scenario questions

Refer to the exhibit. A company has a Cloud Spanner instance with the backup configuration shown. They need to improve disaster recovery. Which THREE strategies should they implement?

A company has a Cloud Bigtable cluster using HDD storage. They are migrating to a workload that requires lower latency, so they need to switch to SSD storage. How should they accomplish this?

An organization uses Cloud Build to build and deploy applications. They need to ensure that build secrets (e.g., API tokens) are securely injected into build steps without being exposed in the build logs. Which two actions should they take?

A company is using Bigtable for real-time analytics and notices that some queries are experiencing high latency. They suspect a hot spot due to a row key design that uses a monotonically increasing value. Which two actions should they take to diagnose and mitigate the hot spottedness? (Choose TWO.)

Arrange the steps to set up database encryption with Cloud KMS for Cloud SQL.

Refer to the exhibit. A developer deployed these Firestore security rules. What is a security concern with this configuration?

A team uses Kustomize to manage environment-specific configurations for their GKE deployments. They have a base overlay and overlays for dev, staging, and prod. Which command should they use to generate the final Kubernetes manifests for the staging environment?

You are setting up structured logging for an application running on Compute Engine. Your logs should include trace context and severity. Which TWO fields should you include in the JSON payload to enable correlation with Cloud Trace? (Select 2)

During a postmortem, an SRE team identifies several contributing factors. Which THREE items should be included in the action items section of a blameless postmortem?

You want to use OpenTelemetry Collector to send traces from an on-premises application to Cloud Trace. Which exporter should you configure in the Collector pipeline?

A global e-commerce platform uses Cloud Spanner multi-region configuration. The compliance team mandates that all write transactions must be committed in a specific geographic region to comply with data sovereignty laws. Which Spanner feature should be used to enforce this requirement?

A company is using Cloud Spanner and needs to add a new column to an existing table that has billions of rows. The column must have a default value of 0. The team is concerned about downtime. Which approach should they take to add the column with zero downtime?

An SRE team wants to ensure that no single person can deploy to production without a peer review. Which Google Cloud service or feature should they use?

A company uses Memorystore for Redis as a cache. They need to survive a zone failure. Which configuration should they choose?

A multinational corporation uses Cloud Spanner with a multi-region configuration. The schema includes a table that is updated frequently by users in two distant regions. They are experiencing high commit latencies due to distributed transactions. Which schema change would most reduce latency?

An engineer is migrating from on-premises PostgreSQL to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL using pg_dump. Which flags should be used to avoid errors related to roles and privileges when importing into Cloud SQL?

An engineer wants to automatically build a Docker image in Cloud Build whenever code is pushed to the main branch of a repository. Which configuration is correct?

An engineer is planning to migrate a PostgreSQL database to AlloyDB using Database Migration Service (DMS). The source database is version 13 and the target is AlloyDB. The migration must replicate ongoing changes with minimal downtime. Which source configuration is required to enable continuous change data capture (CDC) with DMS for PostgreSQL?

An organization needs to run both transactional (OLTP) and real-time analytical (OLAP) queries on the same dataset without data duplication. The dataset is moderately large (a few terabytes). Which Google Cloud database service is MOST appropriate for this HTAP workload?

A company is designing a global application using Cloud Spanner. They need to ensure low latency reads and writes across three continents. Which TWO configurations should they consider?

You manage a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance that is experiencing high read latency. You have already tuned the buffer cache and queries. Which THREE actions can further reduce read latency? (Choose three.)

An organization wants to implement a blameless postmortem culture after incidents. Which of the following is a key practice in blameless postmortems?

A startup is using Firestore in Native mode for a real-time chat application. They want to design the schema for chat rooms and messages. Which TWO design patterns are recommended? (Choose two.)

A team wants to adopt GitOps for a GKE cluster. They need a solution that automatically syncs their Kubernetes manifests from a Git repository to the cluster and ensures the cluster state matches the repo. Which Google Cloud service should they use?

A company uses Cloud SQL for MySQL with a failover replica. The primary instance is in us-central1 and the replica is in us-east1. During a regional outage in us-central1, the database engineer executes an emergency failover to the replica. After the failover, applications experience high latency when writing to the new primary. What is the most likely cause?

An SRE wants to measure latency SLI for a web service. Which metric is the BEST indicator of user-perceived performance?

A Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance needs to achieve a recovery point objective (RPO) of less than 1 minute and a recovery time objective (RTO) of less than 2 minutes in the event of a zone failure. Which disaster recovery strategy should be used?

A team is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. The existing schema uses a large number of foreign key constraints and triggers for data validation. The team wants to minimize migration effort and maintain data integrity. Which schema design approach is most appropriate for Cloud SQL?

A production Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance needs to handle increased read traffic and provide automatic failover in case of a zone outage. Which architecture satisfies both requirements?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL. The database is 2 TB and has a high write workload. They need minimal downtime. Which migration approach is best?

A data team uses BigQuery for ad-hoc BI queries. They have a table with 100 columns. Analysts often select many columns. The table is partitioned by event_date. Queries are slow and expensive. What two-step optimization should they implement? (Note: This is a single correct answer among four options that combine two steps.)

Which TWO are best practices for designing a Cloud Spanner schema?

A company has a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance with automated backups enabled. They want to ensure they can recover to any point within the last 7 days with minimum storage cost. What should they do?

A data engineer is designing a schema for Cloud Spanner to store a hierarchy of customers and their orders. Customers have many orders, and queries often retrieve orders for a specific customer. To optimize performance and reduce cross-node reads, which schema design pattern should the engineer use?

An application running on GKE emits custom metrics via OpenTelemetry. The metrics need to be ingested into Cloud Monitoring and visualized in a dashboard. Which approach should the engineer use?

An organization is migrating from Teradata to BigQuery. They have 20 TB of data, complex BTEQ scripts, and require near-zero downtime. Which THREE components should be part of their migration plan? (Choose THREE.)

Your team wants to collect custom metrics from a .NET application running on Compute Engine and send them to Cloud Monitoring. Which TWO approaches are valid?

You have a Memorystore for Redis instance that serves as a session store for a web application. The instance is running low on memory and is approaching the maxmemory limit. You want to ensure that the least recently used keys are evicted first when memory is full. Which eviction policy should you configure?

A DevOps team is deploying a web application on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) that experiences daily traffic spikes. They want to automatically adjust the number of pod replicas based on CPU utilization. Which Kubernetes resource should they use?

A company needs to store time-series sensor data with high write throughput (millions of writes per second) and low latency reads. Which database service should they choose?

A Cloud Bigtable instance is experiencing high read latency due to hot spots. The operations team uses the Key Visualizer tool and identifies that a small set of row keys are being read disproportionately. Which action should they take to mitigate the hot spotting?

A retail company uses Cloud Bigtable for real-time inventory. They want to improve read performance for queries that filter by product category and last_updated timestamp. Which THREE row key design strategies should they adopt? (Choose 3)

Which THREE are considerations when designing a schema for Cloud Firestore?

An analyst writes a SQL query that joins a fact table with multiple dimension tables. The query runs slowly due to shuffling. Which optimization technique should be applied?

Your Cloud Bigtable instance is experiencing hot spots, causing performance degradation. You want to identify the specific row keys causing the hot spots. Which tool should you use?

Which TWO actions can help reduce the number of read replicas needed for a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance that serves a read-heavy workload?

During an incident, the incident commander notices that multiple teams are working on the same issue without coordination. Which structure should be implemented to improve incident response?

A DevOps engineer wants to create a custom metric in Cloud Monitoring that represents the number of requests processed by a service, measured from the start of each request to its completion. The metric should increment by 1 for each request and must be queryable for the count in the last 24 hours. Which metric kind would best suit this requirement?

A company is migrating from an on-premises Teradata data warehouse to BigQuery using the Schema Conversion Tool (SCTS). Which of the following is correctly handled by SCTS?

Which TWO metrics should you monitor in Cloud Monitoring to evaluate the performance of a Cloud Spanner instance? (Choose two.)

A developer wants to use a pre-existing Docker image from Artifact Registry in a Cloud Build step. How should they authenticate the build step to pull the image?

An online payment processing system uses Cloud SQL for MySQL with a 1 TB database. The system experiences high write throughput (~5000 writes/sec) and needs sub-10ms latency. The current instance has 8 vCPUs and 32 GB RAM. Which two metrics would indicate that the instance needs a larger tier? (Choose TWO.)

An SRE team wants to define an SLI for service availability. Which metric correctly represents the availability SLI?

Your company runs a business intelligence (BI) dashboard on BigQuery that refreshes every hour. The dashboard queries are complex with multiple JOINs and aggregations. Recently, the queries started taking longer than 30 minutes, causing timeouts. You check the BigQuery monitoring and see that the slot utilization consistently reaches 100% during the dashboard refresh. The project uses a flat-rate pricing model with 1000 slots. Other team members run ad-hoc queries during the same period. What is the most effective action to improve the dashboard performance?

A company uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL and needs to enable point-in-time recovery (PITR) with a retention period of 14 days. Currently, automated backups are configured with a 7-day retention. What should the engineer do to meet this requirement?

A Cloud Bigtable instance is experiencing high latency on reads. The operations team suspects a hot spot. Which tool should they use to identify the hot spot?

A company wants to optimize costs for their Compute Engine instances. They have a mix of workloads: some are fault-tolerant batch jobs, and others are stateful services requiring consistent uptime. Which two strategies should they use to reduce costs? (Choose two.)

Match each Cloud Spanner concept to its definition.

A company is using Cloud Deploy with a delivery pipeline that has dev, staging, and prod targets. They want to require manual approval before deploying to prod. What should they add?

A Cloud Run service handles HTTP requests that each involve a short background task after the response is sent. The service currently has CPU throttled when not handling requests, causing background tasks to fail. Which configuration change ensures background tasks complete?

A team uses Terraform with remote state stored in a GCS bucket. They are implementing policy as code using Conftest to validate Terraform plans before apply. The Conftest checks run in a CI/CD pipeline. Which approach ensures that Conftest policies are enforced consistently across all Terraform workspaces?

An engineer wants to automatically group similar error messages from an application and track trends, with the ability to link from an error to the corresponding log entries and trace. Which Google Cloud service should they use?

An organization is migrating a MySQL database to Cloud SQL using Database Migration Service (DMS). They need to ensure minimal downtime and continuous replication of changes from the source. Which type of migration job should they create?

A financial services company is designing a Cloud Spanner schema for a trading system. They have two main entities: 'accounts' and 'transactions'. Each account has many transactions, and queries almost always retrieve transactions for a specific account. Which TWO schema design strategies should they employ?

A company is running a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance and needs to create a read replica in a different region for disaster recovery. They also want to be able to promote the replica to a standalone instance if needed. Which three steps should they take? (Choose THREE.)

Refer to the exhibit. After creating this Bigtable instance, the administrator noticed high read latency during peak hours. Which configuration change would most likely help?

You are troubleshooting a Cloud SQL read replica that is experiencing high replication lag. You check the 'replication_lag' metric and see it is consistently above 60 seconds. What is the most likely cause of this lag?

A DevOps team is using Terraform to manage infrastructure. They have a module that creates a Cloud Storage bucket. They want to reference the bucket's URL in another part of the configuration without hardcoding. Which approach should they use?

An organization wants to restrict the creation of Compute Engine instances in their Google Cloud organization to only certain regions. Which organization policy constraint should they use?

A team uses Cloud Deploy to manage deployments to GKE across dev, staging, and prod. They want to implement a canary deployment strategy that automatically progresses based on latency metrics and includes a manual approval step before the full rollout. Which three Cloud Deploy features should they use together?

A company is designing a Cloud Bigtable schema for time-series data. The data is written by millions of devices every second. The query patterns are: (1) retrieve the most recent reading for a specific device, (2) retrieve all readings for a device in a time range. Which TWO row key design techniques should the team use to optimize for these patterns? (Choose two.)

Which tool is best for identifying hot spots in a Cloud Spanner database?

A company runs a Cloud Bigtable instance with two clusters in separate regions for disaster recovery. They want to ensure that read requests automatically use the secondary cluster if the primary cluster becomes unhealthy. Which two steps should they take? (Choose two.)

A company is using Cloud SQL for MySQL and wants to perform disaster recovery testing by promoting a read replica to a standalone instance. Which TWO actions are required? (Choose 2)

A team wants to use OpenTelemetry to collect metrics, traces, and logs from their applications running on GKE. They plan to use the OTel Collector. Which TWO components should they configure in the Collector pipeline? (Choose 2)

You are using Cloud Memorystore for Redis as a caching layer. You notice that cache hit ratio is below 50%. What is the best action to improve it?

An organization wants to implement least-privilege IAM for their DevOps team. They need permissions to manage Compute Engine instances but not to create or delete them. Which IAM role should be assigned?

A BI developer needs to display sales data in a dashboard that shows sales in local time zones. The source data stores all timestamps in UTC. Which is the best practice for handling time zone conversions?

An engineer needs to migrate a PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL. They have used pg_dump to create a dump file. Which flags should they use to avoid issues with ownership and ACLs, since Cloud SQL does not support those?

A company is setting up a new Google Cloud organization. The DevOps team wants to enforce that all Compute Engine instances are created only in us-central1 or europe-west1. Which approach should they use?

A team wants to implement error budget alerts in Cloud Monitoring. They need TWO policies to detect both rapid and gradual budget consumption. Which TWO alert policies should they configure? (Choose 2 answers)

A startup is migrating from MongoDB to Firestore in Datastore mode. Their existing documents contain nested arrays of sub-objects (e.g., tags, comments). They want to design a schema that scales well and supports efficient queries. What is the recommended approach for handling these nested arrays in Firestore?

A global application uses Cloud Trace to collect distributed traces. The current sampling rate of 100% is causing high costs and storage usage. The team wants to reduce sampling while still capturing representative data. Which THREE strategies should they consider?

An organisation wants to back up their Cloud Spanner database and store the backup in a different region for disaster recovery. They require the backup to be in a format that can be restored into Spanner with minimal effort. Which THREE actions should they take? (Choose three.)

Which TWO are best practices for optimizing write performance in Cloud Bigtable?

A DevOps engineer needs to ensure that no Compute Engine VM in the organization can have an external IP address, except for a specific set of approved projects. Which organization policy configuration should they use?

A company is running a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL database and wants to improve read performance for reporting queries. They have already optimized the queries but still see high CPU usage on the primary instance. What is the most cost-effective solution?

A company is migrating a PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL using DMS. The source database has logical replication enabled for the migration. What is the purpose of logical replication in this context?

A company is migrating an on-premises OLTP application to Google Cloud. The application requires high concurrency (up to 5,000 simultaneous connections) and uses a relational schema with strong transactional integrity. Which database service is the MOST suitable?

A company uses Cloud Deploy to deploy to multiple GKE clusters (dev, staging, prod). They want to implement a canary deployment strategy for the prod target. The canary should deploy 10% of pods initially, then after 30 minutes and a manual approval, promote to 100%. Which configurations are necessary? (Choose THREE).

A company uses Cloud Spanner for its global inventory system. The current schema has a table 'Orders' with a primary key of OrderID (UUID). The team wants to add a secondary index to support queries filtering by 'status' and 'order_date'. Which type of index should they create and how should they define it to ensure the index covers the query without needing to read the base table?

Your Cloud SQL for MySQL instance is experiencing intermittent performance degradation. You suspect that the issue is due to a sudden spike in connections from a specific application. Which metric and monitoring approach would best help you correlate the connection spike with performance degradation?

A company uses Cloud SQL for MySQL and notices slow queries. They have enabled slow query logging and found that some queries are performing full table scans. The table has millions of rows. What is the best immediate action to improve query performance?

A data engineer needs to run complex analytical queries on terabytes of data with sub-second query latency. The data is stored in Google Cloud Storage and updated daily. Which database service should they use?

A team is designing a BigQuery schema for time-series analytics on IoT sensor data. They expect high write throughput and queries that aggregate data by hour. Which partitioning and clustering strategy is most cost-effective?

A company wants to migrate a self-managed PostgreSQL database to AlloyDB with minimal downtime. They plan to use Database Migration Service with continuous CDC. The source database is in a different region. Which THREE steps should they include in their cutover plan? (Choose 3 correct answers.)

A Cloud Spanner database has a parent table 'Customers' and a child table 'Orders' interleaved on CustomerId. The most common query retrieves the last 10 orders for a given customer. How should the primary key of Orders be defined for optimal performance?

A team notices that queries on a Cloud Spanner database are slow. They want to identify which queries are consuming the most resources. What should they use?

You manage a Memorystore for Redis instance that is regularly hitting its maximum memory limit. The application can tolerate some data loss and prefers to keep the most recently used data. Which eviction policy should you configure?

An engineer needs to connect Database Migration Service to a source MySQL database that has only a private IP address. The Cloud SQL destination is also private. What is the recommended method for DMS to connect to the source?

An application running on Compute Engine needs a relational database with high availability across zones within a single region. The application requires an RTO of less than 30 seconds and RPO of zero. Which database solution meets these requirements?

A company is migrating from a relational database to Cloud Bigtable. They have a table with a 'user_id' and 'login_timestamp'. Queries often filter by user_id and time range. What should be the row key?

A team is migrating a MySQL OLTP database to Cloud Spanner. The existing schema uses auto-increment primary keys. They plan to convert them to STRING columns with UUIDs. However, the application also relies on ORDER BY on the original integer key. How should they preserve ordering while avoiding hotspots in Spanner?

A company uses Cloud Deploy to manage deployments to multiple GKE clusters across environments. They want to implement a canary deployment strategy where 10% of traffic goes to the new version initially, and after manual approval, the remaining 90% rolls out. What should be included in the delivery pipeline configuration?

You are deploying a containerized application to Cloud Run using gcloud run deploy. You need to ensure that revisions are tagged with a custom identifier for testing purposes, without allocating any traffic to them. Which flag should you use?

A company uses Cloud Deploy to manage deployments to multiple GKE clusters. They want to implement a canary deployment strategy where the new revision receives 10% of traffic initially, and after 5 minutes with no errors, it receives 100%. Which TWO actions are required to achieve this?

An organization wants to monitor a batch processing job that runs daily on Compute Engine. They need to be alerted if the job fails to produce output within 24 hours. Which THREE components should they use? (Choose 3)

A team is migrating an Oracle database to Cloud Spanner. They have a large table with an auto-increment primary key. Which key design strategy should they use to avoid hot spots?

You need to create an alerting policy in Cloud Monitoring for a custom metric. Which THREE components must be defined? (Select 3)

A company is migrating a large Oracle Data Warehouse to BigQuery. The source schema includes many partitioned tables and materialized views. Which THREE considerations are important when designing the BigQuery schema?

Your organisation uses Cloud Spanner for a globally distributed application. You need to set up a backup strategy that allows restoring the database to a specific point in time within the last 7 days, with minimal impact on performance. Which THREE actions should you take? (Choose THREE.)

A DevOps team wants to use Cloud Deploy to promote releases across multiple targets. They need to define a delivery pipeline that includes a canary deployment for a GKE cluster and a standard deployment for Cloud Run. Which two strategies can they use in the same pipeline?

A team uses Cloud Build to deploy to Cloud Run via gcloud run deploy. They need to perform a canary deployment where 10% of traffic goes to the new revision for 10 minutes before shifting to 100%. The deployment must be automated without manual steps. What approach should they take?

A team is migrating a MySQL database to Cloud SQL using a manual approach (mysqldump + import) instead of DMS. They have limited bandwidth. Which TWO considerations should they take into account when choosing between DMS and manual migration? (Choose TWO.)

A company is designing a Cloud Firestore schema for a social media application. Users can follow other users, and the application needs to display a feed of posts from followed users ordered by timestamp. Which schema design is most cost-effective and performant for querying the feed?

Which TWO actions should be performed during cutover planning for a DMS continuous migration to minimize downtime?

An organization wants to enforce security policies on container images before deployment. They need to scan images for vulnerabilities and ensure only images that pass the scan can be deployed. Which TWO services should they use? (Select TWO)

An e-commerce platform uses Cloud Bigtable for real-time user sessions. Write latency is high. On investigation, they find that rows are being written with monotonically increasing row keys (e.g., user_id + timestamp). What is the likely cause and solution?

A healthcare company uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL and needs to meet a disaster recovery requirement of RPO = 1 hour and RTO = 2 hours for a cross-region failover. They currently have a cross-region read replica in another region. Which additional action should they take to meet the RPO consistently?

An organization wants to centralize cost management across multiple projects. They need to analyze spending trends and set budget alerts. Which combination of services should they use?

You are a Cloud Database Engineer managing a Cloud Spanner instance. You notice that some queries are taking longer than expected. You suspect that the queries are not using secondary indexes efficiently. Which TWO metrics should you monitor in Cloud Monitoring to validate your suspicion? (Choose two.)

You need to create a read replica of a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance in a different region for disaster recovery. What must be true about the primary instance to support cross-region replicas?

You are using Cloud Profiler to identify performance bottlenecks. You notice a function that consumes significant CPU time. However, the profiler shows only a small percentage of samples in that function. What is the most likely cause?

A team uses Cloud Run for a web application that experiences sporadic traffic. They want to minimize cold starts without incurring costs when there are no requests. Which configuration should they use?

A company runs a microservices application on GKE. They want to automatically adjust both the number of pods (for varying load) and the resource limits of individual pods (to avoid resource waste). Which two Kubernetes resources should they configure together? (Choose two.)

A company is designing a mobile application backend that requires real-time synchronization across users and offline support. Which Google Cloud database service is most suitable?

A team uses Cloud Deploy to manage deployments to GKE. They want to automatically roll back to the previous revision if a canary deployment fails health checks. What should they configure?

A company needs to ensure that their Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance can recover from a zonal failure within 60 seconds with minimal data loss. Which feature should they enable?

A company is designing a landing zone for a large enterprise with multiple business units. They need to implement cost tracking and billing management. Which TWO actions should they take?

A financial services firm needs a database for real-time fraud detection that requires single-digit millisecond latency for lookups on a precomputed feature set. The dataset is 5 TB and grows by 1 TB per month. Which database service BEST meets these requirements?

A team is using Skaffold for local development and CI/CD. They want to use Skaffold profiles to handle differences between local and production environments. In the CI pipeline (Cloud Build), they want Skaffold to build and deploy using the production profile. How should they invoke Skaffold in the cloudbuild.yaml?

Which THREE are best practices for designing a Cloud Spanner schema for high performance? (Choose three.)

An engineer needs to set up alerting for error budget burn rate. For a fast burn alert, which burn rate multiplier and evaluation window are recommended?

A Cloud SQL for MySQL instance is experiencing high CPU utilisation (>80%) and slow query performance. The instance has auto-storage increase enabled. Which step should the engineer take to immediately reduce CPU load?

After promoting a Cloud SQL destination in a DMS continuous migration, the application team updates the connection strings. However, they want a rollback plan in case issues arise. What should they keep running to allow a rollback?

A Cloud Spanner database contains the Orders table as defined above. The query `SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE CustomerID=123` takes a long time. What is the most likely reason?

A financial firm uses Cloud Spanner with a single-region configuration. They must meet regulatory requirements for disaster recovery across continents. They need to recover within 1 hour RTO and RPO of 5 minutes. Current workload: 50k writes/sec. What should they do?

An e-commerce site uses Cloud SQL for MySQL. They need read scalability for product catalog queries. What should they do?

An organization is using Cloud SQL for MySQL with automated backups enabled. They need to restore a backup to a new instance in a different region for testing. The backup is stored in the same region as the source. How can they achieve this with minimal operational overhead?

