing, and after a batch completes, the writer's CPU is high, and the readers have significant replica lag. The team wants to reduce replica lag without affecting the batch performance. What should they do?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with global tables. The company wants to monitor replication latency between regions. Which CloudWatch metric should the company use?

A company is migrating an on-premises MySQL database to Amazon RDS for MySQL. They need to validate that the schema is compatible. Which AWS service should they use?

A company is deploying a new microservices application on Amazon ECS. Each microservice needs its own database. Which AWS database service should be used to minimize operational overhead?

A company is migrating a 5 TB Oracle database to Amazon Aurora MySQL using AWS DMS. The full load completes successfully, but the CDC phase is slow and the target Aurora cluster is consuming high CPU. The DMS instance type is dms.c4.2xlarge. Which change will most likely improve CDC performance?

A database administrator needs to monitor the number of connections to an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. Which Amazon CloudWatch metric should be used?

Refer to the exhibit. A database administrator has this IAM policy attached to their user. They are trying to authorize ingress to a DB security group named 'my-security-group' in the us-east-1 region. The operation fails. What is the most likely reason?

The exhibit shows the output of an AWS CLI command for an Amazon RDS DB instance. Based on the output, what is the current configuration of the DB instance?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a real-time analytics application. The table is provisioned with 1000 RCU and 500 WCU. Recently, the application experienced throttling on reads during a marketing campaign. The 'ConsumedReadCapacityUnits' metric shows spikes up to 2000 RCU. The 'ReadThrottleEvents' metric is high. The table has a global secondary index (GSI) that is also throttled. The application uses eventually consistent reads. The team wants to minimize costs while preventing throttling. The campaign traffic is predictable and occurs for 2 hours each day. What should the team do?

A company needs to store and analyze log data from thousands of servers. The logs are timestamped and rarely updated. Queries are mostly time-range aggregations. Which database service is best suited for this workload?

A company runs an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster with one writer and two readers. They notice that one reader instance is consistently showing higher than expected lag. The other reader is fine. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store IoT sensor data. Each sensor writes a record every second, and the application needs to query the last 24 hours of data for a specific sensor. The query must be very fast. Which table design and query pattern will minimize cost and latency?

Which TWO actions should be taken to troubleshoot high memory usage on an Amazon ElastiCache for Redis node? (Choose two.)

A company is using Amazon Aurora MySQL and needs to audit all database logins and query activity. Which feature should be enabled to meet this requirement?

Refer to the exhibit. A DBA is troubleshooting a performance issue on an RDS for MySQL DB instance. The DBA runs the AWS CLI command shown. Based on the output, which of the following is a potential performance bottleneck?

A company runs a critical MySQL database on Amazon RDS Single-AZ (db.m5.large) with 200 GB of Provisioned IOPS (io1) storage set to 3000 IOPS. The application team reports that write operations are occasionally slow. CloudWatch metrics show that the Write IOPS metric peaks at 3500 IOPS during the slowdowns, but the average is 2000 IOPS. The Read IOPS average is 500 IOPS. The queue depth metric occasionally spikes to 20. The storage configuration includes a 50 GB General Purpose SSD (gp2) log volume attached to the same RDS instance. Which change will MOST effectively resolve the write latency?

A team is migrating an on-premises Microsoft SQL Server database to AWS. The database is used for reporting and analytics, with complex queries that join multiple tables. The team wants to minimize application changes and ensure compatibility. Which AWS service should they use?

A developer needs to allow an application running on EC2 to access an Amazon RDS database without storing database credentials in the application code. Which solution is the MOST secure?

A database administrator needs to automate the backup process for an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The backups must be retained for 30 days and should be taken daily. Which AWS service should be used to implement this automation?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The database experiences a failover event, and after failover, the application reports increased latency. Which action should the database specialist take to diagnose the issue?

A logistics company operates a fleet tracking system using Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility). The database stores location updates from thousands of vehicles every second. The collection has a compound index on (vehicle_id, timestamp). Recently, the company noticed that write latency has increased, and the primary instance's CPU is consistently above 80%. The storage is gp2, and the instance is a db.r5.large. The operations team suspects that index maintenance is causing high CPU. The database administrator needs to reduce write latency without sacrificing query performance for real-time location queries. What should the administrator do?

A company wants to migrate an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. They need to convert the schema and code. Which AWS service should they use?