Your company runs a global e-commerce platform on Cloud Spanner. You need to capture real-time changes to a table (e.g., orders) and stream them to a downstream analytics pipeline in near real-time. Which TWO Google Cloud features or services should you combine to achieve this? (Choose two.)

A DevOps team wants to reduce toil by automating manual, repetitive tasks that have no enduring value and scale with service growth. Which two characteristics define toil according to SRE principles?

A company is migrating a monolithic application to a microservices architecture and plans to use multiple Google Cloud databases. The application has the following workloads: (1) user profiles with high read/write concurrency, (2) product catalog with complex queries, (3) session data that requires low-latency access. Which three Google Cloud databases should be used? (Choose three.)

A financial services company uses Cloud Spanner for a ledger application. The ledger table has a primary key of 'transaction_id' which is a monotonically increasing integer. During peak hours, they observe high write latencies due to hot spots on the last tablet. They need to redesign the schema to distribute writes evenly while still allowing efficient point lookups by transaction ID. What is the best approach?

You need to design a Cloud Bigtable row key for a time-series application that records user activity. The most common queries filter by user_id and then by timestamp (most recent first). Which row key design is MOST appropriate?

A Cloud Firestore database in Native mode is used for a mobile app. The app queries a collection with a composite filter on two fields. Queries are slow and the app shows an error that an index is required. What should the developer do?

A Memorystore for Redis instance needs to be scaled to handle increased traffic. Which TWO methods can you use? (Choose 2)

A company wants to enforce least-privilege IAM for their DevOps team. They need to grant permissions to manage Compute Engine instances but not to delete them. Which TWO approaches should they use?

A game company uses Cloud Bigtable to store player session data. Access patterns include looking up a player's most recent sessions and scanning sessions by time range. Which row key design is most appropriate?

A GKE cluster runs a mix of batch and latency-sensitive services. The batch jobs require occasional large CPU bursts, but the latency-sensitive services need consistent performance. The team wants to avoid CPU contention without over-provisioning nodes. Which approach should they take?

A data team is migrating an Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They have used Ora2Pg to convert the schema. After conversion, they notice several issues with data type mappings. Which THREE Oracle-to-PostgreSQL mappings are correct? (Choose 3)

Your Firestore database in Native mode contains a collection with millions of documents. You need to query documents where the 'tags' field (an array) contains the string 'urgent'. What must you ensure in your index configuration?

A DevOps engineer needs to monitor Cloud SQL for MySQL replication lag on a read replica to ensure data freshness. Which Cloud Monitoring metric should they create an alert on?

A retail company uses Cloud Spanner to handle global transaction processing. The database has a single regional instance in us-central1. The company expects a 10x increase in write traffic from a new mobile app. The database engineer needs to design for low latency writes globally and high availability. What should the Database Engineer do?

A DevOps engineer is optimizing a Cloud Run service that performs background data processing tasks triggered by Pub/Sub messages. The tasks are CPU-intensive and can run up to 10 minutes each. The service currently experiences cold starts causing delays. Which configuration should the engineer apply to minimize cold starts and ensure the background tasks are not throttled?

A BI team needs to analyze user behavior with sessionization. Each event has a timestamp and session ID. The table 'sessions' contains columns: session_id, user_id, event_time, event_name. The team wants the first event time per session. Which query is most efficient?

An engineer is using Database Migration Service to migrate a MySQL database to Cloud SQL. They need to set up a source connection profile. Which TWO methods can the engineer use to allow DMS to connect to the source database? (Choose 2 correct answers.)

Which two practices are characteristic of a blameless postmortem? (Choose TWO.)

An organization needs a multi-region database deployment with strong consistency and an RPO of zero in normal operation. They expect a regional outage and require automatic failover within seconds. Which database service and configuration meets these requirements?

A global retail company uses Cloud Spanner to manage product inventory. They need to apply a schema change to add a new column to a table that has 10 billion rows. Which THREE strategies should they consider to minimize downtime?

A financial services company runs a MySQL database on Compute Engine. They want to migrate to Cloud SQL for MySQL to reduce operational overhead. The current schema includes a table 'transactions' with a composite primary key on (transaction_id, account_id) and a secondary index on account_id for account lookups. The database also uses foreign key constraints to ensure referential integrity between 'transactions' and 'accounts'. During migration testing, they observe that INSERT operations on 'transactions' are slower than expected. What schema change should they implement to improve INSERT performance in Cloud SQL?

A team wants to reduce toil by automating a manual process that generates a report from Cloud Logging logs and emails it weekly. Which solution is most cost-effective and requires minimal operational overhead?

An engineer is designing a global inventory system that requires strong consistency across continents, with the ability to handle write conflicts and ensure ACID transactions. The system expects millions of reads and writes per second. Which Google Cloud database service meets these requirements?

A Cloud SQL for SQL Server instance has been running for months. Recently, the database size grew significantly and now query performance has degraded. The DBA checks the query execution plan and sees index scans. The current storage is 500GB SSD. What is the most likely cause and solution?

A team is designing a Spanner schema for an online gaming leaderboard. The leaderboard stores player scores and requires high write throughput. Which primary key design is BEST to avoid write hotspots?

A data analyst needs to run a one-time SQL query on a dataset stored in CSV files in Cloud Storage. The query will scan the entire dataset, and the analyst wants to minimize cost. Which Google Cloud service should they use?

A company needs to perform disaster recovery testing for their Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance. They want to validate that a cross-region failover works without affecting production. What is the BEST approach?

A team runs a Cloud SQL MySQL instance serving an e-commerce application. Read traffic is growing and causing increased latency on the primary instance. They want to offload read queries with minimal application changes. Which solution should they implement?

An organization uses GitOps with Config Sync to manage multiple GKE clusters. They want to ensure that any change to the Git repository is automatically applied to the clusters, and that no manual kubectl apply commands are used. Which TWO resources should they configure?

A company is migrating their on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL. They want to minimize downtime during the migration. Which approach should they use?

A company runs a critical e-commerce platform on Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL with cross-region read replicas for DR. During a recent disaster drill, they promoted the read replica to a standalone instance. After the drill, they attempted to re-create the replica but found that point-in-time recovery (PITR) was not enabled on the promoted instance. What is the most likely cause?

A team wants to use Cloud Build to build a Maven application and store the artifact in Artifact Registry. Which repository format should they use?

A developer is using Cloud Build to build a Docker image and wants to use build substitutions to dynamically set the image tag. Which built-in substitutions can they use? (Choose 2)

A company uses Cloud Logging and wants to receive real-time notifications when the number of 5xx errors exceeds 100 per minute. They need to set up an alerting policy. Which metric type and condition should they use?

An organization wants to track cloud costs per team and per project. They have already enabled billing export to BigQuery. What additional step should they take to enable cost attribution?

A team has an SLO of 99.9% availability over a 30-day month. They burn through their entire error budget in the first 10 days. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate immediate action according to SRE principles?

An organization uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL with read replicas to offload reporting queries. During peak, the primary instance's CPU spikes to 90%. The team suspects the read replica is falling behind. Which two settings should they check to diagnose replication lag? (Choose TWO.)

A company uses Config Sync to manage GKE clusters in a GitOps fashion. They need to ensure that resources are automatically synced from a Git repository to the cluster, and that any drift from the desired state is corrected. Which Config Sync mode should they enable?

A database administrator is planning to migrate an on-premises MySQL database to Cloud SQL. Which two steps are required to ensure a secure migration?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL 13 database to AlloyDB for PostgreSQL using DMS continuous migration. The source is configured with logical replication using the pglogical extension. During the initial sync, the migration job fails with the error 'could not open relation with OID xxxx'. What is the most likely cause?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the likely cause of this error?

Which TWO actions would help optimize a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL database experiencing high read latency?

A Memorystore for Redis instance is running out of memory. The application uses a mix of cache and session data. Which eviction policy should be chosen to minimize cache misses while ensuring session data is not evicted?

A DevOps engineer is using Terraform and wants to reference outputs from another Terraform configuration that manages networking. Which approach should they use?

A Cloud Spanner database needs to add a column 'discount' to the 'Products' table without any downtime. The table is actively used. What is the correct approach?

Your organization uses Cloud Spanner for a global application with strong consistency requirements. You need to design a table schema to avoid hot spots while supporting queries that join two related entities (e.g., Customers and Orders). Which THREE design choices should you implement? (Choose three)

A team is migrating a PostgreSQL database to AlloyDB using Database Migration Service. They need to perform an initial one-time full dump without continuous replication. Which migration job type should they choose?

A company has a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance with automated backups enabled. They need to restore the database to a specific timestamp from 2 days ago. The backup retention is set to 7 days. How should they perform this restore?

A company runs a high-throughput pub/sub system. They need to improve message processing throughput. Which two actions should they take? (Choose TWO).

A company is experiencing slow query performance in Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. Which TWO tools can help identify the root cause?

A company needs to store petabytes of time-series IoT sensor data and query it with single-digit millisecond latency at millions of reads per second. The data has a simple key-value structure with timestamps. Which Google Cloud database is MOST appropriate?

A company uses BigQuery with a table 'orders' that has a column 'items' of type ARRAY<STRUCT<product_id STRING, quantity INT64>>. An analyst needs to find orders that contain a specific product, 'ABC'. Which query is most efficient?

Your GKE cluster uses node auto-provisioning to automatically create node pools. However, you notice that the cluster autoscaler is removing nodes too aggressively, causing frequent pod evictions. Which TWO configuration changes can you make to reduce the frequency of scale-down events? (Choose two)

A team is migrating from Cloud Deployment Manager to Terraform. They need to manage state for multiple environments (dev, staging, prod) using a single Terraform configuration. Which Terraform feature should they use to achieve this?

Refer to the exhibit. The query used DATE_TRUNC(order_date, MONTH) as month. order_date is a TIMESTAMP column. What is the data type of the month column in the result?

Your company runs an e-commerce platform on Google Cloud. The platform uses Cloud SQL for MySQL to store product inventory. The inventory table has the following schema: CREATE TABLE inventory (product_id INT PRIMARY KEY, quantity INT, last_updated TIMESTAMP) ENGINE=InnoDB. The application performs frequent updates on quantity for a subset of popular products. Recently, you have noticed increased deadlock errors during peak hours. The application uses REPEATABLE READ isolation level. You suspect that the schema design is contributing to locking contention. After analyzing the workload, you find that the updates often involve incrementing or decrementing quantity by small amounts and are mostly on the same set of popular products. What would be the best course of action to reduce deadlocks without compromising data integrity?

An organization needs to define RTO and RPO for their database disaster recovery plan. They have a Cloud SQL for SQL Server instance with HA enabled. What are the typical RTO and RPO for an automatic HA failover?

An organization wants to enforce that all Compute Engine instances in their Google Cloud organization are created with Shielded VM enabled. What is the MOST effective way to enforce this requirement?

You are managing a Spanner instance for a global financial application. The database has a table `transactions` with columns `transaction_id` (INT64), `user_id` (INT64), `amount` (FLOAT64), `timestamp` (TIMESTAMP), and `region` (STRING). The table is interleaved with a parent table `users`. Recently, you observed that point-read queries by `transaction_id` are taking over 100ms on average, whereas they used to take under 10ms. The instance CPU utilization is below 40%, and there are no contention issues. The `transactions` table has a primary key `(user_id, transaction_id)`. Queries filter on `transaction_id` only, without specifying `user_id`. Which optimization should you implement to improve point-read latency?

An engineer is configuring Cloud Build to use a substitution variable for the Docker image tag. They want the tag to be the short commit SHA. Which built-in substitution should they use?

You are monitoring a Cloud Spanner instance that is experiencing high CPU utilization (consistently above 70%). You want to identify the root cause. Which TWO metrics should you examine first? (Choose two.)

A company is planning disaster recovery for Bigtable. They have two clusters in different regions with replication enabled. They want to automate failover using Cloud DNS. Which THREE components are required for this automation? (Choose 3)

A team uses GitOps with Config Sync to manage multiple GKE clusters. They want to ensure that if a cluster's state drifts from the desired state in the Git repository, it is automatically corrected. Config Sync is installed with the default settings. What else must be configured?

A company wants to ensure that all new projects created in their Google Cloud organization automatically inherit a set of baseline IAM roles for the security team. Which approach should they use?

A company uses BigQuery to generate daily sales reports. The query aggregates sales by product category and region. The table 'sales_raw' is 500 GB and is updated every hour with new transactions. The report runs slowly. What is the most cost-effective method to improve query performance without changing the existing table schema?

You are migrating a 5 TB MySQL database to Cloud SQL. The migration must have minimal downtime. Which THREE steps should you include in your migration plan?

You are deploying a batch job on Compute Engine that processes large datasets and can tolerate interruptions. The job runs for about 6 hours every night. Which option would minimize cost while ensuring the job completes within the 6-hour window?

A financial services company uses Cloud Spanner for transaction processing. They need to capture real-time changes from the database to stream to a downstream analytics system. Which THREE services or features can achieve this?

A DevOps team wants to implement policy-as-code to enforce that all Terraform configurations comply with security rules before deployment. Which tool is most appropriate for pre-commit policy checks on Terraform plans?

A team is designing a Cloud Spanner schema for an e-commerce platform. They have 'Customer' and 'Order' tables and want to ensure that queries for all orders of a specific customer are efficient. Which schema design approach should they use?

A company uses Cloud Bigtable for time-series data from IoT devices. Each device sends a reading every second. The row key is device_id#timestamp (reverse timestamp). The team reports that queries for a specific device's data over the last hour are fast, but queries for all devices' data over the last minute are very slow. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating a large Oracle database to Cloud Spanner. The source database uses sequences for primary key generation. The database engineer needs to design the Cloud Spanner schema to avoid hotspotting. What primary key design should they recommend?

A team uses Terraform with a GCS backend. After a failed apply, the state file is corrupted. How can they recover to the last known good state?

A company uses Cloud Bigtable to store time-series data from IoT devices. Each device sends a reading every minute. The row key currently is: device_id + timestamp (e.g., 'device123#2024-01-01T00:00:00Z'). Write throughput is lower than expected. Which row key modification would MOST improve write distribution?

An SRE team wants to automate a repetitive manual task that involves moving files from Cloud Storage to BigQuery and then deleting the source files. Which GCP service is BEST suited for this toil reduction?

A team uses Cloud Deploy with a canary deployment strategy to GKE. They want to automatically promote the canary to full production if the error rate is below 1% for 10 minutes. What should they configure?

Your Cloud Spanner instance has several tables with interleaved parent-child relationships. You notice that queries that join parent and child tables are slow. What is the best practice to optimize these joins?

A company uses BigQuery for BI reporting. They have a large table 'events' with nested and repeated fields (ARRAY<STRUCT>). Analysts often query unnested data, which is slow. What is the best practice to improve query performance without changing the source schema?

A bigquery job is running slower than expected. Checking the job information, you see that the slot usage is at 100% for the entire duration of the query. You are using on-demand pricing. What is the most effective way to improve query performance?

A company is designing a monitoring strategy for a microservices application on Google Kubernetes Engine. They need to capture traces, metrics, and logs using a vendor-neutral approach. Which TWO components should they consider? (Choose 2)

A gaming company uses Cloud Spanner to store player profiles and game state. They need to run a one-time analytic query on historical data that would take minutes and cannot impact production performance. What is the best approach?

A company wants to implement granular cost tracking for their cloud resources. They need to attribute costs to specific teams and environments. Which approach should they use?

A service expects to receive 10,000 requests per second. The team needs to monitor request latency with an SLI that measures the proportion of requests that complete in under 100 ms. The latency distribution is right-skewed. Which approach should be used to define the SLI in Cloud Monitoring?

A company is migrating its on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They want to minimize downtime during the migration. Which TWO actions should they take?

A DevOps engineer is setting up Docker credential helper for Artifact Registry on a Cloud Build worker. They want the build steps to authenticate to Artifact Registry without storing service account keys. What is the recommended approach?

A data analytics company uses Bigtable for high-throughput writes. They notice that some rows are receiving a disproportionate number of reads and writes, causing performance degradation. Which tool should they use to identify and resolve this hot spotting issue?

A team is designing a CI/CD pipeline for a microservice that requires canary deployments with metrics-based rollback. They want to use Cloud Deploy and Cloud Run. Which three features must they configure? (Choose 3)

A team is migrating an on-premises MySQL database to Cloud SQL using DMS with continuous CDC. The source database uses public IP. The DMS connection profile for the source requires IP allowlisting. Which IP addresses should be allowlisted?

Which database service should you use if your workload requires complex JOINs, ACID transactions, and you want to avoid operational overhead of managing patching and backups?

A company uses Cloud Bigtable with replication across two regions. They want to ensure that read requests are automatically routed to the nearest available cluster with the lowest latency. Which routing policy should be configured?

An SRE team notices that a routine database cleanup task takes 30 minutes of manual effort each week. The task does not add enduring value and scales linearly with the number of databases. How should the team classify this work?

What is the most likely cause of the high execution time?

An engineer is building a CI/CD pipeline for a microservice that uses feature flags via LaunchDarkly. They want to automatically enable a new feature flag in a staging environment after deployment, but not in production. How should they integrate this into Cloud Deploy?

Which TWO are valid methods to define an SLI for a request-driven service? (Choose 2.)

A site reliability engineer needs to alert when the error budget burn rate exceeds 14x the budget over a 1-hour window. Which type of alert should be configured in Cloud Monitoring?

A company uses Artifact Registry to store Docker images. They want to enforce that only images signed by a trusted authority can be deployed to their GKE cluster. Which service should they use with Artifact Registry?

You are running a Cloud Run service that performs background image processing tasks after responding to HTTP requests. Users report that tasks are sometimes not completed. You have set CPU to always-on, but you notice the service's concurrency is set to the default of 80. What is the most likely cause of incomplete tasks?

During a blameless postmortem after an incident, the team identified that the root cause was a misconfigured load balancer health check. Which practice should the team prioritize to prevent recurrence?

A data analyst is running a BigQuery query that joins multiple tables to generate a BI report. The query is slow and uses many LEFT JOINs. What is the best approach to improve performance without changing the business logic?

Which THREE actions can reduce read latency for a globally distributed Cloud Spanner database?

An e-commerce platform uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They need to run complex reporting queries that join several tables. These queries are slowing down the transactional workload. What should they do?

A company runs a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance that is nearing its storage limit of 500 GB. The database administrator needs to increase storage capacity online without any downtime. What should they do?

A company is deploying a microservice to Cloud Run. They need to ensure that the service can handle sudden traffic spikes without cold starts. The service has a memory requirement of 2 GB and CPU usage is bursty. What should they configure?

A company runs a production Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance used by a web application. The instance experiences intermittent latency spikes during peak hours. You need to diagnose the cause without downtime. Which tool should you use first?

An organization wants to store Docker images in a private Google Cloud repository with vulnerability scanning enabled. Which service should they use?

A BI team uses BigQuery BI Engine to accelerate dashboards. They have a 100 GB table and enable BI Engine with a reservation of 10 GB. Some queries on this table are still slow. What is the most likely reason?

A DevOps team is designing a landing zone for a multi-team organization. They need to separate environments (prod, staging, dev) and also provide isolated projects for each team's sandbox testing. The team wants to centrally manage networking and security through a shared VPC. Which folder structure best supports this design?

A company uses Cloud Spanner for a global inventory application. They need to add a new index to a large table without downtime. What is the recommended approach?

A company has a parent-child relationship in Cloud Spanner. They want to minimize cross-table join latency. What should they use?

Which THREE considerations are important when designing a schema for Cloud Firestore to ensure scalability?

A data scientist runs a complex SQL query on a large BigQuery dataset and receives the above error. The query joins 10 tables and uses multiple window functions. Which action is most likely to resolve the issue?

A company needs to store petabytes of time-series IoT sensor data and query it with single-digit millisecond latency at millions of reads per second. The data has a simple key-value structure with timestamps. Which Google Cloud database is MOST appropriate?

A financial institution uses BigQuery for BI reporting. They have a table 'transactions' (10 TB) partitioned by transaction_date and clustered by customer_id. A common report filters on customer_id and last 30 days. The report is slow. Which change would most improve query performance for this specific report?

An organization requires a disaster recovery solution for Cloud SQL with a target RPO of less than 5 minutes and RTO of less than 2 hours. The primary region is us-central1, and the DR region is us-west1. Which approach should they use?

A team wants to improve incident response by creating a runbook for a common failure scenario: a database replication lag exceeds 5 seconds. Which Cloud Monitoring feature should be used to automatically trigger the runbook?

A team is designing a schema for a time-series database in Bigtable to store IoT sensor readings. Each sensor sends a reading every minute. The team needs to create a row key that supports efficient queries for a specific sensor's readings over a time range. Which row key design is most appropriate?

A company is designing a disaster recovery plan for their Cloud Bigtable instance. They need to ensure that in the event of a regional outage, they can failover to a secondary region with minimal data loss and automatic re-routing of traffic. Which TWO actions should they take? (Choose two.)

A team is using Firestore in Native mode. They have a collection 'users' with an array field 'roles'. They need to query all users where roles contains 'admin'. What index configuration is required?

A company is performing a heterogeneous migration from Oracle to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL using Ora2Pg. During testing, they find that a stored procedure using Oracle's PL/SQL `DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE` does not execute after conversion. What is the most likely issue, and how should it be resolved?

A Cloud Bigtable instance is configured with asynchronous replication across two regions for disaster recovery. The team needs to ensure that read-after-write consistency is maintained within a region. Which three strategies should they implement? (Choose THREE.)

A company wants to implement a landing zone with centralized logging and monitoring. Which TWO services should they use to collect and analyze logs from all projects? (Choose 2)

Your Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance is experiencing intermittent slowdowns during peak hours. You notice that the CPU utilization spikes to 80% and the number of connections increases. The application team confirms they are not running any new queries. What should you do first to diagnose the issue?

What is the correct way to create a Spanner instance with 2 nodes?

A company uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL and wants to create a cross-region read replica for disaster recovery (DR) purposes. They also want the option to promote the replica to a standalone instance in the event of a regional outage. What should the engineer do?

A small business runs a Cloud SQL instance with 10 GB data. They want to automate daily backups with 7-day retention. They also need to restore quickly if needed. What is the simplest solution?

You need to transfer 10 TB of data from on-premises servers to Cloud Storage for loading into Bigtable. Which method is the most efficient and reliable for this volume?

A data team uses BigQuery and wants to ensure data freshness for BI reports with low latency. Which three techniques can help achieve near-real-time updates? (Select THREE).

You are designing a Firestore database for a chat application. Documents will store messages with fields: senderId, messageText, timestamp, conversationId. To efficiently retrieve the most recent 50 messages in a conversation, which index should you create?

A BI team uses a complex SQL query with multiple Common Table Expressions (CTEs) that are referenced several times within the main query. The query performs poorly. What is the best optimization strategy?

A data engineer is designing a BI solution in BigQuery for a retail chain. They need to support queries that aggregate sales by store, product, and date across millions of transactions. The data is loaded in near real-time from Cloud Pub/Sub. Which table design provides the best balance of query performance and cost?

A retail company is designing a Cloud Spanner schema for an order management system. Orders are identified by a UUID and contain multiple line items. Each line item references a product. Which schema design best supports high read throughput for queries that retrieve all line items for a given order?

A company runs a MySQL database on-premises and wants to migrate to Cloud SQL with minimal downtime. They have a multi-terabyte database. Which migration method is most appropriate?

You are designing a schema for Cloud Spanner and need to avoid write hotspots. Which primary key design strategy is recommended?

A company is designing a schema for Cloud Spanner for an order management system. They need to ensure efficient joins between Order and OrderItems tables. Which TWO design practices should they adopt? (Choose 2)

A company is migrating their on-premises Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They want to test the converted stored procedures using unit tests. Which framework should they use?

An SRE team wants to define an SLO for a microservice that processes HTTP requests. They need an SLI that measures the proportion of requests that are answered within 200ms with a non-5xx status code. Which type of SLI should they use?

An organization is migrating an Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL using Ora2Pg. During testing, a stored procedure that uses Oracle's SYSDATE produces incorrect results. What is the correct approach to handle this conversion?

Your Cloud SQL for SQL Server instance has a query that uses a non-clustered index to filter rows but then performs key lookups to retrieve additional columns. The query is slow. Which database tuning option would most likely reduce I/O?

A financial services company uses Cloud Spanner for a globally distributed application. They need to add a new column to an existing table that contains billions of rows. The change must not cause any downtime or performance degradation. How should the engineer implement this schema change?

An organization wants to use a GitOps workflow for infrastructure deployment with Terraform. They use GitHub as the source of truth and want to automatically apply Terraform changes when a pull request is merged to the main branch. They need to review Terraform plans before apply. Which solution meets these requirements?

A developer has deployed a new version of an application that uses Cloud SQL. After the deployment, you notice a sharp increase in the number of slow queries. What should you do first to identify the problematic queries?

An engineer wants to use Skaffold for local development and for CI/CD on Google Cloud. Which feature allows Skaffold to run on Cloud Build and deploy to GKE?

A company wants to migrate from an on-premises MySQL database to Cloud SQL. They need to minimize downtime and ensure data consistency. Which two steps should they include in the migration plan? (Choose TWO.)

A DevOps engineer is configuring a Cloud Build pipeline that needs to deploy to a Cloud Run service in a VPC Service Controls perimeter. The build must access resources within the VPC. What should they use?

A company runs a BigQuery data warehouse with many scheduled queries and materialized views. They notice that materialized view refreshes are taking longer than expected, causing delays in downstream reports. What is the most effective optimization?

Match each database migration term to its description.

A company is migrating their on-premises MySQL database to Cloud SQL using Database Migration Service (DMS). The source database is MySQL 5.7, and the target is a Cloud SQL MySQL 8.0 instance. The migration job is set to continuous, but after the full dump phase, the CDC phase keeps failing with the error 'binary log not found'. What is the most likely cause?

A team uses GitOps with Config Sync to manage multiple GKE clusters. They want to ensure that if a configuration change is applied to the git repository, it is automatically synced to all clusters within minutes. What must be configured?

An SRE team uses Cloud Monitoring SLOs with an error budget policy. They want to receive an alert when the error budget is consumed at a fast burn rate, using a 1-hour lookback window. The SLO is 99.9% over 30 days. The error budget is 43.2 minutes. What burn rate threshold should be used?

You are migrating a relational database to Cloud Bigtable. The source schema has a Users table and an Orders table with a one-to-many relationship. The application frequently queries all orders for a user. Which three Bigtable schema design practices should you apply?

A team wants to automate the response to a common incident: restarting a service when it becomes unhealthy. Which GCP service is best suited to trigger a Cloud Function based on a Cloud Monitoring alert?

Your organization mandates that all application logs must be structured JSON and include a trace ID for correlation with Cloud Trace. Developers are using various logging libraries. Which approach ensures consistent structured logging across all services with minimal code changes?

A Cloud Spanner database is experiencing high latency for point reads. The table has a primary key of (CustomerID, OrderDate). Most reads are by CustomerID only. What should the engineer do?

A company is migrating their on-premises MySQL database to Cloud SQL. The database is 500 GB and they have a 1 Gbps network connection. They want to minimize downtime. Which THREE steps should they take?

A Cloud Memorystore for Redis instance needs to ensure data is not lost during a maintenance event. The team decides to enable persistence. However, Memorystore does not support Redis persistence. What is the recommended alternative?

A gaming company ingests player clickstream data in real time via Cloud Pub/Sub. They need to aggregate events per player session in BigQuery with exactly-once semantics. Which architecture minimizes latency and cost?

A DevOps team is adopting trunk-based development for their Terraform configurations. They want to ensure that all changes are tested before being applied to production. Which THREE practices should they implement?

A gaming company is designing a leaderboard using Cloud Spanner. The leaderboard updates scores in real time and supports queries for top players. Which THREE strategies should they implement to achieve high performance and avoid hotspots? (Choose 3)

A financial services company uses Cloud Spanner for transaction processing. They notice increased latency during peak hours. They suspect a hot spot. What is the best way to diagnose the issue?

A company wants to ensure point-in-time recovery for their PostgreSQL database on Cloud SQL. What must they enable?

A company uses Cloud Spanner with a multi-region configuration (nam7) to support a global user base. They notice increased read latency for users in Europe, while write latency is acceptable. The database engineer observes that most queries are single-row reads using the primary key. What is the best approach to reduce read latency for European users?

An organization needs to design a disaster recovery plan for Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL with an RPO of 10 seconds and an RTO of 5 minutes. Which TWO solutions meet these requirements? (Choose 2)

A DevOps team has a GKE workload that experiences fluctuating traffic. They want to automatically adjust the number of pods based on CPU utilization. Which resource should they configure?

A DevOps team wants to create a custom metric in Cloud Monitoring that counts the number of failed login attempts per user per minute. This metric should be of type DELTA. What is the correct approach?

A gaming company uses Cloud Bigtable to store player session data. The row key is player_id (UUID) and they have a column family 'sessions' with multiple columns per session. They want to query all sessions for a specific player in a given time range efficiently. Which row key design improvement should they consider?

A company has a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance that experiences high CPU usage during peak hours due to read-heavy queries. Which optimization is most effective for reducing CPU load?

A company is planning to use Cloud Spanner for a new global application. They estimate a peak write throughput of 10,000 mutations per second. What is the minimum number of processing units (PUs) required, given that each PU supports up to 2000 mutations/second?

A company runs a Spanner instance with a single region configuration. They are experiencing increased latency for writes when there is a network disruption between their application and the Spanner instance. The application is deployed in the same region. What should the database engineer do to minimize write latency during such disruptions?

A DevOps engineer is designing a shared VPC topology for a multi-project environment. Which service project permission allows a project to use subnets from a host project?

A team is using Cloud Spanner for a global user database. They frequently run JOIN queries between a Users table and an Orders table. The queries are slow and the team suspects they are causing cross-node fan-out. Which schema design technique would reduce latency by co-locating related data?

You manage a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance that handles OLTP workloads. Users in a different region report slow query response times. You notice that the database CPU utilization is below 30%, but network latency is high. What is the most cost-effective solution to reduce query latency without migrating the database?

A site reliability engineer defines a service's availability SLI as the percentage of successful requests. Which of the following is the correct formula for this SLI?

A company is designing a BigQuery data warehouse for sales analytics. They want to minimize query costs when aggregating daily sales by region and product. Which two methods are effective? (Select TWO).

An engineer is manually migrating a MySQL database to Cloud SQL using mysqldump and mysql import. They need to ensure the dump captures a consistent snapshot without locking InnoDB tables. Which mysqldump flags should they use?

A startup is building a mobile app with a relational database backend. They expect moderate traffic and need strong consistency, automatic backups, and point-in-time recovery. Which two Google Cloud database services meet these requirements? (Choose TWO.)

Based on the exhibit from Cloud Spanner Query Insights, what is the most likely performance issue?

Your team uses Cloud Bigtable for a time-series data analytics platform. You observe that the write throughput has dropped significantly, and Cloud Monitoring shows that most of the CPU usage is concentrated on a few nodes. The remaining nodes have low CPU usage. The data model uses sequential timestamps as row keys, and the application writes data for many different sensors. Each sensor ID is part of the row key. What is the most effective action to resolve this hot spotting?

Your team uses Cloud Monitoring to set up an alerting policy for high CPU utilization. You want the policy to trigger only if CPU usage exceeds 80% for at least 5 minutes. Which condition configuration should you use?

A company uses Cloud Run and wants to deploy a new revision that initially receives 5% of traffic, and only if it's healthy, gradually increase to 100%. Which gcloud command should they use?

A Memorystore for Redis instance is experiencing out-of-memory errors, causing keys to be evicted. The application relies on all keys being present. The current maxmemory-policy is allkeys-lru. What should the engineer do to prevent evictions?

You are designing disaster recovery for a globally distributed application using Cloud Spanner with a multi-region configuration. The application requires an RPO of 0 and an RTO of less than 5 seconds in the event of a full region failure. Which Spanner configuration provides these guarantees?

A retail company uses Cloud Spanner to store product inventory data. The table structure is: CREATE TABLE Inventory ( ProductId INT64 NOT NULL, WarehouseId INT64 NOT NULL, StockLevel INT64 NOT NULL, LastUpdated TIMESTAMP NOT NULL OPTIONS (allow_commit_timestamp=true) ) PRIMARY KEY (ProductId, WarehouseId); The application frequently runs the query: SELECT ProductId, SUM(StockLevel) AS TotalStock FROM Inventory WHERE WarehouseId = 123 GROUP BY ProductId. The query is slow and scans many rows. The index used is: CREATE INDEX InventoryByWarehouse ON Inventory (WarehouseId); What is the most effective schema change to improve query performance?

A retail company uses BigQuery to analyze sales data. They need to create a weekly report showing total sales per product category for the last 4 weeks, but the query is taking too long and exceeding slot resources. The sales table has over 2 billion rows and is partitioned by date. Which design change would most improve query performance and reduce slot consumption?

A company is deploying a microservice on Cloud Run that needs to handle up to 1000 concurrent requests per instance. The default concurrency setting is 80. How should they configure the service to achieve the desired concurrency?

A service has an SLO of 99.9% availability over a 30-day rolling window. The team wants to use Cloud Monitoring to create a request-based SLO. Which configuration is correct?

A multinational corporation uses BigQuery to combine sales data from multiple regions. Each region stores data in separate tables with identical schemas. The BI team needs to create a unified view for a dashboard that queries data by region and product. Which TWO strategies should the data engineer implement to optimize query performance and reduce costs?

A company uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL and needs to add a full-text search capability to a table with product descriptions. Which index type should be used?

A healthcare analytics company uses Cloud Bigtable to store time-series data from medical devices. The table has a row key of 'device_id#timestamp' where timestamp is stored in reverse order (max - timestamp) so that recent data is at the top. Queries that fetch data for a specific device over a date range are very fast. However, analysts also need to run queries that aggregate data across all devices for a specific hour (e.g., count of readings between 2023-01-01 10:00 and 11:00). These queries are extremely slow because they require scanning all rows. The team must redesign the schema to support both access patterns without duplicating data unnecessarily. What is the best approach?

A company is running a production Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance and wants to implement point-in-time recovery (PITR) with a 7-day retention window. They also need to ensure that automated backups are taken daily. Which two configurations must be enabled? (Choose TWO.)

An engineer is configuring a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance for an OLTP workload. The instance has 30 GB of RAM and expects up to 2000 concurrent connections. The default max_connections is 100. The engineer needs to set max_connections appropriately based on Google's recommendation. What should the max_connections be set to?

You have a Cloud Spanner table 'Orders' with columns: OrderId, CustomerId, OrderDate, Status. You need to support a query that finds all orders for a customer in the last 30 days, sorted by OrderDate descending, with strong consistency. Using only indexes, what is the best approach?

Your Cloud Spanner instance is experiencing high write latency and hot spots on a table that uses an auto-incrementing integer as the primary key. Which change would best mitigate the hot spots?

A company needs to define backup retention policies for Cloud SQL, Spanner, and Bigtable to meet compliance requirements. Which THREE statements about backup retention are correct? (Choose three.)

A company runs an e-commerce platform on Cloud SQL for MySQL. They need to comply with a policy that requires database backups to be retained for 365 days. They also need to restore to any point within the last 30 days. How should they configure their backup settings?

An organization wants to enforce that all Cloud Run services are not publicly accessible. Which organization policy should they use?

A BI analyst wants to create a report that displays total revenue by product category and month, with ability to drill down to individual products. Which schema design supports this in BigQuery?

A company uses Cloud Bigtable with two clusters in different regions for disaster recovery. They need to ensure that if the primary cluster becomes unavailable, read traffic is automatically redirected to the secondary cluster with minimal manual intervention. Which three actions should they take? (Choose THREE)

A team wants to reduce toil by automating a recurring cloud resource update. Which THREE Google Cloud services can be used together to build an automated pipeline? (Choose 3 answers)

A team is using Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL and wants to monitor replication lag on their read replicas. Which metric should they use?

A DevOps engineer is bootstrapping a new organization. They need to set up a centralized logging project to collect audit logs from all projects. What is the required step to enable cross-project log sinks?

During an Oracle to PostgreSQL migration using Ora2Pg, a NUMBER(10,2) column is being mapped. Which PostgreSQL data type should be used to preserve precision and scale?

A team's SLO for availability is 99.9% over a 30-day window. They have consumed 80% of their error budget halfway through the month. What is the remaining allowed downtime for the rest of the month?

An engineer needs to build a Docker image using Cloud Build and ensure the image is cached across builds to speed up subsequent runs. The build uses Kaniko. What should the engineer add to the cloudbuild.yaml to enable layer caching?

A team is planning a migration from PostgreSQL to Cloud SQL with minimal downtime. They have set up DMS continuous migration. At cutover time, they need to ensure no data loss. What should they verify before promoting the destination?

A team is designing a Bigtable schema for a real-time fraud detection system. The row key includes device ID and timestamp. They need to avoid hotspotting during high write periods. Which two row key design patterns help achieve this? (Choose TWO.)

You are designing a monitoring strategy for a GKE cluster. You need to collect application metrics, traces, and logs in a vendor-neutral way, and export them to Google Cloud. Which TWO components should you use? (Choose two.)

A company uses Firestore in Native mode. They have a collection with 1 million documents and frequently run queries that filter on two fields: status and createdAt. The queries are slow. What should the team do?

Your application uses Firestore for real-time updates. You notice increasing read latency during peak hours. The database is in Native mode with a single-location (us-central1). After reviewing metrics, you see that the number of document reads has not changed significantly, but the database size has grown. What is the most likely cause and solution?

A startup is building a BI stack on Google Cloud. They have moderate data volumes and need to run ad-hoc analytical queries and real-time dashboards. Which Google Cloud database service is most appropriate for this workload?

A startup is using Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL and wants to minimize downtime during maintenance. The application can tolerate a few minutes of read-only mode. Which configuration should they use?

A company is using Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL and needs to perform a disaster recovery drill by promoting a read replica to a standalone instance. They also need to ensure the replica is as current as possible before promotion. Which TWO steps should they take? (Choose two.)

An engineer is tuning Cloud Spanner performance for a database that experiences high read latency on parent-child queries. The database schema uses a table for Users and a table for Orders with a foreign key on user_id. The Orders table has a secondary index on order_date. Which TWO actions can improve query performance? (Choose TWO)

Which TWO statements correctly describe characteristics of toil in SRE? (Choose 2 answers)

You need to set up a notification channel for alerts that sends messages to a custom internal incident management system via a webhook. Which notification channel type should you use?

An SRE team uses PagerDuty for on-call rotation. They receive a critical alert at 2 AM. According to incident management best practices, what should the on-call engineer do first?

A company has a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance with a read replica in another region. They want to perform disaster recovery testing without affecting the primary. What should they do?

An organization runs a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance for its e-commerce platform. During a load test, they notice the CPU utilization consistently exceeds 80% and queries are slowing down. The instance is using 2 vCPUs. The team needs to improve performance with minimal downtime. What should they do?

A team wants to create a log-based metric that counts ERROR log entries grouped by the service name extracted from a JSON field. The log entries are structured JSON with a 'service' key. Which type of log-based metric should they create?

You have a Cloud Monitoring alerting policy that triggers when CPU usage exceeds 80% for 5 minutes. You want to add documentation to the alert that includes a link to a runbook and labels indicating the affected service. How can you achieve this?

A DevOps engineer wants to create an alerting policy that fires when the 99th percentile of request latency exceeds 2000 ms for any 5-minute window. Which metric type and aggregation should they use?

A team is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL 13 database to AlloyDB using DMS continuous migration. During the CDC phase, the migration job shows an error: 'ERROR: could not start WAL streaming: ERROR: replication slots are not enabled on the source.' The source is running in Google Cloud Compute Engine. What is the most likely cause?

A microservice running on Cloud Run is logging structured JSON payloads. You want to correlate logs with distributed traces using Cloud Trace. Which field should you include in the log entry to enable automatic correlation?

A data analyst reports that a BI dashboard query on BigQuery is taking over 30 seconds to execute. The table is partitioned by date and clustered by customer_id. The query filters on a specific date range and aggregates sales by customer. What is the most likely cause of the slow performance?

A Cloud Spanner database has a table with a primary key (UserId, Timestamp). Queries that filter by Timestamp range for a specific UserId are fast, but queries that filter only by Timestamp range across all users are slow. Which TWO improvements would help?

A company runs a critical application on Cloud SQL for MySQL with an HA configuration. They want to test their disaster recovery plan without affecting production. They need to validate that a cross-region read replica can be promoted successfully in the event of a regional outage. Which approach should they take?

A financial services company is migrating a legacy on-premises OLTP application to Google Cloud. The application requires high transaction rates (thousands per second), strict ACID compliance, and the ability to scale horizontally across multiple regions with strong consistency. Which Google Cloud database service should the company choose?

A team is conducting a blameless postmortem after a production incident. Which three actions are part of an effective blameless postmortem process? (Choose 3)

A team uses Cloud Build to build a container image using Kaniko. They want to cache layers to speed up subsequent builds. What should they configure in their cloudbuild.yaml to enable Kaniko layer caching?

A data analyst needs to create a reporting table that aggregates sales data by month. They want to ensure the table is optimized for querying by month and product category. Which table design best supports this?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer creates these tables and notices that queries joining Users and Orders on UserId are slow. What is the most likely cause?

A team wants to implement chaos engineering on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) to test resilience against pod failures. Which tool is designed for injecting faults into GKE clusters?

A user runs the query above on a large table and receives an out-of-memory error. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating a large on-premise Hadoop workload to Google Cloud. The data is stored in HBase and consists of time-series logs with 10 PB of data. They need a fully managed NoSQL solution with high throughput and low latency. Which migration path should they choose?

A company is designing a Cloud Spanner database for a global financial application. They need to minimize latency for customer queries while handling write-heavy workloads. The current design uses a single-region instance in us-central1. Which approach should they take to reduce latency for users in Europe?

An engineer needs to troubleshoot a performance issue where a specific function in a Go application is consuming excessive CPU. They want to identify the exact lines of code causing the bottleneck with minimal overhead. Which Google Cloud tool should they use?

An application is emitting structured JSON logs that include a 'request_id' field used for correlation. The team wants to enable log correlation with Cloud Trace so they can navigate from a log entry to its trace. What must they include in the log entry?

A team is migrating a MySQL database to Cloud SQL using DMS. They need to configure the source database for binary logging. Which TWO parameters must be set correctly?

A company wants to set up error budget alerting in Cloud Monitoring for a service with a 99.9% SLO over 30 days. They want to receive alerts when the error budget burn rate reaches certain thresholds. Which TWO of the following are typical recommendations for alerting thresholds?

A Cloud Spanner database is experiencing high CPU utilization (above 80%). The team wants to add an index to optimize a frequently used query. The schema change must not cause downtime. How should they proceed?

A company uses Cloud Build to deploy to Cloud Run. They want to use a custom service account for the deployment step, not the default Cloud Build service account. How should they configure this?

A Cloud Spanner instance has a single node and is experiencing high write contention. The workload is 3000 writes per second with 2 KB mutations. Which two changes would improve write throughput? (Choose TWO.)

You are designing a Cloud Bigtable schema for a time-series application that stores temperature readings from sensors. Each reading has a sensor ID (string), a timestamp (microseconds), and a temperature value. Queries always filter by sensor ID and a time range. Which row key design is optimal?

A company needs a fully managed, relational database with strong consistency and global distribution for a travel booking application that supports high concurrency and ACID transactions. Which Google Cloud database should they choose?

A team is using Helm charts to deploy to GKE. They want to manage environment-specific values (dev, staging, prod) while keeping a single chart. Which approach is recommended?

An organization wants to implement policy-as-code to validate Terraform plans against security policies before applying them. They are using Terraform Cloud (TFE). Which tool is natively integrated with Terraform Cloud for policy checks?

A company is adopting Infrastructure as Code with Terraform and wants to enforce policy as code using Open Policy Agent (OPA). Which THREE components are required to implement this in a CI/CD pipeline? (Choose THREE.)

A team uses Cloud Deploy with a delivery pipeline that has dev, staging, and prod targets. They want to automatically deploy to staging after a successful deployment to dev, but require manual approval before promoting to prod. How should they configure this?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They need to ensure minimal downtime and maintain ongoing replication until cutover. Which approach should they use?

What is the primary purpose of a blameless postmortem in incident management?

What should be adjusted to improve performance and resolve the connection error?

An organization has a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance that stores sensitive data. They need to encrypt the data at rest using a customer-managed encryption key (CMEK). The database engineer creates a Cloud KMS key ring and key, and configures the Cloud SQL instance to use CMEK. However, after 30 days, the instance becomes inaccessible and the error message indicates the CMEK key is disabled. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating from PostgreSQL to AlloyDB using DMS. They need to set up logical replication on the source. Which THREE components are required for PostgreSQL logical replication?

Which THREE are components of an effective incident management process? (Choose 3.)

Which THREE metrics from Cloud Monitoring are important for monitoring Cloud Bigtable performance?

You want to create a dashboard-as-code for Cloud Monitoring using the API. You have a JSON representation of the dashboard. Which command correctly creates the dashboard?

Which THREE of the following SQL techniques are commonly used to improve BI query performance in BigQuery?

A company uses BigQuery for BI reporting. They have a materialized view that refreshes automatically to provide pre-aggregated sales data. Recently, the materialized view stopped reflecting new data inserted into the base table. The base table is a streaming buffer table with ingestion-time partitioning. What is the most likely reason?

A team is using Cloud Build to build Docker images and push them to Artifact Registry. They want to speed up builds by caching the Docker layers. Which approach is recommended for caching in Cloud Build?

A company uses Cloud Build with GitHub triggers. The build pipeline runs tests, builds a Docker image, and pushes it to Artifact Registry. Recently, builds started failing with '403 Forbidden' when pushing to Artifact Registry. The Cloud Build service account has the Artifact Registry Writer role. What else could be causing the failure?

An SRE team is setting up an on-call rotation for incident response. They want to use a tool that integrates with Cloud Monitoring and can escalate incidents if not acknowledged. Which service should they integrate with Cloud Monitoring?

Which TWO actions can a team take immediately to resolve a Cloud SQL instance running out of storage?

An engineer is migrating a 20 TB PostgreSQL database to AlloyDB using DMS continuous migration. The full dump phase is taking longer than expected. Which THREE factors could affect the duration of the full dump phase? (Choose THREE.)

A site reliability team wants to reduce toil in their incident management process. They currently receive alerts via email and manually create tickets, page the on-call engineer, and update a shared spreadsheet. Which TWO Google Cloud services can help automate these tasks and reduce toil?

A company runs Memorystore for Redis with a Standard tier instance. They want to scale to higher throughput and memory capacity beyond the current tier limits. Which TWO actions should they take?

A company uses Helm charts to manage Kubernetes deployments. They want to integrate Skaffold into their CI/CD pipeline for local development and continuous deployment to GKE. Which Skaffold feature is MOST relevant for applying environment-specific configurations?

A SQL query with multiple JOINs is returning duplicate rows. What is the most likely cause?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of toil as defined by SRE?

Which TWO data types are supported in Cloud Spanner schemas?

During an incident, the incident commander decides to escalate to a higher severity level. Which of the following best describes the incident commander's primary responsibility?

Refer to the exhibit. You receive the following query output showing bytes processed for a BigQuery query. The table is partitioned by date and clustered on country. What is the most likely reason for the high bytes processed?

A team is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL. The current schema uses a composite primary key on columns (customer_id, order_date) in the orders table. The migration team wants to reduce the cost of secondary indexes. Which schema design change should they consider?

An application uses Cloud SQL (MySQL) and experiences an increasing number of 'too many connections' errors. The current instance has 4 vCPUs and 15GB of RAM. The application's connection pool is configured for 500 connections. What should the engineer do to resolve this error?

A company uses Cloud Bigtable for real-time analytics. They need to implement disaster recovery across regions with a recovery point objective (RPO) of no more than 5 minutes and recovery time objective (RTO) under 10 minutes. Which approach should they take?

A team uses Terraform and wants to enforce policy checks before code is committed to the repository. Which TWO tools can be used for pre-commit policy as code checks? (Choose 2)

A Firestore database is used for a social app. A collection of posts has indexes on fields `author` and `timestamp`. The query `where author == 'user1' order by timestamp desc limit 10` is performing a large number of document reads. What is the likely cause?

Your company is deploying a new application on Google Cloud and needs to choose a database solution. The application requires strong transactional consistency, complex SQL queries, and the ability to scale horizontally for read-heavy workloads. Which database service should you recommend?

A startup is building a mobile app that requires a highly available, globally distributed, low-latency NoSQL database. The data model is key-value with occasional queries on a secondary field. Which database service should they choose?

Which TWO database services are fully managed and support global distribution of data for low-latency reads and writes?

You are responsible for a Cloud Spanner instance that serves a global user base. A new feature requires adding an index on a column of an existing table that contains millions of rows. The table is actively used by production traffic. What is the recommended approach to add the index with minimal impact?

Your team has an alerting policy that fires frequently but the on-call engineer has difficulty understanding the impact. You want to add contextual information such as a runbook URL and severity label. What should you do?

An organization wants to use Cloud Build to automatically build and test code changes when a developer pushes to any branch in a Cloud Source Repositories repository. Which two configurations are needed?

A team uses Helm charts to deploy applications to GKE. They want to use Kustomize to manage environment-specific overlays for different clusters. Which two tools or approaches can they combine to achieve this?

Which TWO actions should be taken to enable layer caching for Docker builds using Kaniko in Cloud Build? (Choose two.)

A company has a BigQuery table partitioned by ingestion time. They want to create a BI report showing month-over-month revenue growth. To minimize query cost, what should they do?

A company uses Firestore to power a live sports score app. Scores are updated frequently, and many clients listen to real-time updates on specific games. Which two design decisions will minimize the number of reads and reduce costs? (Choose two.)

A Cloud Spanner application experiences high write latency on a table with a monotonically increasing primary key. Which schema change will most effectively reduce latency?

A company is designing a Cloud Spanner database for a global supply chain application. The schema includes a table 'Shipments' with columns: shipment_id (INT64), created_at (TIMESTAMP), origin (STRING), destination (STRING), status (STRING). The application frequently queries for shipments by origin and status. Which three design choices optimize query performance? (Choose THREE.)

An organization wants to enforce that Compute Engine instances cannot have public IP addresses. Which organization policy constraint should be applied?

A Cloud Pub/Sub subscription is processing a high volume of messages, but the subscriber frequently receives messages that have already been processed (duplicates). The subscriber's processing time varies from 100 ms to 10 seconds. Which parameter should be adjusted to reduce duplicates while maintaining throughput?

A global gaming company uses Cloud Spanner for player profiles and game state. The schema includes a table 'PlayerStats' with a primary key (PlayerId, GameId, Timestamp). The table stores millions of rows per player. The application frequently runs a query to fetch the most recent stats for a given player across all games, using ORDER BY Timestamp DESC LIMIT 10. This query is slow, taking several seconds. The team adds a secondary index on (PlayerId, Timestamp) but still sees high CPU usage and latency. They need to redesign the schema to optimize this query without changing the application logic significantly. What should they do?

An organization is migrating a large on-premises MySQL database to Cloud SQL using DMS. They want to minimize downtime. Which TWO configurations should they implement? (Choose 2)

What is the maximum backup retention period for Cloud Spanner backups?

A company is migrating a 10 TB Teradata data warehouse to BigQuery. They need to convert Teradata DDL and BTEQ scripts to BigQuery SQL. Which Google Cloud service should they use?

An engineer is configuring a Cloud Build trigger for a Java application. The build step uses Maven to compile and test, then builds a Docker image. Which cloudbuild.yaml step configuration is CORRECT for specifying the Maven command?

A gaming company uses Cloud Bigtable for player state data with two clusters in different regions (us-central1 and us-west1) for disaster recovery. They need to ensure that read traffic automatically fails over to the secondary cluster if the primary cluster becomes unhealthy. They currently have a weighted DNS routing policy. Which additional configuration is required?

Refer to the exhibit. You receive an alert from this policy for a Cloud Spanner instance. Which action should you take first?

Refer to the exhibit. A data engineer created a materialized view on a table that receives streaming inserts. When they query the materialized view, they get this error. What is the most likely cause?

A startup is building a mobile app backend with high-concurrency user authentication and profile updates. They need strong consistency and ACID transactions. Which database service should they choose?

You are designing a Spanner schema for a global inventory system. The table Products has primary key (ProductId STRING). The table Inventory has primary key (ProductId STRING, WarehouseId INT64) and is interleaved in Products. You expect high write throughput on Inventory. Which TWO design choices will help avoid hotspots?

A company runs a BigQuery data warehouse. They notice that query performance has degraded over time. The data is loaded daily from Cloud Storage using batch loads. Which action is most likely to improve query performance?

During cutover of a Database Migration Service continuous migration job, the engineer observes that the source database still receives writes after promoting the destination Cloud SQL instance. What should the engineer do to complete the migration?

A data warehouse in BigQuery stores event logs with nested and repeated fields (e.g., page views within a session). Which schema type is optimal for storing this data?

Arrange the steps to import data from Cloud Storage into Cloud Firestore using a managed import.

Your company runs a global e-commerce platform on Google Cloud Spanner. The database schema includes an 'Orders' table with primary key (OrderId, CustomerId) and an 'OrderItems' table with primary key (OrderId, CustomerId, ItemId), interleaved in parent Orders on delete cascade. During peak shopping hours, you notice that queries retrieving all items for a specific order are performing full table scans on the OrderItems table, leading to increased latency and higher CPU utilization. The queries use the OrderId as the filter condition. The database administrators have already checked that the query plans show table scans instead of using the interleaved index. You are tasked with resolving this performance issue. Which of the following actions should you take?

You are building a dashboard in Cloud Monitoring to display CPU utilization of Compute Engine instances. Which TWO chart types are appropriate for showing trends over time? (Select 2)

Your company runs a global gaming platform using Cloud Spanner as the backend database. The platform has millions of users who play concurrently. You receive reports that during peak hours (7-10 PM UTC), some users experience 'DEADLINE_EXCEEDED' errors and high latency on write operations. You have already verified that there are no hot keys and that the schema uses primary keys with hash prefixes. Monitoring shows CPU utilization averages 60% but spikes to 80% during the peak. The average commit latency is 50ms during peak, and the transaction rate is 10,000 writes per second. The instance currently has 100 nodes. The application team indicates that writes are primarily player score updates. What should you do to resolve the performance issue?

A migration from Oracle to PostgreSQL using Ora2Pg is complete. The team wants to run unit tests on the converted stored procedures to ensure they produce correct results. Which tool is most suitable for this purpose?

An SRE team implements error budget alerting using Cloud Monitoring. They want to set a 'fast burn' alert that triggers when the error budget burn rate exceeds 14x over a 1-hour window. What is the purpose of this alert?

A company wants to set up an alert that fires if any Compute Engine instance has a CPU utilization above 80% for more than 5 minutes. They have thousands of instances. Which alerting condition type and configuration is most efficient?

You are managing a Memorystore for Redis cluster with standard tier (persistence disabled). The application experiences occasional latency spikes while performing SET operations. You observe that the 'evicted_keys' metric spikes during the spikes. What is the most effective solution?

An engineer is configuring a cloudbuild.yaml file. They want two build steps (unit tests and linting) to run simultaneously, and after both complete, a third step (package) should run. How should they configure waitFor in the package step?

A company uses Cloud SQL for MySQL to run an e-commerce application. They need to ensure that they can recover the database to any point within the last 4 days. They also want to minimize storage costs. Which configuration should they use?

A company is migrating a relational database to Cloud Bigtable. The source schema has a customers table and an orders table with a foreign key. Which data model approach is recommended for Bigtable?

A startup uses Memorystore for Redis as a session store. They are concerned about losing session data if the instance fails. Which option provides the best durability for session data without significant application changes?

A BigQuery dataset contains a table with a STRUCT column for customer address. The BI team needs to query the city field from the struct. Which two approaches are valid? (Select TWO).

A gaming company uses Memorystore for Redis to cache player session data. They need to ensure high availability with automatic failover in case of a zone failure. Which configuration should the Database Engineer choose?

An organization uses Binary Authorization with Container Analysis to enforce that only images that have passed vulnerability scanning and have been signed by an approved authority can be deployed to GKE. A DevOps engineer notices that an unsigned image is still being deployed. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating a large Oracle database to Cloud Spanner. They need to define the schema for relational tables with foreign keys. Which THREE considerations are important when designing the Spanner schema? (Choose three.)

A company wants to enforce that all Cloud Run services must not be publicly accessible. They need a preventive control rather than a detective one. Which approach should they use?

A company runs near-real-time dashboards on BigQuery that query a table partitioned by day and clustered by user_id. The most common query filters on user_id and then aggregates sales over the last 7 days. However, many queries still scan full partitions. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Cloud Firestore in Datastore mode for a multi-tenant SaaS application. Each tenant has a separate namespace. The application has grown rapidly, and the database engineer notices that write throughput is degrading. Monitoring shows that the number of writes per second is high but within Firestore limits. However, the latency for writes is increasing linearly with the number of tenants. The engineer suspects that index management is causing the problem. The current schema uses automatic indexes for all properties. What is the best corrective action?

A developer wants to use Cloud Build to deploy a container to Cloud Run. They have written a cloudbuild.yaml file with a step that runs gcloud run deploy. The build fails with a permission error. What is the most likely cause?

A startup is building a BI system on Cloud SQL (PostgreSQL) for small-to-medium datasets. The data warehouse includes a fact table 'sales_fact' with millions of rows and dimension tables. The BI team reports that 'sales_fact' queries are slow despite proper indexing. What design change would most likely improve performance?

A company is migrating a Teradata data warehouse to BigQuery. They need to convert Teradata DDL and BTEQ scripts to BigQuery-compatible SQL. Which TWO services or tools should they use? (Choose 2 correct answers.)

The exhibit shows query metadata for a query that scans 10 GB. Given the table is 100 GB and partitioned by hire_date, why did the query scan 10 GB and not less?

A company uses Cloud Build to build Docker images. They want to cache intermediate layers to speed up subsequent builds. The build runs on a private pool with access to Artifact Registry. Which caching approach should they use?

You are a cloud database engineer for a financial services firm. The firm uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL to support a BI reporting tool. The main table 'transactions' has 500 million rows and is growing daily. Reports often run aggregations over date ranges and group by account_id. The 'transactions' table has indexes on date and account_id separately. Despite these indexes, the reporting queries are slow, often taking over 30 minutes. The database is deployed on a high-memory machine with 32 vCPUs and 256 GB RAM. You notice that the queries perform sequential scans instead of using indexes. What is the most likely reason, and what single change would you make to improve performance?

Order the steps to migrate an on-premises MySQL database to Cloud SQL using Database Migration Service (DMS).

A financial services company uses BigQuery to run complex analytical queries on trading data. They notice that a particular query joining a large fact table (10 TB) with a small dimension table (100 MB) is slow. The fact table is partitioned by date and clustered by symbol. The dimension table is not partitioned. The query filters on a specific date range and a few symbols. Which optimization is MOST likely to improve query performance?

A company uses Memorystore for Redis with the 'volatile-lru' eviction policy. They notice that recently added keys with TTL are being evicted even though there is still memory available. What is the most likely cause?

A BI developer is designing a BigQuery dataset for a sales dashboard. Which column naming convention is considered a best practice for column names in BI reports?

A company uses BigQuery to run business intelligence reports. The data engineer needs to implement a star schema for a sales data warehouse. Which THREE are best practices when designing the tables?

A manufacturing company uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL for its inventory system. The database has grown and now experiences high read latency. The team wants to improve read performance without changing application code. Which THREE actions should they consider? (Choose 3)

Match each Cloud SQL tier to its description.

A DevOps engineer wants to monitor the CPU utilization of a Compute Engine instance and receive an alert if it exceeds 80% for more than 5 minutes. Which type of metric should be used in the alerting condition?

A company wants to enforce that only container images signed by their CI/CD pipeline can be deployed to GKE. Which two services should they use together?

You are running a Cloud Bigtable instance for time-series data ingestion. Write throughput has dropped significantly, and you see an increase in 'resource exhausted' errors. The table has one column family and one rowkey format: `#orgId#deviceId#timestamp`. After analyzing cluster metrics, you see that one node is handling most of the traffic. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Pub/Sub for event-driven processing and wants to ensure exactly-once delivery for critical messages. Which TWO configurations are required? (Choose two.)

Refer to the exhibit. A company wants to perform point-in-time recovery (PITR) for their Cloud SQL MySQL instance. Is PITR enabled?

During a cutover from MySQL to Cloud SQL, the team must minimize downtime. Which THREE steps are essential for a successful cutover with minimal data loss?

A company uses Cloud Build to deploy to Cloud Run. They need to test a new revision with a specific tag without serving any live traffic. After validation, they want to shift 10% of traffic to the new revision. Which two gcloud commands should they use?

A team is designing a relational schema for a new application on Cloud SQL. The schema includes a table 'Orders' and a table 'Customers'. Each order belongs to one customer. The team anticipates high write throughput and needs to enforce referential integrity. Which schema design is most appropriate?

A company wants to implement Binary Authorization for containers deployed to GKE. They need to ensure that only images signed by their internal CI system are allowed to run. Which three components are required?

An organization wants to restrict the creation of Cloud SQL instances outside of specific regions. Which organization policy constraint should they use?

A company uses Firestore in Native mode for their application. They need to query a collection where documents must match a specific field value and be sorted by a different field. The query filters on 'status' and orders by 'timestamp'. What should the engineer do to ensure the query performs optimally?

An SRE team uses Cloud Monitoring to create an SLO for a service with a 99.9% availability target over 28 days. They set up a fast burn-rate alert on the error budget with a lookback window of 1 hour and a burn rate factor of 14. At what error budget consumption percentage will the alert fire?

A company uses Cloud Spanner multi-region with the nam-eur-asia1 configuration. They experience a regional outage that affects two of the three regions. What is the expected behavior regarding read and write availability?

You need to monitor the disk usage of your Cloud SQL instances and receive an alert when disk usage exceeds 80%. Which GCP service should you use to set up this alert?

A company is using DMS to migrate a MySQL database to Cloud SQL with continuous replication. During the CDC phase, the replication lag is increasing and not catching up. The source database is heavily used for OLTP workloads. Which action would most likely reduce the replication lag?

A team wants to enforce that all Compute Engine disks must be encrypted with Customer-Managed Encryption Keys (CMEK) stored in Cloud Key Management Service (KMS). Which TWO steps should they take? (Choose two.)

A data analyst needs to load data from an on-premises Teradata system into BigQuery on a recurring daily schedule. Which Google Cloud service should they use?

A team uses Cloud Monitoring SLO monitoring with a request-based SLI. The SLO is defined as the proportion of requests returning HTTP 200 with latency under 500ms over a 30-day window. They notice that the SLO is being violated due to a slow increase in latency from a specific backend. Which alerting strategy will best detect this gradual degradation early?

A BI team runs a daily query on a BigQuery table 'events' partitioned by event_date. The query filters on event_date = CURRENT_DATE() and counts rows by event_type. The query is slow. Upon review, the table has 500 partitions but clustering is not set. Which action reduces query cost and latency?

A team is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL using DMS. They want the migration job to continuously replicate changes after the initial dump. Which type of migration job should they create?

Your company runs a critical PostgreSQL database on Cloud SQL. You need to minimize downtime during a schema migration that could take up to 30 minutes. What should you do?

A team uses Cloud Build to build and deploy a Go application to GKE. They need to inject the Git commit SHA as an environment variable in the deployment. Which THREE steps should they take?

A company needs to store petabytes of time-series IoT sensor data and query it with single-digit millisecond latency at millions of reads per second. The data has a simple key-value structure with timestamps. Which Google Cloud database is MOST appropriate?

A financial services company uses Cloud Spanner for transaction processing. They need to ensure zero downtime during a schema change that adds a new column with a default value to a large table. Which approach should the Database Engineer take?

A company uses Cloud Bigtable to store session data. They need to monitor replication lag between clusters in different zones. Which metric should they use?

Your Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL database is experiencing slow query performance. You want to identify and optimize the slowest queries. Which TWO actions should you take? (Choose two)

A company uses Cloud Spanner for a global application. They need to capture real-time changes to certain tables for downstream processing. Which two services or features can be used together to achieve this? (Choose TWO.)

A BI team in a large enterprise uses Looker connected to BigQuery. The data model has a primary table 'sales_fact' with billions of rows and multiple dimensions. The team notices that Looker queries often time out. Which approach would most likely resolve this without changing the data model?

A team uses Cloud Monitoring to create an SLO for a request-based service. They want to alert when the error budget burn rate exceeds 14x the budget for a short window. Which alert type and window should they configure?

Which THREE actions can help reduce read latency in Cloud Spanner?

Which Google Cloud service provides continuous, low-overhead profiling of CPU and memory usage to identify performance bottlenecks in production?

An SRE team wants to perform fault injection testing on a GKE cluster by injecting network latency into a specific set of pods. Which tool should they use?

Your GKE cluster runs a stateful application that requires persistent storage. You want to use Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA) to optimize resource requests, but you notice that pods are being terminated and recreated when VPA updates resource recommendations. You want to avoid pod restarts. Which VPA updateMode should you use?

A service uses Cloud SQL for MySQL. To test resilience, you want to inject latency into database queries. Which chaos engineering approach is most suitable on Google Cloud?

Order the steps to set up a Cloud Spanner instance with a global database.

You need to export data from Cloud Spanner for archival purposes. Which method is most cost-effective?

You are tuning a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance that runs reporting queries. The slowest query performs a full table scan on a 100 GB table. Which action is most likely to improve performance?

A development team is using Firestore in Native mode. They want to ensure that queries on array fields return correct results. Which two actions should they take? (Choose TWO.)

An organization is performing a DMS continuous migration from PostgreSQL to Cloud SQL. The migration job is in the CDC phase. During a planned maintenance window, the source database is restarted. After restart, the DMS job continues to replicate but reports a lag. What is the impact of the restart on the migration?

You need to set up an alert that fires when any of your Compute Engine instances has been down (no metric data) for more than 10 minutes. Which condition type should you use?

A company uses Memorystore for Redis and wants to achieve high availability with automatic failover. They also need to periodically back up the data to Cloud Storage for disaster recovery. Which TWO features should they use? (Choose two.)

A team wants to implement chaos engineering on GKE to test resilience. Which THREE fault types can be injected using Chaos Mesh? (Choose 3 answers)

A Cloud Firestore database stores documents for a mobile app. The app frequently queries for documents where a specific Boolean field is true. The field is not part of the collection group index. What should the developer do to improve query performance?

Your Cloud Spanner database has a table with a secondary index that is used for range queries. You notice that the index queries are slow because they require back-and-forth between the index and the base table. How can you optimize the index to reduce this overhead?

A company wants to visualize request latency distribution across all services using a heatmap. Which Cloud Monitoring chart type should be used?

An engineer needs to create a cross-region read replica for a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance to improve read scalability and provide disaster recovery. What must be configured on the primary instance to support cross-region replication?

A site reliability engineer wants to implement chaos engineering on a Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) cluster by injecting network latency into pods of a specific deployment. Which tool or service should they use?

Which notification channel can be used with Cloud Monitoring to trigger a custom workflow in Cloud Functions when an alert fires?

A Cloud SQL for MySQL instance is running out of storage. The team wants to increase storage automatically without manual intervention. However, they also want to control costs and avoid a sudden increase in storage beyond 1 TB. What should they do?

A manufacturing company is deploying a time-series database for sensor data on Cloud Bigtable. They expect 100 TB of data per year and need low-latency reads on row keys within the last hour. Which TWO design choices should they make?

A Cloud Bigtable instance is experiencing hotspotting on a single node during heavy write traffic. The row keys are based on a timestamp prefix. Which change should they make to the row key design to distribute writes evenly?

You are designing a database architecture for a global e-commerce application. The application requires low-latency reads in multiple regions and must handle up to 100,000 writes per second globally. Which Google Cloud database solution should you use?

A data engineer is designing a BigQuery schema for a dataset that will be used for both ad-hoc analysis and scheduled dashboards. They want to optimize costs and performance. Which three strategies should they consider? (Choose three.)

An e-commerce company uses BigQuery for BI. They have a large orders table with columns: order_id, customer_id, order_date, amount, status. Queries frequently aggregate total amount by customer and month. The current table is not partitioned. Users complain about high costs. The table is 2 TB and grows by 50 GB daily. Which action reduces query costs most?

Your company is migrating a 2 TB SQL Server database to Cloud SQL. You need to choose a migration approach that minimizes downtime and supports ongoing changes. Which TWO options meet these requirements?

A team wants to create an SLO for a batch data pipeline that processes files hourly. They want to measure whether each batch completes successfully within the hour. Which type of SLI should they use?

A company runs a financial analytics platform on BigQuery. They need to reduce query costs for frequent, predictable queries. Which three strategies can help? (Choose THREE.)

A Cloud Bigtable instance is experiencing high read latency. The team suspects hot spotting on a single node. Which tool should they use to identify the hotspot?

A company is building a real-time leaderboard for a mobile game using Google Cloud. The data includes player scores that update frequently (thousands of writes per second) and queries for top 100 players. Which database is most suitable?

An SRE team is designing an incident management process. Which TWO components are part of a typical incident command structure?

You are designing a Spanner schema for a global social media application that stores user posts. Each user can have millions of posts. The most common query is 'get the most recent 10 posts for a user'. Which table interleaving design minimizes latency?

An engineer is migrating a MySQL database to Cloud SQL using DMS. The source database uses MyISAM tables. During the migration, the full dump phase fails with a timeout. What should the engineer do to increase the likelihood of success?

You are designing a Cloud Spanner schema for a global social media application. The application reads the most recent 100 posts for a user's timeline. The Posts table has a primary key of (UserId, PostTimestamp DESC). You observe that queries for the timeline are hitting high read latency and the transaction abort rate is increasing. What is the most likely cause?

An e-commerce platform runs on Cloud SQL and expects heavy write traffic during a flash sale. The database instance currently has 8 vCPUs and 32 GB RAM. Based on the max_connections formula (max_connections = RAM_MB/16), what is the current maximum number of connections, and what change would increase it?

You are managing a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance that is experiencing high replication lag. The instance uses semi-synchronous replication. Which THREE actions could reduce the replication lag?

An application uses Cloud Firestore. The team notices that queries on a collection with an array field are slow. They want to create an index on the array field. What should they do?

A team uses Cloud Monitoring SLO monitoring with a request-based SLI for availability. They define good requests as those returning HTTP 200. Which configuration correctly creates this SLO?

A database engineer is reviewing the configuration of a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance. The backup configuration shows binaryLogEnabled and pointInTimeRecoveryEnabled set to true. However, the engineer is unable to perform a point-in-time recovery (PITR) to a specific second within the last 30 days. What is the most likely reason?

Which THREE are key principles of a blameless postmortem culture in SRE? (Choose 3)

You are using Cloud Monitoring to track performance of a Cloud Spanner instance. Which metric indicates that a database is approaching its throughput limits and may need a split or additional nodes?

A BI analyst needs to calculate a running total of sales by region over time in BigQuery. Which SQL window function should be used?

A company runs a Cloud Bigtable instance with SSD storage and wants to switch to HDD storage to reduce costs. The instance cannot tolerate downtime for data migration. What is the correct approach?

A company needs to migrate its on-premises Oracle database to a fully managed relational database on Google Cloud. The application uses stored procedures and requires high availability across multiple zones. Which migration path is MOST appropriate?

A retail company stores sales transactions in BigQuery. They want to create a materialized view that aggregates daily sales by product category, but they need the view to refresh automatically within 5 minutes of new data being inserted. The source table is partitioned by transaction_date and has a streaming buffer. What should they do to ensure the materialized view refreshes quickly enough?

A company is using Cloud SQL for MySQL for its OLTP workload. They want to run complex analytical queries on the same data without impacting transactional performance. The analytical queries involve large scans and joins. What is the recommended approach?

A Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL database experiences lock contention during heavy concurrent writes on a single table. Which schema design change can most effectively reduce contention?

An application running on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) uses OpenTelemetry SDK to export traces. Which Google Cloud service should receive these traces?

A company wants to implement least-privilege access for service accounts. Which THREE practices should they follow? (Choose 3)

A Cloud Spanner database is experiencing increased read traffic. You need to add an index to improve query performance without downtime. What is the correct approach?

You have a BigQuery table with billions of rows partitioned by date and clustered on country. Users frequently query the table to compute total sales by product for a specific month. The product field has high cardinality (millions of distinct values). Which optimization would improve query performance the most?

A team is running a critical application on Cloud SQL (PostgreSQL) that serves both OLTP transactions and read-heavy reporting. The reporting queries are causing performance degradation for the OLTP traffic. The team needs to optimize performance with minimal application changes. Which THREE actions should they take? (Choose THREE)

Your Cloud SQL for MySQL instance is experiencing unusually high disk usage. You need to identify the cause. Which metric should you monitor in Cloud Monitoring?

A company is using BigQuery and needs to implement row-level security so that sales representatives only see their own region's data. Which approach?

You are running a Memorystore for Redis instance with persistence disabled. The application requires high availability and data durability after a zone failure. What is the most cost-effective approach?

Which TWO techniques can help avoid hot spotting in a Cloud Spanner table?

A team is migrating a self-managed PostgreSQL database to AlloyDB using DMS. They need to set up the source connection profile. The source database is in a different VPC network, and the team wants to avoid exposing it to the internet. Which connectivity option should they use?

A team notices that a critical microservice often fails when the downstream database is slow. They want to test the service's resilience by injecting latency into the database dependency. Which GCP tool should they use?

An engineer is designing a Cloud SQL database for an e-commerce platform. They need to store product inventory and order history. Which schema normalization level is recommended for OLTP to avoid data anomalies?

You want to use Error Reporting to monitor exceptions in your application. Which TWO prerequisites must be met? (Select 2)

Which TWO actions can help reduce connection overhead in a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance? (Choose two.)

You need to design a Spanner schema for a social media application that stores user posts. Each post has a unique ID, author ID, timestamp, and content. The primary access pattern is querying all posts for a given author in reverse chronological order. Which schema design minimizes the risk of hotspotting?

A company has a Cloud SQL instance with a 500 GB database. They need to perform a major version upgrade from MySQL 5.7 to 8.0 with minimal downtime. Which strategy should they use?

A team uses Cloud Deploy with a delivery pipeline that has multiple targets (dev, staging, prod). They want to automatically roll back to the previous release if the new release fails a post-deployment health check. Which configuration should they use?

A company collects sensor data from millions of devices globally. Each write is a small record with a device ID and timestamp. They need low write latency and high availability. Which database should they choose?

A game development company wants to use Memorystore for Redis as a session store. They need to ensure that when memory is full, the least recently used keys are evicted first. Which eviction policy should they configure?

A data engineer is writing a SQL query in BigQuery to calculate the running total of sales per product over time. The table 'sales' has columns product_id, sale_date, and amount. The result must include the cumulative sum ordered by sale_date for each product. Which SQL construct should be used?

You are designing a highly available Cloud SQL for MySQL architecture. Which TWO components are essential?

Refer to the exhibit. This DDL is used to create a table in Cloud Spanner. The table will be used for storing user data with high write throughput. What is one performance issue with this table design?

An organization wants to implement feature flags to gradually roll out new features in production. Which TWO approaches can they use on Google Cloud?

A site reliability engineer is leading a blameless postmortem for an incident. Which THREE practices should be included? (Choose 3.)

Your Spanner instance is running a workload with high read throughput. You notice that read latency has increased significantly. Upon investigating, you find that the instance is experiencing high CPU utilization on the Spanner nodes. The workload consists of many small point lookups (reads by primary key). Which action is most likely to reduce read latency?

A company stores time-series data in Cloud Spanner with a primary key composed of a timestamp prefix and a user ID suffix. They notice high write latency and hotspotting on a specific node. How should they redesign the primary key to distribute writes evenly?

A company has an SLA of 99.95% availability for its service. The SRE team defines an SLO of 99.99% availability. The error budget is calculated as 0.01% over a 30-day window. How much downtime is allowed per month according to the error budget?

Match each Cloud Spanner replication type to its purpose.

Which TWO of the following are valid ways to improve the performance of a BigQuery query that joins two large tables?

During a blameless postmortem, the team uses the '5 Whys' technique to identify root causes. What is the primary purpose of this technique?

A team is automating toil reduction and needs to identify tasks that qualify as toil. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of toil according to SRE principles?

A company is migrating a MySQL database to Cloud SQL using Database Migration Service (DMS). The source database is on-premises with a public IP address. Which networking configuration is required on the source to allow DMS to connect?

A Cloud SQL instance is running low on disk space. You want to increase disk size with zero downtime. Which action should you take?

A BI developer needs to write a query that calculates total sales by month for the current year. They create a Common Table Expression (CTE) to define monthly aggregates, then reference it in a final SELECT. What is the main benefit of using a CTE over a subquery in this scenario?

What is the primary benefit of using Workload Identity Federation over service account keys when authenticating workloads running outside Google Cloud?

A company is migrating a large on-premises MySQL database to Cloud SQL. The source database supports heavy reporting queries that scan millions of rows and join multiple tables. The team wants to minimize downtime and avoid performance degradation during migration. Which migration approach should they use?

You need to set up a logs-based alert that triggers when the 99th percentile of request latency exceeds 500ms in a 10-minute window. You create a logs-based distribution metric. Which THREE alert conditions are needed? (Select 3)

A company wants to migrate from a self-managed MySQL database to a fully managed GCP service. They need high availability with automatic failover, automated backups, and read replicas for scaling read traffic. Which two Google Cloud services meet these requirements? (Choose TWO.)

A company uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL to store transactional data and BigQuery for analytics. They need to sync a subset of tables from Cloud SQL to BigQuery daily for BI reporting. The tables are updated incrementally (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE). Which approach is MOST reliable and cost-effective?

A company needs to store raw event logs for future BI analysis. The logs are semistructured with varying fields. Which BigQuery data type should they use to store the event payload?

A company runs an e-commerce application on Cloud SQL for MySQL. They need to recover the database to a specific point in time 15 minutes ago after an accidental data deletion. What must be configured beforehand?

An organization is implementing GitOps using Config Sync. They have a Git repository containing Kubernetes manifests for multiple GKE clusters. They want to ensure that only authorized engineers can modify the configuration and that changes are automatically applied to clusters. What is the recommended way to secure Config Sync?

The query returns results but takes a long time. The orders table has 500M rows with order_date as a timestamp and revenue as float. How can the query be optimized?

An application running on GKE uses OpenTelemetry for instrumentation. You need to export traces to Cloud Trace and custom metrics to Cloud Monitoring. Which approach is most efficient?

A company is planning to migrate a self-managed MongoDB database to a fully managed Google Cloud service. They need to maintain high availability and support complex queries with aggregation pipelines. Which TWO services should they consider?

A company uses Cloud Spanner and needs to design a backup strategy that meets a 24-hour RPO and 4-hour RTO. Which TWO statements are correct for achieving these goals? (Choose 2)

A company wants to deploy a containerized application to Cloud Run and gradually shift traffic from the current revision to a new revision. They want to send 10% of traffic to the new revision initially. Which command should they use?

Your Cloud Spanner database is experiencing a high volume of read-write conflicts, causing many aborts and high latency. You have already increased the compute capacity. Upon analyzing the schema, you find that most conflicts occur on a single table with frequent updates to the same row. What index or schema change would most effectively reduce contention?

An engineer needs to migrate a 500 GB MySQL database to Cloud SQL. The source is in a private network with no public IP. The Cloud SQL instance will also use a private IP. Which connectivity method should the engineer use for Database Migration Service?

A BI team uses BigQuery to report on customer orders. The 'customers' dimension table is updated nightly with Type 2 Slowly Changing Dimensions (SCD). However, some reports show incorrect historical aggregates because the fact table references only the current customer key. Which approach resolves this issue?

A company is adopting GitOps for their GKE clusters using Config Sync. They need to meet the following requirements: (1) automatically sync the cluster state to a Git repository every 5 minutes, (2) ensure that any changes made directly to the cluster are reverted to the desired state defined in Git. Which Config Sync settings should they configure? (Choose TWO).

A company wants to store and analyze time-series metrics from thousands of servers. The data is write-heavy with occasional reads of recent data. They need low-latency writes and the ability to scan large ranges later. Which Google Cloud database is MOST appropriate?

A company has a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance with cross-region read replicas for disaster recovery. They want to test the failover process without affecting the primary instance. What is the recommended approach?

An e-commerce platform uses Cloud Spanner as its database. The orders table has a monotonically increasing order_id as the primary key, and the team observes high write latency during peak hours. Which design change would BEST distribute write load across nodes?

A team uses Cloud Deploy to manage deployments to multiple GKE clusters in different environments. They need to ensure that only a specific service account can promote releases to the production target. What should they configure?

Your team uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL and needs to run a one-time data correction query that will update 10 million rows. The instance has 8 vCPUs and 30 GB memory. The query is currently running for hours and impacting production performance. What should you do?

A company uses Cloud Deploy for a CD pipeline to Cloud Run. They want to implement a canary deployment that automatically rolls back if the error rate increases by more than 5% during the canary phase. Which TWO actions should they take?

You have a Cloud Bigtable instance with a single cluster. To improve availability and durability, you want to enable replication across two regions. After configuring replication, you notice that reads from the replica cluster show data that is not yet consistent with the primary. What is the expected consistency model for Bigtable replication?

You are managing a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance that supports a web application. Recently, users have reported that the application is responding slowly during peak hours. You examine the Query Insights dashboard and see that a specific query is running frequently and has a high execution time. The query involves JOINs on three tables, each with tens of thousands of rows. The query plan shows a full table scan on two tables. What should you do first to improve performance?

An engineer needs to create an SLO in Cloud Monitoring for a service that processes requests. The SLO should measure the proportion of requests that complete successfully within 300ms. The metric type for successful requests is custom.googleapis.com/myapp/success_count and for total requests is custom.googleapis.com/myapp/total_count. Which type of SLO should they create?

A team is designing a disaster recovery plan for a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance. The RPO is 5 minutes and RTO is 1 hour. Which configuration meets these requirements?

You are managing a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance with point-in-time recovery (PITR) enabled. The retention period is set to 7 days. A developer accidentally dropped a critical table 3 days ago. You need to restore the database to the state just before the table was dropped, without affecting the current production instance. What should you do?

A company wants to centralize audit logs and billing data from multiple projects in a single project for analysis. What is the best approach?

A company is using Cloud Spanner to manage financial transactions. The current schema has a single table 'Transactions' with a composite primary key (account_id, transaction_timestamp). The company frequently queries the latest transaction for each account. This query pattern is causing full table scans. Which schema design change would most improve query performance?

A Cloud SQL for MySQL instance's storage utilization has reached 95%. The database is 5 TB and needs to grow. The operations team tries to increase storage via gcloud but receives an error. What is the likely cause?

A large enterprise uses Cloud Bigtable for analytics. They notice that some nodes are handling significantly more traffic than others, causing hot spots and performance degradation. Which tool should they use to identify the specific row keys causing the issue?

You are designing a Bigtable schema for a time-series application that records sensor readings every second. Queries always filter by device ID and time range. To avoid hotspotting and ensure recent data is retrieved quickly, which row key design is MOST effective?

A team is designing a schema for Cloud Spanner to store user profiles. The primary access pattern is to read a user's profile by their unique user ID. To avoid write hotspots, which primary key design strategy should the team use?

A Cloud SQL for MySQL instance is experiencing increased replica lag. The write workload is constant. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is building an application that uses Firestore (in Datastore mode). The application needs to query data across two properties: 'status' and 'timestamp', with an equality filter on 'status' and a range filter on 'timestamp'. Which three steps are required to support this query efficiently? (Choose THREE.)

A company is designing a Cloud Spanner database for a global user base. They need to support strong consistency and low-latency reads across multiple regions. Which schema design practice is most important?

A company needs a cross-region disaster recovery solution for their Cloud SQL MySQL database. Which feature should they use?

You are configuring a log-based metric that counts error log entries with severity ERROR. You need to set up an alert that fires when the count exceeds 100 in a 5-minute window. Which alert condition type and reducer should you use?

You need to create a custom metric in Cloud Monitoring that measures the number of HTTP requests to your application each second. Which metric type should you use?

A Cloud Bigtable instance stores high-volume time-series data. Write throughput is at node capacity, but read latency spikes occasionally. The row key pattern is 'timestamp#device_id'. Which optimization should be applied first?

You run the above command to create a Spanner instance. Later, you need to increase the instance's compute capacity to handle higher traffic. What is the correct approach?

An organization uses Terraform to manage infrastructure across multiple teams. They want to implement a branching strategy that supports rapid iteration and continuous integration for infrastructure changes while ensuring that the main branch always reflects the desired state. Which Git branching model is most aligned with GitOps principles for IaC?

During a MySQL to Cloud SQL migration using Database Migration Service, the full dump phase is taking much longer than expected. The source MySQL database is 500 GB and the Cloud SQL instance is of sufficient size. What is the most likely cause of the slow dump?

A Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance is running out of storage. The engineer wants to configure automatic storage increase to avoid manual intervention. What should they do?

A developer needs to store JSON documents that are frequently accessed by key but rarely updated. The data size is under 10 GB initially but expected to grow to 500 GB. Which database service is most suitable?

An online retailer uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They need to scale for a seasonal peak. They expect 2x current traffic. Their current instance is 16 vCPU, 64 GB RAM, 1 TB storage. The peak lasts 4 hours. They want to handle it without downtime. What is the best approach?

A Cloud Spanner query is performing a join between two tables that are frequently accessed together. Which schema design can optimize this query?

Your application uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. You notice that the database CPU utilization has been consistently above 90% during peak hours, causing increased query latency. You have already tuned the most expensive queries. What is the most cost-effective next step?

A service has an SLO based on request latency: 99% of requests must complete under 500ms over a 28-day window. The team wants to monitor the error budget burn rate. Which Cloud Monitoring SLO type and configuration should be used?

A BI team finds that their BigQuery query that aggregates sales by region runs slower than expected, even with appropriate clustering and partitioning. The query filters on a date range and then groups by region. The table is partitioned by date and clustered by region. What can the team do to improve query performance without increasing cost?

During an incident, the incident commander delegates tasks to multiple teams. After the incident is resolved, the team holds a postmortem. Which of the following is a key principle of a blameless postmortem culture?

An SRE team wants to implement error budget burn rate alerts for a service with SLO 99.9% over 30 days. They need to be notified both when the error budget is being consumed rapidly (full consumption in ~2 days) and when it is being consumed slowly (full consumption in ~6 days). Which two alert configurations should they use? (Choose 2)

A DevOps engineer is optimizing a GKE workload that is CPU-bound. They want to ensure proper resource allocation to improve performance. Which three actions should they take? (Choose THREE).

Which TWO metrics are examples of GAUGE metric types? (Select 2)

A company is building a business intelligence dashboard on BigQuery to analyze daily sales data. The table contains a TIMESTAMP column 'order_ts' and a string column 'region'. The BI team frequently filters by month and region. Which table design best optimizes query performance and cost?

A company is running analytical queries on large datasets (terabytes) that involve aggregations, joins, and window functions. The data is updated daily via batch loads. The queries must complete in seconds to minutes. Which Google Cloud database service is BEST suited for this workload?

An SRE team wants to alert when the error budget burn rate exceeds 14x the allowed rate over a 1-hour window. Which Cloud Monitoring alert policy configuration is appropriate?

Your Cloud Spanner instance has high latency for point reads. The workload is evenly distributed across all nodes. Which metric should you examine first to identify the bottleneck?

A team uses Cloud Build to build a Docker image and push it to Artifact Registry. They need to cache Docker layers to speed up subsequent builds. The build runs on a private pool with access to a VPC. Which caching approach should they implement in cloudbuild.yaml?

A Site Reliability Engineer is tasked with reducing toil in their team. They identify that resetting expired database connections manually is a common task. What is the best way to automate this toil?

A team is migrating a MongoDB application to Firestore. The data model includes embedded documents and references between collections. Which approach should they follow to maintain similar query performance?

Refer to the exhibit. You restored a Spanner database from a backup and are checking the status of the optimize operation. The operation has been running for 15 minutes and is 45% complete. The database is already accessible but queries on it are slower than expected. What should you do?

A company needs to store session data for a web application that runs on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). The data is temporary and high-availability is required. Which database service is most appropriate?

A team needs to create an alert that triggers when the 99th percentile latency of a service exceeds 500ms for at least 10 minutes. Which alerting configuration is correct?

Match each BigQuery DDL statement to its function.

A startup is building a real-time analytics dashboard that ingests 500,000 events per second and needs to query the last hour of data with sub-second latency. The data has a high write volume and the query pattern is time-range scans. Which Google Cloud database is most appropriate?

A data engineer is migrating a Teradata data warehouse to BigQuery. They have a large number of BTEQ scripts that need to be converted. Which tool is designed to automate the conversion of Teradata DDL and BTEQ scripts to BigQuery-compatible SQL?

A company is using Memorystore for Redis and wants to ensure data persistence in case of a failure. What is the recommended approach?

A Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance has a read replica lagging behind the primary. The team needs to monitor the replica lag and set up an alert if it exceeds 60 seconds. Which metric should they use?

A company uses Cloud Profiler to analyze CPU usage of a Java application running on GKE. They see a function consuming 40% of CPU time. To investigate further, they want to see the exact line numbers in the source code. What should they do?

You are designing a Spanner schema for a financial application that stores transactions for user accounts. To avoid hotspots and optimize performance, which TWO practices should you follow?

A company is migrating a 5 TB Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL using DMS with continuous migration. They need to minimize downtime and have a rollback plan. Which TWO actions should they include in their migration plan? (Choose TWO.)

A data engineer needs to grant a service account read-only access to a Cloud Storage bucket containing sensitive data. The service account is used by a Compute Engine instance. What is the most secure way to assign the permissions?

A team wants to define an SLO for a microservice that processes batch jobs. The service is considered healthy if each batch completes within 60 minutes. There are 100 batches per day. Which SLI should be used?

A company is setting up access control for a BigQuery dataset using the above IAM policy. An analyst who is a member of the group 'analysts@example.com' also has the user account 'analyst@example.com'. They need to create new tables in the dataset. What will be the outcome?

A global e-commerce company uses Cloud SQL for MySQL to store inventory data. They have a single primary instance in us-central1 and two read replicas in us-west1 and europe-west1 for local reads. Recently, the primary instance experienced a hardware failure causing an outage. The failover to a Cloud SQL high availability (HA) instance took 2 minutes. However, during that time, inventory updates were lost because the binary log position was not fully synchronized. The company requires zero data loss for inventory updates. What should the database engineer do?

A Cloud Run service experiences cold starts on the first request after being idle, causing latency spikes. The team wants to eliminate cold starts entirely. Which configuration setting should they use?

A company uses Cloud Spanner and needs to retain backups for 365 days for compliance. What is the maximum backup expiration period that can be set for a Spanner backup?

A company is evaluating Google Cloud databases for a new application that requires: (1) strong global consistency across multiple regions, (2) the ability to run complex analytical queries on the same data as the transactional workload, and (3) high write throughput. Which TWO databases should they consider?

A company is designing a Cloud Spanner database for a global inventory system. The application runs OLTP transactions on inventory levels and also needs to generate daily reports that scan the entire inventory table. Which two approaches will reduce the impact of analytical queries on transactional performance?

A team uses Cloud Build with a cloudbuild.yaml that builds a Docker image. They want to speed up builds by caching the Docker layers using Kaniko cache in Artifact Registry. Which configuration change is required?

A company runs a batch processing job on Compute Engine VMs. The job is fault-tolerant and can handle individual VM failures by restarting tasks. To reduce costs, they want to use the cheapest possible VMs while ensuring the job completes within a flexible time window. Which VM option is MOST cost-effective?

An organization uses Cloud Build and wants to inject a secret API key into a build step without exposing it in the cloudbuild.yaml. Which approach should they use?

A financial institution requires all data stored in Cloud Spanner to be encrypted using customer-managed encryption keys (CMEK) stored in Cloud KMS. The security team mandates that the key be in a separate project from the Spanner instance. How should the database engineer configure this?

A Firestore database has a collection with a composite index on (status, timestamp desc). The query `where status == 'active' order by timestamp desc limit 50` is returning empty results even though there are active documents. What could be the issue?

A data engineer is creating a reporting layer in BigQuery for BI tools. Which TWO practices improve query performance?

An e-commerce platform uses Cloud Bigtable for session data. They need to ensure that if one zone fails, the data is still available with eventual consistency. What should they configure?

An application running on GKE needs to send custom metrics to Cloud Monitoring. The team wants to use a vendor-neutral instrumentation approach that also supports traces and logs. Which solution should they choose?

A Cloud Spanner database is experiencing high CPU utilization on one node. Users report slow queries. The table uses a UUID primary key. What is the most effective action?

A global gaming company uses Cloud Spanner for user profiles and game state. They have a single-region instance in us-central1. Recently, they launched in Europe and notice high latency for European users. They also need to ensure data locality compliance (GDPR). The database is heavily written with throughput spikes. They want to minimize latency without sacrificing write throughput. They consider adding a secondary index on region column. What is the best course of action?

An SRE team defines an SLO for a batch processing pipeline. Which SLI is most appropriate for pipeline freshness?

Your Memorystore for Redis instance needs to survive a zonal failure with minimal data loss. Which feature should you use?

Your team is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. The current schema uses table inheritance, which is not fully supported in Cloud SQL. What should you do to minimize application changes?

A company uses Cloud Profiler to identify performance bottlenecks. They notice that the CPU profile shows a function consuming high CPU, but they want to see the corresponding source code lines. What must they enable?

A marketing team uses a BigQuery BI dashboard to analyze campaign performance. The table campaign_performance is 5 TB, partitioned by date, clustered by campaign_id. Queries filter on date range and campaign_id, and are fast. However, one query that joins this table with a user_dimensions table (10 GB, not partitioned) takes too long. The join is on user_id. What is the best improvement?

You are designing a dashboard for application latency. You want to visualize the distribution of latency values across different services using a chart that shows percentiles over time. Which chart type should you use?

A DevOps engineer needs to create a custom IAM role that allows only the permission to create Compute Engine instances, but not to modify or delete them. What is the best practice for defining this role?

An engineer uses Cloud Build with a private pool to build an application that needs to connect to a Cloud SQL database. The build step fails with a connection timeout. What is the most likely cause?

A team is migrating a relational database to Cloud Bigtable. They need to design a row key that distributes write traffic evenly across nodes. The original table had a composite primary key of customer_id and order_date. Which row key design is BEST for high write throughput?

A team wants to inject latency faults into their microservices running on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) to test resilience. Which tool or service should they use?

You are designing a monitoring strategy for a hybrid cloud environment where on-premises services send metrics to Cloud Monitoring via the Monitoring API. The on-premises network has limited outbound connectivity and can only reach Google Cloud through a few static IPs. You need to ensure that custom metrics are ingested reliably and cost-effectively. Which THREE actions should you take? (Choose 3)

A company runs a GKE cluster for a web application. During peak traffic, the application experiences increased latency. The team has enabled the Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) based on CPU utilization, but the scaling is not fast enough. Which approach would improve the responsiveness of the HPA?

A company uses Cloud Bigtable for a real-time analytics pipeline. They have configured replication with a primary cluster in us-central1 and a secondary cluster in us-west1. They want to minimize data loss during a failover to the secondary cluster. What is the best approach to achieve the lowest possible RPO?

A DevOps engineer wants to automatically trigger a Cloud Build pipeline when a pull request is opened against the main branch. The pipeline should run unit tests and provide results as a status check on the PR. Which type of trigger should they configure?

A company is migrating an Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL using Ora2Pg for schema conversion. After conversion, they want to test the correctness of converted stored procedures. Which tool should they use?

A data engineer is building a BI reporting layer in BigQuery. The source data includes JSON logs with nested fields. Analysts need to query nested arrays efficiently. Which approach is best?

An e-commerce platform uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL with max_connections set to 500. They plan to increase the number of application instances requiring connections. The instance has 8 vCPUs and 32 GB RAM. What is the maximum number of connections Cloud SQL can support based on the default formula?

A company uses AlloyDB for PostgreSQL for their operational database. They want to ensure automatic failover with the shortest possible RTO. Which configuration should they use?

A company runs a production Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance. They need to ensure high availability with automatic failover in case of a zone failure. Which configuration should they use?

Which Google Cloud database service is designed for hybrid transactional and analytical processing (HTAP) with a built-in columnar engine?

An SRE team defines an SLI as the proportion of good requests to valid requests over a 1-minute window. They set an SLO of 99.9% availability over 30 days. Which error budget burn rate alert configuration should they use to detect rapid consumption of the error budget within 1 hour?

A Cloud Spanner database has a table 'Orders' with a column 'status'. The development team needs to add a new column 'priority INT64' to the table without downtime. Which statement should the database administrator execute?

Which TWO strategies reduce query costs for ad-hoc analysis in BigQuery? (Choose two.)

Which TWO options are valid ways to authenticate to Artifact Registry from a CI/CD pipeline? (Choose two.)

A team uses Cloud Build with a private pool to build a Docker image that requires access to a Cloud SQL instance. The build fails because the builder cannot connect to the database. The network configuration uses VPC Service Controls. What is the MOST likely cause and solution?

Your team uses PagerDuty for incident notifications. You need to configure Cloud Monitoring to send alerts to PagerDuty. Which notification channel type should you select?

A DevOps team uses Terraform Cloud to manage infrastructure. They want to enforce that all Terraform plans must pass a set of policy checks before they can be applied. The policies include restricting resource types and ensuring proper tagging. Which Terraform Cloud feature should they use?

A data engineer is designing a BigQuery schema for a time-series dataset of IoT sensor readings. The queries will filter primarily on a timestamp column and also on sensor_id. To optimize query performance and cost, which table design is best?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. The database uses several custom PL/pgSQL functions that perform complex calculations. The migration must minimize application changes and support high availability. Which strategy should the database engineer use for the schema migration?

Which TWO factors are important when selecting the location for a Cloud Spanner instance?

An engineer needs to reduce toil. Which of the following tasks is considered toil according to SRE principles?

A team wants to implement policy-as-code to check Terraform plans for compliance before deployment. They prefer an open-source tool that works with any CI/CD pipeline and can evaluate policies expressed in Rego. Which tool should they use?

Which TWO statements about Cloud Spanner schema changes are correct? (Choose 2)

A team uses Cloud Build private pools to build Docker images that need access to on-premises resources via VPC peering. The build step fails with a 'connection refused' error. What is the most likely missing configuration?

A Cloud Spanner database is experiencing high CPU utilization and latency. The workload is read-heavy with occasional writes. Which TWO actions would most effectively improve performance?

A DevOps engineer wants to automatically trigger a Cloud Build pipeline whenever a pull request is created against the main branch of a repository. Which type of build trigger should they use?

A Cloud Bigtable instance has a hot spot causing performance degradation. Which tool helps identify the hot spot?

A BI team queries this table with a WHERE clause that filters on product_id but does not include a sale_date filter. What is the outcome?

A mobile app backend uses Firestore for user profiles. The schema has a single collection 'users' where each document contains: user_id (used as document ID), name, email, and friends (an array of user IDs). The friends array can grow large (thousands of IDs). When a user adds a friend, the application updates the array, causing the document to grow and leading to write contention and size limit warnings. The team needs to redesign the schema to scale better. What is the best approach?

A company is designing a star schema for a BI dashboard that tracks sales performance. The dashboard needs to aggregate sales by product, store, and date. Which schema design is most appropriate?

You are monitoring a Cloud Spanner instance and see that the average commit latency is high. The application performs many single-row inserts. Which metric would you check first to understand the root cause?

You have a Memorystore for Redis instance used as a cache. You need to scale it to handle increased load. The current instance is Basic Tier with 2 GB memory. Which TWO actions can you take to scale the instance? (Choose two.)

Your Cloud Run service experiences cold starts that add 5 seconds of latency to user requests. You want to eliminate cold starts for a baseline traffic level of 10 requests per second. The service uses about 2 GiB of memory. What should you do?

An SRE team wants to reduce toil by automating the response to common alert notifications. For example, when a disk usage alert fires, they want to automatically run a script to clean up temporary files. Which Google Cloud service is best suited for this?

A company is migrating an application from Datastore to Firestore in Datastore mode. They need to ensure zero downtime during the migration. What is the recommended approach?

An engineer needs to deploy an application to Cloud Run with a canary traffic split: 95% to the stable revision and 5% to a new revision. They also want to test the new revision with specific headers without affecting user traffic. Which approach meets these requirements?

What is the primary purpose of an error budget?

An organization wants to enforce that no Compute Engine VM has an external IP address. Which approach should be used?

A company uses BigQuery for BI reporting. They have a table 'orders' with columns: order_id, customer_id, order_date, amount, status. The BI team frequently runs queries that filter on order_date and group by customer_id to compute total sales per customer. Which partitioning and clustering strategy optimizes query performance and cost?

A company is migrating a MySQL 5.7 database to Cloud SQL for MySQL 8.0 using Database Migration Service (DMS). The source database has binary logging disabled. The team needs to perform a continuous migration with minimal downtime. What must be done before creating the DMS migration job?

You need to reduce the cost of Cloud Monitoring custom metrics while retaining the ability to create alerts on those metrics. Which THREE actions should you take? (Choose three.)

You are a database engineer for an e-commerce company. The company uses BigQuery for its BI and analytics. The data pipeline stages raw event data into a table 'raw_events' with columns: event_id, user_id, event_time, event_type, and a JSON string 'event_data'. The BI team wants to query this data for user behavior analysis, but the JSON parsing makes queries slow. They need to perform frequent queries that extract specific fields from the JSON and filter by event_time. The table 'raw_events' is not partitioned and has 2 billion rows. What is the most effective single step to improve query performance and reduce cost?

A data engineering team wants to monitor BigQuery query performance and slot utilization. Which TWO tools or features should they use? (Choose two.)

An SRE team wants to track the amount of toil each week and ensure it does not exceed 50% of the team's time. Which approach is most aligned with SRE best practices?

A company is migrating a legacy on-premises MySQL database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. The database uses composite primary keys on multiple tables and heavily relies on cross-table joins with foreign keys. The team wants to minimize application code changes during migration. Which schema design strategy should the Cloud Database Engineer recommend to ensure compatibility and performance?

A team uses Cloud Monitoring SLOs for a service that has an SLO of 99.9% availability. They want to create alerts that notify the on-call engineer when the error budget is burning too fast. Which TWO conditions should they configure? (Choose 2.)

An organization wants to enforce that all Compute Engine instances are created in a specific set of regions. Which Google Cloud feature should be used?

A database administrator needs to restore a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance to a specific point in time within the last 3 hours. Which configurations must be enabled to perform a point-in-time recovery (PITR)?

Which THREE metrics should you set up alerts for to proactively monitor the health of a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance? (Choose 3)

Which two of the following are best practices when designing BigQuery schemas? (Choose two.)

A company is running a financial application on Cloud Spanner and needs to ensure strong transactional consistency across regions. The application requires both high write throughput (2000 mutations/second) and read throughput (2000 reads/second). According to Spanner capacity planning, how many processing units (PUs) are needed for the combined workload?

An organization wants to enforce policy as code for Terraform configurations. Which TWO tools can be used to validate Terraform plans against custom policies before apply? (Choose 2)

A company wants to store and analyze data with BigQuery. They have customers in Europe and need to comply with GDPR data residency requirements. What should they do to ensure data stays within the European Union?

Which TWO optimizations best address slow join performance caused by excessive broadcasting in BigQuery? (Choose two.)

A company's application using Cloud Bigtable is experiencing high read latency. The row keys are based on a timestamp prefix. Which design change is most likely to improve performance?

A company uses Argo CD on GKE for GitOps deployments. They want to ensure that when a developer pushes a change to a Kubernetes manifest, Argo CD automatically syncs the cluster. What must be configured?

You need to monitor the number of ERROR-level log entries in Cloud Logging and trigger an alert when the count exceeds 100 in 5 minutes. Which approach should you use?

A Dataflow streaming pipeline that writes to a BigQuery table fails with the error above. Which change should be made to the table schema to prevent this error?

A DevOps engineer is setting up a GKE cluster for a batch processing job that can tolerate interruptions. The job runs for a few hours daily. To optimize cost, they want to use preemptible VMs. What must they configure to ensure the job completes despite node preemptions?

A Cloud SQL for MySQL instance is configured with 8 vCPUs and 30GB RAM. The Database Advisor suggests adding an index on a table, but after adding, write performance degrades. The table has 10 million rows and receives 500 writes per second. What is the most likely reason?

You are designing a BigQuery schema for IoT sensor data. The sensor readings have varying fields depending on the sensor type. You want to minimize storage costs and avoid schema maintenance when new sensor types are added. What is the best schema design?

A financial application uses Cloud Spanner and requires daily full backups stored in another region for compliance. The backups must be restorable without exporting/importing. Which backup method should they use?

An engineer is designing a Cloud Spanner schema for a chat application where users send messages. Messages are ordered by timestamp per conversation. The primary key chosen is (ConversationId, MessageId) where MessageId is a monotonically increasing integer. What potential issue might arise with this key design?

A startup needs a database for its new web application that will serve a global user base. The application requires low-latency reads and writes (single-digit milliseconds), strong consistency, and the ability to handle high concurrency (thousands of transactions per second). Which Google Cloud database service should the startup choose?

An engineer is designing a Bigtable schema for a weather data application. The data is written by thousands of sensors, each generating a reading every minute. Queries typically retrieve all readings for a sensor in a time range. The row key should be designed to avoid hotspots and support these queries. Which two row key components are recommended? (Choose two.)

A DevOps team is bootstrapping a new Google Cloud organization. They want to enforce that all Compute Engine instances must use Shielded VM features (Secure Boot, vTPM, Integrity Monitoring). Which organization policy should they set at the organization level?

An organization is migrating a 500 GB Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL using DMS with continuous CDC. The migration is in progress, and the team needs to ensure that if the migration fails, they can roll back with minimal data loss. Which two pre-migration steps should they take? (Choose 2)

In Cloud Spanner, which TWO strategies can help reduce read latency for globally distributed applications?

A financial company uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL to store transaction data. They need to create a materialized view that aggregates daily sales for a BI dashboard. The underlying transaction table is updated continuously. Which approach ensures the materialized view remains up to date without manual intervention?

You notice that your Cloud SQL for MySQL instance's storage is filling up quickly. You have enabled automatic storage increase, but you want to manually increase the storage size by 50 GB to avoid any risk of reaching the limit. The current disk size is 200 GB. What is the correct gcloud command to resize the disk?

You are running a Memorystore for Redis instance with a high write volume. You notice that the eviction rate is high and the cache hit ratio has dropped significantly. Which configuration change would most directly reduce the eviction rate?

A financial BI application stores monetary values such as revenue and tax amounts. Which BigQuery data type should be used to ensure accuracy in calculations?

Order the steps to perform a disaster recovery drill for a Cloud Spanner database using backups.

A global e-commerce platform expects 50,000 concurrent users during flash sales, each performing short transactions like adding to cart and checking out. The database must provide strong transactional consistency across regions. Which Google Cloud database is most appropriate?

Which THREE methods are effective for improving query performance in BigQuery for BI workloads?

A Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance is experiencing high replication lag between primary and read replica. Which TWO actions would reduce the lag?

A DevOps team needs to set up alerting for a critical application that runs on Compute Engine. They want to be notified if the application process crashes (i.e., stops sending heartbeats) for more than 5 minutes. The application emits a custom metric 'app_heartbeat' as a GAUGE with value 1 every 60 seconds. Which TWO configurations should they use? (Choose 2)

Which THREE techniques can improve query performance in BigQuery for BI workloads? (Choose three.)

A company uses Terraform with remote state stored in GCS. They want to prevent concurrent `terraform apply` runs for the same configuration to avoid state corruption. Which feature should they use?

A financial services company needs to design a BigQuery data model for real-time fraud detection. Data arrives from multiple streaming sources and must be joined with historical customer profiles (10 TB) and transaction lookup tables (500 GB). Which TWO design considerations are most important to minimize query latency and cost?

You want to visualize the 99th percentile latency of a service on a dashboard. The metric is a distribution metric. Which reducer should you use in the chart configuration?

A company uses Cloud Spanner for a global application. They notice high write latency and occasional hotspotting on a table with a monotonically increasing integer primary key. Which schema design change would best prevent hotspotting while maintaining read performance?

A company is migrating an on-premise PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL. The current database has a connection pool with 200 connections and uses 64 GB RAM. According to Cloud SQL best practices, what is the maximum recommended max_connections setting?

During an incident, the incident commander delegates tasks to multiple teams. Which communication model is MOST effective to reduce noise?

A DevOps engineer wants to create a dashboard that shows the number of 5xx errors per service over time. The errors are logged in Cloud Logging. What is the most efficient way to create this dashboard?

A company needs to run complex analytical queries on large datasets (petabytes) with SQL support and high scalability. The data is stored in CSV files in Cloud Storage. Which Google Cloud service is MOST suitable?

A DBA notices high query cache lock contention on this Cloud SQL for MySQL instance. Which configuration change should be recommended?

Your Bigtable cluster is showing high read latency for row key lookups. The application accesses rows with keys in the format 'user_id#timestamp'. You notice that most reads are for recent timestamps. Which optimization should you implement?

A company uses Cloud Bigtable for their analytics pipeline. They set up replication with a primary cluster in us-central1 and a secondary in us-west1. They notice that during normal operation, queries always hit the primary cluster even if the secondary is closer. What should they change to route queries to the nearest cluster automatically?

Match each Cloud SQL high-availability feature to its description.

An engineering team wants to automatically build a Docker image every time a developer pushes code to the main branch of their GitHub repository. They are using Cloud Build. Which configuration should they use?

The query above fails with 'Resources exceeded: UDF out of memory' on a large table. What is the best way to fix this?

A company is building a microservices architecture and needs to choose a database per service. Which THREE factors should they consider?

An engineer wants to trigger a Cloud Build pipeline whenever a new pull request(PR) is opened against the 'main' branch of a repository. Which type of build trigger should they configure?

A BI team is designing a BigQuery table for a sales dashboard that queries daily sales by product category and region. The dashboard often filters on a specific date range and a specific region. Which combination of partitioning and clustering should be used?

An organization is migrating a MySQL database to Cloud SQL using DMS with continuous replication. After promoting the destination, they need a rollback plan. Which approach should they use to enable a quick rollback if issues arise?

Your organization uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL for a reporting application with read-heavy workloads. Queries are slow and you need to reduce load on the primary instance. You also need to ensure that all read queries from the reporting tool are isolated from the primary. What should you do?

A company uses Cloud Build to build a multi-module Maven project. They want to run unit tests for module A and integration tests for module B in parallel. In cloudbuild.yaml, how should they configure the steps to run in parallel?

A DevOps engineer is setting up CI/CD for a microservice application. They want to use Cloud Build to deploy to Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) only if the build passes tests. Which Cloud Build configuration approach should they use?

A global gaming company uses Spanner to store player profiles and scores. The most common query is 'Get the top 10 players by score' across all regions. The 'Players' table has millions of rows. Which schema design and query approach provides the best performance?

A data engineer runs a BigQuery query that joins a large fact table with a small lookup table. The query processes 1 TB of data and takes 30 seconds. The engineer wants to reduce the amount of data processed. Which optimization technique is MOST effective?

A company uses Cloud Spanner and needs to implement change data capture (CDC) to stream changes to a downstream analytics pipeline. Which two features can they use? (Choose TWO.)

An organization uses Artifact Registry to store Docker images. They want to enforce that only images that have passed vulnerability scanning and are signed can be deployed to GKE. Which two services should they use together?

Your team uses Cloud Monitoring to alert on high CPU usage for Compute Engine instances. You want to be notified via email and Slack. You have created a notification channel for email. What must you do to also notify Slack?

A Cloud SQL for MySQL instance requires a patch update. How can you minimize downtime during the update?

A Cloud Database Engineer is designing a schema for an e-commerce application on Cloud Spanner. The application requires high read throughput for product queries by category and price range, and must support global scale with strong consistency. The team is considering primary key design and interleaved tables. Which TWO design considerations should the engineer apply? (Choose TWO.)

A team uses Skaffold for local development and CI/CD. They want to run integration tests against the deployed application before releasing to production. Which THREE Skaffold features can they use?

In BigQuery, a BI analyst wants to store financial data with high precision and avoid rounding errors. Which data type should be used for currency columns?

You are configuring a Cloud Build pipeline that builds a Docker image, pushes it to Artifact Registry, and deploys to Cloud Run. The build requires network access to a private VPC to download dependencies. Which approach should you use to provide VPC access?

A company is planning to migrate their on-premises Oracle database to Cloud SQL. Which THREE prerequisites must be satisfied?

A company is migrating a MySQL OLTP database to Bigtable for a time-series application. The current schema uses a relational model with normalized tables. Which two actions should the team take when designing the Bigtable schema? (Choose TWO.)

A developer is designing a schema for Firestore to store user profiles. Each user has a unique ID and multiple addresses. Which data modeling approach is recommended for Firestore?

A company is migrating a stateful web application from on-premises to Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). The application has variable traffic patterns, with occasional spikes. The team wants to optimize performance and availability while minimizing cost during spikes. The application is not fault-tolerant to instance restarts. Which TWO strategies should the team implement? (Choose TWO)

An SLA guarantees 99.9% monthly uptime. The team's SLO is 99.95% and error budget is 0.05%. What is the maximum allowed downtime per month according to the SLA?

A team is migrating an on-premises MySQL database to Cloud SQL. The current schema usesMyISAM tables. What is the recommended approach?

A financial services company runs a global trading application on Cloud Spanner. They need the highest availability with 99.999% SLA and automatic failover with zero data loss. Which Spanner configuration should they choose?

A team is migrating a relational database to Bigtable. The existing schema uses foreign keys to join orders, customers, and products. Which data model approach is most suitable for Bigtable?

You are running a Cloud Spanner instance and notice that a secondary index is causing performance issues for write operations. The index includes all columns of the table. Which Spanner feature can reduce the storage and write overhead of the index?

A company wants to implement a disaster recovery plan for their AlloyDB database. They need automatic failover with minimal data loss and RTO under 30 seconds. Which configuration should they use?

A company is designing a landing zone in Google Cloud. They need to set up a shared VPC for multiple projects. Which TWO steps should they take? (Choose two.)

You are monitoring a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance and notice that the CPU utilization is consistently above 90% during peak hours. What is the most cost-effective initial action to reduce CPU load?

A data engineering team ingests JSON logs into BigQuery using a streaming pipeline. Queries need to extract specific fields from nested arrays. Which SQL construct should be used to efficiently transform the nested data into a flat table for BI?

A company uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They need to monitor the replication lag on a read replica. Which metric should they use in Cloud Monitoring?

A company is planning a cutover from an on-premises MySQL database to Cloud SQL after a DMS continuous migration. To ensure minimal downtime and a successful cutover, which TWO actions should be part of the cutover procedure? (Choose TWO.)

A team is migrating a 5 TB MySQL database to Cloud SQL using DMS. The full dump phase is taking longer than expected. They suspect network bandwidth is the bottleneck. Which action can they take to improve the dump speed within DMS?

A company uses Bigtable for time-series analytics and needs to query the most recent data points first. The row key currently consists of a user ID followed by a timestamp (e.g., user123#2024-01-15T10:30:00). However, frequent queries filter by time range across all users. Which row key design change would optimize query performance for this access pattern?

A company runs a MySQL database on Cloud SQL for an e-commerce platform. They need to add a new column to a table with millions of rows without causing downtime. What is the recommended approach?

You are configuring a dashboard-as-code using the Cloud Monitoring API. You want to create a dashboard that shows a heatmap of request latency distribution across all services. Which chart type and aggregation should you use?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL. The database is 2 TB and must have minimal downtime during migration. Which migration strategy should the Database Engineer recommend?

You want to automatically group and track similar errors in your application logs, and see trends over time. Which Google Cloud service should you use?

The exhibit shows IAM policy for a BigQuery dataset. The BI team reports they can query tables but cannot create views. What is the missing role?

You are a database engineer for an e-commerce platform running on Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. The application team reports that a critical report query taking 5 seconds last week now takes over 30 seconds. The database CPU usage has increased from 40% to 85%. The query plan shows a sequential scan on the orders table. Which action should you take first to diagnose the problem?

A DevOps engineer is building a CI/CD pipeline and needs to securely pass a database password to a Cloud Build step. The password is stored in Secret Manager. What is the correct way to access it in cloudbuild.yaml?

A Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance is used for an OLTP application. The database schema has many foreign key constraints. Which action improves write performance?

A team is designing a Cloud Spanner schema for a global social media application. The table 'Posts' has a primary key of (UserId, PostId) where PostId is a UUID. They notice write hotspots on the server with monotonically increasing UserId values. What is the most effective schema design change to distribute writes evenly?

A team has an SLO of 99.9% availability over a 30-day period. How many minutes of downtime does the error budget allow per month?

An engineer needs to monitor the replication lag of a Cloud SQL read replica. Which metric should they use in Cloud Monitoring?

Match each Google Cloud database service to its primary use case.

You are managing a Memorystore for Redis instance that is part of a high-traffic e-commerce application. The instance uses the volatile-lru eviction policy and has persistence disabled. You need to improve data durability without losing the ability to evict keys with TTL. You also want to ensure that the instance can automatically recover from a zonal failure. Which TWO actions should you take? (Choose TWO.)

You are a database engineer at a retail company. The company uses BigQuery for BI, with a fact table 'sales_fact' partitioned by order_date and containing 100 million rows. There is a dimension table 'products' with 10,000 rows. The BI team reports that the following query takes over 5 minutes to run: SELECT p.category, SUM(s.amount) FROM sales_fact s JOIN products p ON s.product_id = p.product_id WHERE s.order_date >= '2024-01-01' AND s.order_date < '2024-04-01' GROUP BY p.category. The table 'products' is not partitioned or clustered. 'sales_fact' is partitioned by order_date but not clustered. The query only scans 3 months of data (about 25 million rows). However, the join seems slow. What is the most likely cause and what single action would you take to improve performance?

Which SQL function in BigQuery is best for replacing NULL values in a numeric column with a default value?

A Cloud Memorystore for Redis instance is running out of memory. The team wants to automatically remove the least recently used keys when memory is full. Which eviction policy should they configure?

A company is using Cloud Bigtable and wants to set up monitoring and alerting for replication lag between clusters. Which TWO metrics should they use? (Choose 2)

A team wants to reduce toil in their operations. Which two of the following are characteristics of toil according to Google SRE principles? (Choose 2)

A database engineer is configuring a Memorystore for Redis instance for a session store application. The application requires persistent storage to survive node failures. Which tier and configuration should be used?

An organization is migrating a Teradata data warehouse to BigQuery. They need to convert existing Teradata DDL and BTEQ scripts to BigQuery SQL. Which Google Cloud service should they use for schema conversion?

Order the steps to export data from Cloud Bigtable to Cloud Storage using Dataflow.

A developer wants to manually promote a release from a staging target to a production target using Cloud Deploy. Which gcloud command should they use?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the most likely performance issue with this schema?

A company is designing a disaster recovery plan for Cloud SQL for MySQL. They need to ensure the database can be recovered with minimal data loss (RPO of minutes) in case of a regional outage. Which TWO actions should they take?

A team uses Cloud Build to deploy a Python service to Cloud Run. They need to ensure the service uses a custom domain and only accepts HTTPS traffic. Which flags should they include in the gcloud run deploy command?

A team is managing a Memorystore for Redis instance that needs to scale to handle increased traffic. They want to ensure high availability and the ability to distribute data across multiple nodes. Which three actions should they take? (Choose THREE.)

An SRE team uses Cloud Monitoring to alert on error budget burn rate. They configure a slow burn alert with a 6-hour lookback window and a burn rate factor of 5. What is the purpose of this slow burn alert?

An SRE team uses Cloud Monitoring SLOs with request-based SLI for a microservice. They want to alert when the error budget is projected to be exhausted within 2 hours at current burn rate. The SLO target is 99.9% over 30 days. Which approach should they use?

A team wants to implement GitOps for their Terraform infrastructure. They want to automatically apply changes when a pull request is merged to the main branch. Which approach should they use?

An engineer wants to deploy a set of GCP resources (e.g., Cloud SQL, Pub/Sub topics) alongside their Kubernetes workloads using a GitOps approach with Config Connector. What is the primary benefit of using Config Connector over deploying these resources manually?

Your team is migrating a 5 TB MySQL database from on-premises to Cloud SQL. The database receives 2,000 writes per second and the network link has 500 Mbps bandwidth. You need to minimize migration time with zero data loss. What should you do?

A team runs a service on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) and wants to inject faults to test resilience. They need to introduce latency into requests to a specific microservice without modifying code. Which tool should they use?

A company plans to migrate a MySQL database to Cloud SQL with minimal downtime. They use Database Migration Service with continuous CDC. After starting the migration, the initial full dump completes, and CDC replication begins. The application team needs to cut over during a maintenance window. What must the engineer do just before promoting the destination to ensure no data loss?

Which of the following best describes 'toil' in SRE?

A startup needs a fully managed relational database for their e-commerce platform with high availability, automatic failover, and read replicas. They expect moderate traffic and want to minimize operational overhead. Which Google Cloud service should they use?

A company is migrating an on-premises MySQL database to Cloud SQL for MySQL. The current schema uses InnoDB with foreign keys. What is a key consideration for maintaining referential integrity in Cloud SQL?

You administer a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance running with 4 vCPUs and 15 GB of memory. The application frequently runs complex read-only reporting queries during business hours. Recently, the database started throwing 'out of memory' errors, and the instance's memory usage is consistently above 90%. You have enabled the pgtune recommendations and applied them. The workload is read-heavy and does not require a high write throughput. Which change would most effectively reduce memory pressure while maintaining query performance?

A company is migrating an Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They have a table with a column defined as NUMBER(10,2). To maintain data integrity, what should be the corresponding PostgreSQL data type?

A Cloud Bigtable instance stores time-series data with a row key format: [metric_id]#[timestamp]. The team notices read throughput is low when scanning a metric over a time range. What is the likely cause?

You have a Cloud Spanner database that needs to be migrated from one region to another. You want to ensure no data loss and minimal downtime. Which approach should you use?

A financial services company uses Cloud Spanner for transaction processing. They need to run analytical queries that scan large portions of the database without impacting OLTP performance. What schema design technique should they use?

A marketing team needs to analyze customer behavior using BigQuery. They want to create a table that stores the first and last purchase date for each customer from the `orders` table. Which SQL approach should they use?

A batch job on GKE needs to be resilient to node failures. The job creates several pods that run for a few minutes each. The team wants to ensure that during a voluntary node disruption (e.g., node upgrade), only a limited number of pods are affected. Which resource should they configure?

A company uses Cloud Build to build and deploy microservices to GKE. Each microservice has environment-specific configurations (dev, staging, prod). They want to manage these configurations using Kustomize. How should they structure the pipeline?

You are implementing a chaos engineering experiment on a GKE cluster using Chaos Mesh. You want to test the resilience of a microservice by injecting a 5-second delay into 50% of HTTP requests to a specific service. Which Chaos Mesh resource should you use?

An organization is planning a database migration from Oracle to PostgreSQL on Cloud SQL. They have a large number of stored procedures that use Oracle-specific PL/SQL features. Which tool should they use to automate the schema conversion, including conversion of PL/SQL to PL/pgSQL?

A data engineer notices that a scheduled query exporting BigQuery data to Cloud Storage is failing with a timeout error. The dataset contains 500 million rows. What should they do?

An organization needs a fully managed, globally distributed relational database with strong consistency and horizontal scaling for a multi-region application. Which service meets these requirements?

A company is migrating its on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL. The database is 2 TB and the migration must have minimal downtime. The source database supports continuous archiving. Which three steps should they take? (Choose THREE.)

A service has an SLO of 99.9% availability over a 30-day window. The team wants to automate a deployment rollback if the error budget burn rate exceeds 10x over a 30-minute window. Which combination of Cloud Monitoring and Cloud Build should be used?

A company runs a GKE cluster and wants to ensure that during a planned node upgrade, their application remains available with minimal disruption. Which TWO steps should they take? (Choose two.)

You are using Cloud Spanner and need to add a new column to an existing table. The table has millions of rows and must remain fully available for reads and writes during the schema change. What is the correct approach?

A team needs to automate the reduction of toil in their operations. Which THREE of the following are valid strategies to reduce toil according to SRE principles?

A startup uses Cloud SQL (MySQL) for a blogging platform. The schema has a table 'posts' with columns: post_id (auto-increment PK), title, content, author_id, created_at. The application frequently runs a query to display the latest 10 posts from a specific author: SELECT * FROM posts WHERE author_id = ? ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 10. This query is slow when an author has thousands of posts. The team wants to optimize this query without changing the application code. What schema change will be most effective?

A company is using DMS to migrate from MySQL to Cloud SQL. During the full dump phase, the migration is taking longer than expected. Which factor most likely affects the duration of the full dump?

An engineer wants to run two Cloud Build steps in parallel to speed up the build. How should they configure the cloudbuild.yaml?

A Database Engineer is responsible for managing a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance. The engineer needs to ensure that automated backups are retained for 14 days and that point-in-time recovery (PITR) is enabled. Which configuration should the engineer set?

A company is designing a BigQuery data model for a business intelligence dashboard that shows sales by region and product. The data is refreshed daily. Which schema design is MOST cost-effective and performant for this use case?

A company uses Pub/Sub to ingest events from multiple services. They notice a backlog of unacknowledged messages and want to increase the throughput of their subscriber. The subscriber is a single process running on Compute Engine. What is the most effective way to increase throughput?

During a MySQL to Cloud SQL migration using DMS, the migration job fails during the full dump phase with an error indicating 'Access denied for user'. The DMS connection profile to the source was created with a user that has only SELECT privileges. What additional privilege is required for the full dump?

A company wants to enforce that all Compute Engine VMs have Shielded VM features enabled. Which mechanism should they use?

A company is designing a schema for Cloud Bigtable to store user sessions. Access patterns: (1) read all sessions for a given user ID, and (2) read a specific session by session ID. The row key should support both patterns efficiently. Which row key design is MOST appropriate?

An e-commerce platform uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL to manage orders. The application team reports that the database experiences performance degradation during peak hours due to high connection churn. They want to maintain a pool of established connections. Which configuration change addresses this without application code changes?

A social media company uses Cloud Spanner with a multi-region configuration. During a regional outage, automatic failover occurred, but some transactions that were in-flight at the time of failure were lost. What is the most likely reason for this data loss?

A Cloud Bigtable instance experiences a sudden increase in read latency and request errors. The operations team notices that one node is handling disproportionately more traffic. Which tool should they use to diagnose the issue?

A company is migrating a PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL using DMS with continuous CDC. During cutover, the engineer checks DMS metrics and sees the replication lag is consistently 0 seconds. What is the next step to complete the migration?

A DevOps engineer wants to visualize the 99th percentile latency of an HTTP endpoint over the past week using Cloud Monitoring dashboards. The metric is available as a distribution from Cloud Trace. Which chart type should they use to display this percentile over time?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer tries to connect to a Cloud SQL instance from a VM using the public IP. The connection fails with this error. What should the developer do to fix the connection?

A company uses Cloud Spanner with a multi-region configuration (nam3) for a global application. They notice that write latency has increased significantly during peak hours. After investigation, they find that the number of splits has increased from 10 to 50, and the CPU utilization on most nodes is below 10%. However, writes are being throttled due to excessive hot spots on a few nodes. What should they do?

A company uses Cloud SQL for MySQL and wants to define backup retention policies for compliance. Which TWO statements about Cloud SQL backup retention are correct? (Choose 2)

You are designing a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance for an OLTP application. The application typically handles 500 concurrent connections and the working set is 8 GB. You estimate a buffer pool of 4 GB. What minimum memory allocation should you choose?

A developer wants to deploy a containerized application to Cloud Run with a requirement that the service has at least 2 instances always running to handle low-latency requests. Which flag should they use with gcloud run deploy?

A mobile app stores user profiles in Firestore. Users are spread globally. Which data model ensures low latency reads and writes?

An organization uses Cloud SQL for MySQL and needs to perform disaster recovery testing by failing over to a cross-region read replica without impacting the primary instance. They want to validate the promotion process and measure the actual RTO. Which approach should be used?

An SRE team wants to implement a blameless postmortem culture after incidents. Which TWO practices are essential for a blameless postmortem?

A company runs a critical application on AlloyDB in a single zone. They want to improve resiliency with an RTO under 30 seconds and RPO near zero. Which THREE steps should they take? (Choose 3)

You need to create a custom metric to monitor the number of user logins per minute. Which metric kind should you use?

A team uses Cloud Monitoring to track availability SLI as good-request-count / valid-request-count. They want to create a window-based SLO. Which metric filter should they use for the numerator?

A company uses Cloud Build to build a container image with Kaniko. They want to speed up builds by caching the base image layers. Which configuration should they add to their cloudbuild.yaml?

A company is evaluating disaster recovery options for their production Bigtable instance. They need asynchronous replication with manual failover and the ability to route reads to the secondary cluster only when the primary is unhealthy. Which TWO settings should they configure? (Choose 2 correct answers.)

An organization is designing a Cloud Spanner schema for a social media application. The application frequently queries for all posts by a specific user, and also updates the number of likes on a post. To ensure high performance and avoid hotspots, which TWO schema design principles should the team apply? (Choose two.)

A database administrator wants to set up monitoring and alerting for Cloud SQL instances. They need to be notified when CPU utilisation exceeds 80% for more than 5 minutes and when replication lag on a read replica exceeds 30 seconds. Which two metrics should they create alerting policies for? (Choose TWO.)

A team is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL using DMS. They have completed the schema conversion using Ora2Pg and are now setting up continuous migration. The source database is behind a firewall. Which connectivity method should they use for the source connection profile if they cannot use public IP?

A company uses Cloud Spanner with a single-region configuration in us-central1. They need to improve disaster recovery to meet an RPO of zero and an RTO of less than 5 seconds across regions. Which three actions should they take? (Choose three.)

An organization wants to enforce that no Compute Engine instances have public IP addresses. Which TWO methods can achieve this? (Choose TWO.)

A team is implementing Binary Authorization for containers deployed to GKE. They want to enforce that only images signed by their CI pipeline can be deployed. The CI pipeline runs in Cloud Build. What must they configure to allow Cloud Build to sign images?

A BigQuery table is partitioned by ingestion time (pseudo column _PARTITIONTIME) and uses the default partition expiration of 90 days. A data engineer runs a DELETE statement to remove rows older than 100 days. Why does this query process more bytes than expected?

Which TWO data type mappings are correct when converting Oracle data types to PostgreSQL?

Your GKE cluster is running a critical web application that experiences predictable traffic spikes during business hours. You want to minimize latency and avoid pod startup delays during scaling. The application uses CPU-intensive image processing. Which scaling strategy should you use?

A company uses Cloud Spanner in a multi-region configuration with the leader region in us-central1. They want to improve write latency for users in Europe. The application's writes are latency-sensitive and must be strongly consistent. Which action should the engineer take?

Which notification channel is supported by Cloud Monitoring for alerting without additional third-party integrations?

An organization uses Terraform with a GCS backend for state. They want to implement a GitOps workflow where changes merged to the main branch are automatically applied. The CI/CD pipeline uses a service account with Workload Identity Federation. Which THREE components are required? (Choose three.)

A Looker developer configured a new connection to BigQuery as shown. The connection test fails with the error above. What is the most likely cause?

Which GCP database service automatically replicates data across multiple zones within a region and provides an SLA of 99.999% for multi-region configurations?

An organization uses Cloud Spanner and needs to add a new column to an existing table without downtime. The table has billions of rows and is heavily used. What is the recommended approach to add the column?

A company is designing a BigQuery data warehouse for BI dashboards. They have a fact table with billions of rows and need to optimize query performance for common filters on date and customer_id. Which table design strategy is most effective?

You are monitoring a Memorystore for Redis instance serving as a cache for an e-commerce application. The cache hit ratio has dropped from 95% to 70%. Which action is most likely to restore the hit ratio?

Which Spanner feature allows you to add a new column to an existing table without blocking writes or requiring a rebuild?

A service has an SLO of 99.9% availability over a 30-day month. What is the error budget in minutes for that month?

A company uses Cloud Spanner and needs to back up a large database (several TB) for compliance reasons. They want to retain the backup for 400 days. What is the optimal approach to meet this requirement?

An engineer needs to create a build trigger in Cloud Build that runs every day at midnight. Which type of trigger should they use?

A company wants to implement a service mesh with fault injection for HTTP services running on Google Kubernetes Engine. They need to inject artificial delays and errors into requests to test resilience. Which GCP service should they use?

A company is using mysqldump to migrate a MySQL database to Cloud SQL. The source database uses InnoDB tables and is running a production workload. They want to ensure a consistent snapshot without locking tables. Which mysqldump flags should they use?

A company needs to store and analyze semi-structured JSON logs from multiple microservices. The data is write-heavy with bursts of 100,000 writes/sec, and queries filter by service name and timestamp range. They require low operational overhead and the ability to query with SQL. Which Google Cloud database should they choose?

A DevOps engineer wants to implement a GitOps workflow for a GKE cluster using a tool that automatically syncs the cluster state with a Git repository. Which Google Cloud service is designed for this purpose?

A company runs a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance with a cross-region read replica in a different region for disaster recovery. The primary region experiences a complete outage. What is the expected RPO and RTO for promoting the read replica to become the new primary?

A financial services company uses Cloud Spanner with a database that has multiple tables with interleaved relationships. They need to enforce a strict consistency requirement across two related tables that are not interleaved. Which method ensures global strong consistency?

Refer to the exhibit. You notice replication latency is 15ms. What is the most likely cause of this latency?

A team wants to reduce toil from manual database backups. They estimate the toil takes 10 hours per week. What is the maximum amount of toil they should allow to keep toil under 50% of their time according to SRE best practices?

A startup is using Cloud Spanner for a global user base. They need to design a schema that minimizes interleaved table joins for common access patterns. Which schema design principle should they prioritize?

A financial application requires zero data loss (RPO=0) and automatic failover within 60 seconds in the event of a zone failure. The database must support ACID transactions. Which Google Cloud service meets these requirements?

A company runs a retail BI dashboard on BigQuery. The fact_sales table is partitioned by DAY and clustered by product_id. The table is 10 TB. Recently, analysts complain that queries filtering on a specific product_id and a month of data take over 10 minutes. The query uses a subquery to find top products. What should the engineer do?

A global e-commerce platform uses Cloud Spanner in multi-region configuration. The application writes a significant portion of traffic from Europe and requires the lowest read latency in that region. Which configuration step should be taken to minimise read latency in Europe while maintaining write availability?

You are designing a database schema for Cloud SQL (MySQL) for an OLTP application. Which normal form is typically recommended to avoid update anomalies?

An e-commerce platform requires strong consistency across global regions. Which database service should they choose?

A team uses Terraform with a GCS backend for state. They want to use remote state from another project to read output values. What Terraform configuration element is used to retrieve outputs from a different state file?

A team is designing a disaster recovery strategy for Cloud SQL. They need to be able to recover the database in a different region with a Recovery Point Objective (RPO) of less than 30 minutes. What should they configure?

Your team is using Cloud Monitoring dashboards to monitor a multi-service architecture. You want to manage dashboards as code using Terraform. Which approach should you use to create a dashboard?

During an incident, an SRE team uses an incident command system. Which role is responsible for coordinating communication and resources, but not for technical debugging?

A company is migrating their on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL. They want to minimize downtime during the migration. Which approach should they use?

A company plans to migrate an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL. The database is 2 TB in size and requires minimal downtime. Which migration approach should they use?

Refer to the exhibit. The company wants to achieve a 99.99% SLA for this Cloud SQL instance. What should they do?

A gaming company uses Firestore in Native mode to store player profiles and game state. They need to query the data by both 'playerId' and 'lastLoginTimestamp' sorted descending. The current index configuration is automatic. How should they configure indexing to support this query efficiently?

A startup is building a ride-sharing application that requires globally distributed, strongly consistent transactions for ride matching and payments. The database must scale horizontally and provide low-latency reads and writes. Which Google Cloud database should they use?

A healthcare company needs to run BI queries on patient data. The table is in BigQuery and contains 5 billion rows. Queries often filter on patient_id and date. But the table is not partitioned or clustered. Analysts run queries that scan the entire table. The data is updated daily. What is the most cost-effective way to improve performance?

A Cloud Run service needs to handle background tasks after responding to a client. Which CPU configuration is required to ensure background tasks complete?

Which TWO best practices should be followed when modeling data for a Looker BI dashboard to optimize query performance?

A company is migrating a PostgreSQL database to AlloyDB using DMS. They need to test the converted stored procedures. Which tool should they use to write and run unit tests for PL/pgSQL functions?

A Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance is experiencing a surge in read traffic. The team wants to offload read queries without affecting write latency. What should they do?

An SRE team wants to automate a manual process that involves multiple steps and conditional logic (e.g., if a backup fails, retry with a different method). Which TWO Google Cloud services can they use to orchestrate this workflow? (Choose 2 answers)

A company is planning a migration from an on-premises SQL Server database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They need to convert both schema and data. Which two Google Cloud services should they consider? (Choose 2)

A team needs to migrate a large Teradata data warehouse to BigQuery. They want to automatically convert Teradata DDL and BTEQ scripts to BigQuery-compatible SQL. Which Google Cloud service should they use?

A financial services company uses Cloud Bigtable for real-time fraud detection. They have a cluster with 10 nodes using HDD storage and are experiencing high latency due to disk throughput bottlenecks. They need to improve performance with minimal downtime. What should they do?

An engineer is migrating a MySQL database to Cloud SQL using mysqldump. The source database uses InnoDB tables. Which TWO mysqldump options should the engineer use to perform a consistent online backup without locking tables? (Choose 2 correct answers.)

A team has a Cloud SQL instance with high CPU usage from many concurrent connections. They want to reduce connection overhead and improve performance. Which combination of services should they implement?

You need to set up a notification channel for alerting that triggers a PagerDuty incident. The PagerDuty integration key is 'abc123'. What is the correct command to create this channel?

A DevOps engineer wants to trigger a Cloud Build pipeline automatically every time a pull request is created against the main branch of a Cloud Source Repositories repository. Which type of build trigger should they configure?

A company is using Cloud Spanner and wants to perform disaster recovery testing. They need to validate that their backup and restore process works without impacting production. Which TWO actions should they take? (Choose 2 correct answers.)

A company is migrating their on-premises data warehouse to BigQuery for BI. They have a fact table with billions of rows and many dimension tables. The current queries perform well in the on-prem system but are slow in BigQuery. The queries contain multiple JOINs and subqueries. Which optimization should they implement first?

A team uses Kustomize to manage Kubernetes manifests for multiple environments (dev, staging, prod). They have a base directory and overlays for each environment. When deploying to a cluster, they run kustomize build and pipe to kubectl apply. How can they integrate this into Cloud Build?

A team has a service with an SLO of 99.5% uptime over 30 days. They track error budget and want to alert when the error budget is almost exhausted. What is their total error budget in minutes per month?

A company wants to migrate a 10 TB Redshift data warehouse to BigQuery with minimal downtime. Which combination of services should they use?

A company is designing a data warehouse for BI. They need to support both detailed transaction analysis and high-level aggregated reports. Which schema design best balances storage and query performance?

You need to estimate the number of Bigtable nodes required for a workload of 50,000 reads per second (QPS) and 20,000 writes per second. Each node can handle 10,000 QPS for reads or writes. Storage is not a constraint. What is the minimum number of nodes required?

A company runs a critical application on Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. The database engineer needs to ensure that if the primary instance fails, a standby instance in a different region can take over with minimal data loss. Which configuration should the Database Engineer implement?

A company has a Google Cloud organization with separate folders for development, staging, and production. They want to deploy Terraform using a CI/CD pipeline that runs in a shared tools project. Where should the Terraform state files be stored and how should the pipeline authenticate?

A company has a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance with a cross-region read replica for disaster recovery. During a regional outage, they need to promote the read replica to a standalone instance as quickly as possible. What is the correct procedure?

Which TWO schema design practices help reduce write contention in Cloud Spanner?

A Bigtable instance stores time-series data with row keys formatted as `#deviceID#timestamp`. The application often queries recent data for a specific device. Monitoring shows high read latency when scanning multiple devices. The row key design is causing hotspotting. What is the best redesign?

A DevOps engineer needs to deploy the same application to multiple GKE clusters across environments (dev, staging, prod) with environment-specific configurations. They want to use a single source of truth for Kubernetes manifests. Which approach is most suitable?

A developer wants to add a composite index in Firestore to support a query that filters on two fields: 'status' (equality) and 'createdAt' (range). How should the index be configured?

Which TWO of the following are best practices when designing data structures for business intelligence in BigQuery?

A slow query log entry shows the above for a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance. Which index would most improve performance?

A service has an SLO of 99.9% availability over 30 days. In the first 10 days, the service has already consumed 60% of the error budget. Which action best aligns with SRE principles?

You are designing a schema for Cloud Spanner and need to model a one-to-many relationship between Customers and Orders. Which THREE features or practices should you consider? (Choose three.)

A company is using Cloud Run to deploy a service that processes background tasks. The service takes a few seconds to initialize, and users experience high latency on cold starts. How can the company eliminate cold starts for this service?

An engineer is performing a manual migration from PostgreSQL to Cloud SQL. They run pg_dump and want to import the dump into Cloud SQL. Which pg_dump flags are necessary to avoid errors related to ownership and ACLs?

A company uses Cloud Memorystore for Redis as a cache for their web application. They want to ensure that cache data survives a failover event with minimal data loss. The current instance has a standard tier (with replication) and persistence disabled. What change should they make?

Refer to the exhibit. You are analyzing a slow query in Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. The execution plan shows a sequential scan. Which index should you create to most effectively improve query performance?

An organization is using Memorystore for Redis and needs to ensure that when memory usage reaches the maximum, the cache evicts keys based on the least recently used (LRU) algorithm among keys with an expiry set. They also want to require password authentication for client connections. Which two configurations should be applied? (Choose TWO.)

A team executed the above DDL to create interleaved tables in Cloud Spanner. They need to query all orders for a specific customer. Which query will be most efficient?

You want to continuously profile the CPU usage of a production application running on Compute Engine to identify performance bottlenecks. Which Google Cloud service should you use?

You are troubleshooting a slow-performing query on Cloud Spanner. The query scans a large table with a secondary index. Which TWO metrics from the Query Insights dashboard would most directly indicate the source of the performance issue?

A Cloud Spanner database has a table with a primary key and a secondary index. The application frequently queries using a filter on the secondary index column and orders by the primary key. The queries are slow. What should the database administrator do to improve query performance?

A company is using Cloud Deploy to manage releases to GKE. They want to implement a deployment strategy where the new version is rolled out to a small subset of pods and traffic is gradually shifted based on prometheus metrics. Which deployment strategy should they configure in the delivery pipeline?

The user runs a BigQuery query on a non-partitioned table and receives the error shown. Which optimization should be applied first to resolve the issue?

An organization wants to deploy a Cloud Run service using Cloud Deploy. They need to run a database migration script before each new revision starts serving traffic. Which Cloud Deploy feature should they use?

Refer to the exhibit. A company creates these Cloud Spanner tables. What happens when a customer record is deleted?

A company has a BigQuery dataset with many views. They need to ensure that only the latest 30 days of data is used in BI reports for performance. The source table is partitioned by ingestion_time. Which approach reduces query cost and improves performance?

You are building a globally distributed leaderboard application that requires strongly consistent reads with latency under 10 ms and high write throughput. Which Google Cloud database service is most suitable?

Which of the following is a benefit of using parent-child interleaved tables in Cloud Spanner?

Refer to the exhibit. You are reviewing a Firestore security rules file. What is the main security flaw in the database schema design that these rules expose?

A DevOps team is using Pub/Sub to process high-volume event streams. They notice that the subscriber is falling behind and messages are being redelivered frequently. They need to increase throughput. Which TWO actions should they take? (Choose TWO)

A financial company runs BI queries on a BigQuery table that is partitioned by ingestion time. The table is 1 TB and receives streaming inserts every minute. Analysts query the last 24 hours of data. The queries are slow. The table is clustered by transaction_id. What is the likely cause?

You are designing a Bigtable schema for a messaging application where users have conversations. Each row represents a message with row key 'userID#conversationID#timestamp'. The application queries the most recent messages for a given conversation. How should you modify the row key to optimize for this query pattern?

A developer wants to deploy a containerized application to Cloud Run using the command line. They need to set the maximum number of concurrent requests per container instance to 80. Which flag should they use with 'gcloud run deploy'?

An organization is implementing Binary Authorization for GKE. They need to ensure that only container images signed by their CI system are deployed. Which service must be enabled and configured to enforce this?

A developer reports that their application cannot connect to a Cloud SQL instance using private IP, but public IP works. The Cloud SQL instance is in VPC peering with the application's VPC. The application is in the same region. What is the most likely cause?

A database engineer is designing a schema for a Cloud Spanner database. Which three practices should they follow to ensure good performance? (Choose three.)

A DevOps engineer needs to set up billing export to analyze costs by team and environment. They have organized projects with labels: team (e.g., 'platform', 'data') and environment (e.g., 'prod', 'dev'). Which billing export configuration should they use?

A team wants to visualize real-time CPU utilization across a fleet of Compute Engine instances in a single dashboard. Which chart type in Cloud Monitoring is most appropriate?

A Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance is experiencing high read traffic. You need to offload read queries and ensure the solution can survive a regional outage. What should you do?

A company has multiple teams in a GCP organization. They want to isolate environments (prod, staging, dev) and give each team a separate project for development. Which folder structure is recommended?

A team wants to use Cloud Profiler to identify CPU hot functions in a production service. Which TWO statements about Cloud Profiler are correct? (Choose 2)

A company runs an e-commerce platform on Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They need to perform point-in-time recovery (PITR) to recover from a user error that occurred 30 minutes ago. Which configuration is required to enable PITR?

Your application uses structured logging in JSON format. You want to ensure that each log entry is automatically correlated with the corresponding trace in Cloud Trace. Which field must be included in the JSON payload?

Refer to the exhibit. A database administrator notices that the Spanner instance has only 3 nodes, but the application experiences high read latency during peak hours. The team needs to improve performance without over-provisioning. What should they do?

Your Cloud SQL for MySQL instance is experiencing high CPU usage due to a burst of concurrent connections. You want to handle up to 500 concurrent connections without over-provisioning the instance. What should you do?

Which THREE are valid considerations when designing BigQuery tables for BI reporting?

A DevOps team uses Cloud Build to build a multi-service application. They have three services: frontend, backend, and worker. They want to run builds for all three services in parallel to speed up the pipeline. Which of the following cloudbuild.yaml configurations are valid for achieving parallel execution? (Choose TWO).

A company is designing a disaster recovery strategy for a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance. They require an RPO of less than 5 minutes and an RTO of less than 2 minutes in the event of a regional outage. Which three components should they include in their solution? (Choose three.)

A financial services company runs a critical application on Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They require point-in-time recovery (PITR) with the ability to recover to any second within the past 7 days. However, their current backup configuration only allows recovery to the previous 7 days, but not within seconds. What should they do to enable PITR?

Match each Cloud SQL backup type to its retention policy.

A company needs to control cost by setting a budget alert on their billing account. They want to be notified when spending exceeds 80% of the budget. What should they configure?

A DevOps engineer is designing a landing zone for a large enterprise. Which THREE components are essential for a well-architected landing zone? (Choose THREE.)

An application running on Cloud SQL experiences high read latency. The team wants to offload read traffic from the primary instance and improve performance. Which approach should they take?

A data analyst runs a query that joins two large tables on a high-cardinality column with many NULL values. Which action is most likely to resolve the error?

Your Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance is experiencing high CPU utilization during peak hours. You notice that the query `SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_date >= '2024-01-01'` is frequently run against a table with 10 million rows. The table has a B-tree index on `order_date`. What is the most likely cause of the high CPU usage, and how should you address it?

A team wants to automatically adjust the node count in a GKE cluster based on pending pod resource requests. Which component should they enable?

You need to monitor the replication lag between a Cloud SQL for MySQL primary instance and its read replica. Which metric should you use to set up an alert?

A Memorystore for Redis instance is running out of memory. The application can tolerate some data loss but not crashes. The team wants to ensure the instance remains available without manual intervention. Which eviction policy should they configure?

A company is running a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance for an e-commerce application. They need to enable point-in-time recovery (PITR) with a 7-day retention period. What configuration steps must be taken?

You need to monitor a critical batch job that runs daily on Compute Engine. If the job does not complete within 2 hours, you want to be paged via PagerDuty. The job emits a custom metric 'batch_duration' as a GAUGE that records the duration of the last completed run. What alerting policy condition should you use?

An engineer needs to create a backup of a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance that is retained for 400 days to meet compliance requirements. What is the correct approach?

A DevOps engineer needs to create a dashboard as code for Cloud Monitoring. They want to version-control the dashboard definition. Which method should they use?

A team is designing a schema for a user activity logging system using Bigtable. Each log entry includes a user ID, activity type, timestamp, and details. The access pattern requires retrieving all activities for a specific user within a time range. Which TWO row key designs are suitable? (Choose TWO.)

A company uses BigQuery for BI reporting with a star schema. The fact table 'sales' is partitioned by date and clustered by 'product_id'. The dimensions 'product' and 'customer' are updated nightly via merge statements. Recently, a report that joins 'sales' with 'product' on 'product_id' and filters on sale_date for the last 7 days started timing out. The query plan shows a 'SCAN' of the entire 'product' table. Which optimization should be applied to improve performance?

An engineer wants to create a dashboard that shows the number of HTTP 5xx errors per minute from an application that writes structured logs. The application logs are in Cloud Logging. Which approach should be used?

A team is adopting GitOps for infrastructure. They want to ensure that all Terraform configuration changes are automatically applied after merging to the main branch. Which CI/CD approach best supports this?

Which TWO actions are required to set up point-in-time recovery (PITR) for Cloud SQL for MySQL? (Choose 2)

A company uses Cloud SQL for MySQL and wants to run complex analytical queries on the same data without affecting OLTP performance. They need a solution with minimal data movement and low operational overhead. Which approach should they take?

A Cloud Pub/Sub subscription is used to ingest real-time events. The subscriber's processing rate is slower than the publish rate, causing messages to back up. The team needs to increase throughput without losing messages. Which three actions should they take? (Choose three.)

A financial services company uses BigQuery for BI reporting. They need to design a data model that ensures data consistency and avoids duplicate records in the fact table. Which three practices should they follow? (Choose three.)

Which of the following is an example of toil according to SRE principles?

Which TWO actions improve query performance and reduce cost in BigQuery for BI workloads?

A Cloud Bigtable cluster is currently using HDD storage. The team wants to switch to SSD for better performance. What is the correct approach?

A company runs a critical application on Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL with a 5-minute RPO and 30-minute RTO. They have a cross-region read replica for disaster recovery. During a planned failover test, what is the expected RPO and RTO when promoting the read replica?

A team wants to create a Cloud Spanner database backup and store it in a Cloud Storage bucket for long-term archival. Which method should they use?

An e-commerce platform uses Cloud Bigtable for real-time analytics on customer behavior. The table uses a row key of 'customer_id#timestamp' (customer ID followed by reverse timestamp). Queries for a specific customer's recent events are fast, but queries that filter by event type (e.g., 'purchase') across many customers are slow. What schema change can improve query performance for event-type filtering?

A data engineering team needs to run complex analytical queries on terabytes of data stored in Cloud Storage. The queries are ad-hoc and require scanning large portions of the dataset. The team needs a serverless solution that optimizes for cost by charging only for the data processed. Which Google Cloud service should they use?

You are optimizing a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance for an OLTP application. You observe frequent buffer pool contention and high disk reads per second. The instance has 16 vCPUs and 120 GB memory. What is the most effective initial tuning action?

An organization has a Cloud Deploy delivery pipeline with a canary deployment strategy to GKE. They want to automatically pause the rollout if the canary revision's error rate exceeds 5% for 5 minutes. Which feature should they use?

A company is migrating a MySQL database to Cloud SQL using Database Migration Service (DMS). The source database is on-premises and uses InnoDB tables. The migration job is configured as continuous (CDC). After starting the job, the full dump phase completes successfully, but the CDC phase shows no replicated changes. What is the most likely cause?

You are designing a Cloud Bigtable row key for a social media feed where users see posts from friends. Queries are: get posts for a user (by user_id) ordered by timestamp most recent first, and get posts for a specific topic (by topic_id) ordered by timestamp. To support both access patterns efficiently, which TWO design strategies are appropriate? (Choose two.)

A team is migrating a MySQL database to Cloud SQL using mysqldump for the initial snapshot. The source database uses InnoDB tables. Which mysqldump flags should be used to ensure a consistent snapshot without locking tables?

A large e-commerce platform uses BigQuery for business intelligence. They have a fact table `orders` (10 TB, partitioned by order_date, clustered by customer_id) and a dimension table `customers` (2 TB, not partitioned, not clustered). The BI team runs a daily dashboard query that joins these tables on customer_id and filters on order_date = CURRENT_DATE() and customer_country = 'US'. The query currently scans the full `customers` table and 2 GB of the `orders` table, taking 30 seconds. The business wants to reduce cost and latency. The `customers` table has 500 million rows and is updated incrementally every hour. Which action will most effectively reduce the amount of data scanned and query time?

An e-commerce application uses Cloud Spanner for its global inventory database. The application experiences high write latency during peak hours. After reviewing the schema, the database engineer notices that the primary key is an auto-incrementing integer. What is the most likely cause of the high write latency?

You are configuring error budget burn rate alerts for an SLO with a 30-day window. The SLO target is 99.9%. You want to set up a fast burn rate alert to quickly detect high consumption. Which alerting policy configuration should you use?

A small business runs a MySQL OLTP database for their inventory management system. They need high availability with automatic failover and regional disaster recovery. Which Google Cloud database service meets these requirements with minimal operational overhead?

Match each Google Cloud tool to its purpose in database management.

A data engineer is migrating a legacy on-premises Oracle data warehouse to Google Cloud. The source schema uses star schemas and advanced Oracle features like materialized views. The target must support real-time data from streaming sources and run complex SQL joins over 50 TB of data with low latency. Which architecture is most appropriate?

A company wants to use Cloud Logging to monitor for a specific error pattern in their application logs. They want to create a metric that counts occurrences of the error and then set up an alert when the count exceeds 100 in 5 minutes. Which TWO components are required? (Choose 2)

Which TWO are effective strategies to control costs when running BI queries on BigQuery? (Choose two.)

A DevOps engineer is bootstrapping a new Google Cloud organization. They need to enforce that all Compute Engine VM instances must use Shielded VM features. Which method should they use?

A Cloud Spanner instance is backing up a 2 TB database daily to Cloud Storage using the built-in backup feature. The compliance team requires the backup to be stored in a specific regional bucket with a retention policy of 14 days. How should the database administrator configure this?

A company is migrating a monolithic application to Google Cloud and needs to modernize the database layer. The application has both OLTP (high-volume transactions) and OLAP (complex reporting) workloads. The team wants to use a single database to simplify operations but with high performance for both. Which TWO Google Cloud database services support hybrid transactional/analytical processing (HTAP)? (Choose two.)

A site reliability engineer is defining an SLO for a service that processes user uploads. The team wants to measure success as the proportion of uploads completed within 2 seconds. Which type of SLI should they use?

An organization wants to implement privileged access management (PAM) for their Google Cloud environment. They need to grant temporary, just-in-time access to production projects for incident responders. Which GCP service should they use?

A company needs to perform real-time analytics on streaming data from IoT devices with millisecond latency for alerts, and also run complex historical analytics. Which Google Cloud database architecture supports both?

Refer to the exhibit. Which of the following statements is true regarding this schema design?

Refer to the exhibit. Which BigQuery SQL query correctly flattens the items into rows?

A company uses Cloud Deploy with a delivery pipeline that has dev, staging, and prod targets. They want to require manual approval before promoting a release to prod. How should they configure this?

A company needs to store petabytes of time-series IoT sensor data and query it with single-digit millisecond latency at millions of reads per second. The data has a simple key-value structure with timestamps. Which Google Cloud database is MOST appropriate?

You are planning capacity for a Cloud Spanner instance. Which TWO factors directly affect the number of nodes required?

You are designing a Cloud Bigtable schema for a time-series application where the most common write pattern is high-throughput writes (10,000 writes per second) and the row key starts with a timestamp. Write throughput is lower than expected. What is the most likely cause?

A BI team wants to create a report that shows daily active users for the last 7 days. Which SQL construct is most appropriate for fast performance on a large dataset?

An SRE team is defining SLIs for a data pipeline that ingests events from a pub/sub topic and writes to BigQuery. Which two metrics are good SLIs for pipeline freshness? (Choose TWO.)

A company runs an e-commerce website on Cloud SQL. They want to scale read traffic without impacting write performance and need high availability across zones. Which configuration should they use?

A startup is building an IoT analytics platform that ingests sensor data at high velocity and needs to run real-time dashboards and ad-hoc queries on the data. Which TWO Google Cloud databases should they use together? (Choose 2)

An engineer is configuring an alerting policy for a latency metric. They want to reduce noise by requiring that the condition be met for at least 3 out of the last 5 alignment periods. Which settings must be adjusted? (Choose 3)

During a cutover from an on-premises Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL, the team needs to minimize downtime. They have set up continuous replication using a custom tool. Which sequence of steps should they follow to perform the cutover with minimal data loss?

An application uses Firestore in Native mode. The query filters on two fields: 'status' (string) and 'created_date' (timestamp). The query returns results but the billing shows high document reads. What is the most likely cause?

A developer needs to deploy a containerized application to Cloud Run using the gcloud command. Which two flags are required to successfully deploy?

A BI team is troubleshooting a slow BigQuery query. Which TWO actions can help identify the bottleneck?

A Database Engineer is deploying a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance for a financial services application that requires high availability and automatic failover. The engineer also needs to ensure that backups are taken daily and retained for 30 days. Which TWO actions should the engineer take? (Choose two.)

An organization needs to continuously replicate data from an on-premises PostgreSQL database to AlloyDB with minimal downtime during cutover. They have set up DMS continuous migration. During the cutover phase, what is the correct sequence of steps?

A company is migrating a 2 TB PostgreSQL database to AlloyDB using Database Migration Service. They need to minimize downtime. After the initial full dump, the CDC lag remains high for hours. What should the engineer check first?

An application running on Cloud Run is experiencing high tail latency. The team wants to visualize which functions are consuming the most CPU time. Which Google Cloud tool should they use and how should they instrument the application?

An SRE team has defined a service's availability SLI as the proportion of successful requests over a 5-minute window. They set an SLO of 99.9% over 30 days. What is the error budget for a 30-day period?

A DevOps engineer is designing a CI/CD pipeline for a Cloud Run service. They need to implement a canary deployment that sends 10% of traffic to a new revision initially, then gradually increases to 100% if metrics are healthy. They also need to roll back instantly if the canary fails. Which THREE configurations should they use? (Select THREE)

A team is migrating a 10 TB PostgreSQL database to AlloyDB using DMS with continuous CDC. The migration starts, but the CDC phase is falling behind, with lag increasing over time. The source is a busy production database with high write throughput. What is the most effective action to reduce lag?

A Cloud SQL instance stores financial data. They need to meet a 1-hour RPO and 30-minute RTO. What backup configuration should they use?

A team wants to implement a GitOps workflow for deploying applications to GKE. They want to use a tool that continuously reconciles the cluster state with a Git repository. Which TWO tools can they use? (Select TWO)

Which TWO are best practices for designing a star schema in BigQuery for BI? (Choose two.)

Your company runs a global application on Cloud Spanner. You notice that recent schema changes have caused a significant increase in latency for cross-node transactions. The previous schema used interleaved tables for parent-child relationships, but the new schema uses separate tables with foreign keys. What is the most likely cause of the increased latency?

A company uses Cloud SQL for SQL Server. They want to store JSON data in a column and query it efficiently. What should they do?

A Cloud Spanner instance must handle 50,000 write mutations per second. You plan to use processing units (PUs). Each PU supports up to 2,000 mutations/second. What is the minimum number of PUs required?

Refer to the exhibit. The application requires low-latency reads for users in Europe. The current cluster is in us-central1. What should they do?

A company stores sensor data in BigQuery. They have a table 'sensor_readings' with columns: sensor_id, reading_time, value. The table is partitioned by reading_time (hourly) and clustered by sensor_id. A BI query aggregates average value per sensor for the last week. The query still scans many bytes. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Cloud Spanner with a schema that includes a table 'Events' with primary key (EventId, Timestamp). They need to run range queries on Timestamp across all events. They notice slow queries. Which two actions can improve query performance? (Choose two.)

A financial services company is using Terraform to manage their Google Cloud infrastructure. They have multiple environments (dev, staging, prod) and want to use a single Terraform configuration with separate state files per environment. They also need to store the Terraform state securely in a shared backend. Which approach should they use?

An SRE team wants to implement chaos engineering on their GKE cluster. Which TWO options are valid tools or services for injecting faults into GKE workloads?

An organization uses Terraform to manage infrastructure across multiple projects. They want to use a single shared Terraform state file for their production environment but isolate state for development environments. The team uses Terraform Cloud workspaces. Which state management approach is most appropriate?

A company uses Bigtable for time-series data with a row key format: 'deviceID#timestamp'. They notice write hotspotting on a few devices that generate high volumes of data. How should they redesign the row key to distribute writes evenly?

A company is designing a global user database that must support strong consistency and horizontal scaling with automatic failover. They have a 99.999% uptime requirement and need to serve writes from a single primary region with reads from multiple regions. Which Google Cloud database and configuration should they use?

A team wants to implement an on-call rotation using Cloud Monitoring and third-party tools. Which three components are essential for setting up on-call alerting? (Choose THREE.)

Which TWO BigQuery features are specifically designed to accelerate BI dashboard query performance? (Choose TWO.)

A database engineer is designing a data model for a BI dashboard that tracks daily sales by product category. The data source is a transactional database with a normalized schema. Which BigQuery feature should they use to update the fact table incrementally each day?

A company has a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance with point-in-time recovery (PITR) enabled. They need to restore the database to a specific time exactly 2 hours ago to recover from an accidental data deletion. What is the minimum requirement for this operation?

A company uses BigQuery for BI. They need to create a table that stores daily sales data with millions of rows. The query pattern is to aggregate sales by month for specific product categories. Which table design is most cost-effective and performant?

A company wants to set up cost tracking by project, environment, and team. Which THREE methods should they use? (Choose 3)

A retail company uses Cloud Spanner for their OLTP system and wants to run BI queries on the same data without impacting transactional performance. Which solution should they implement?

Error Reporting automatically groups similar exceptions. Which Google Cloud services does Error Reporting integrate with to provide additional context?

A company is migrating a PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They want to ensure minimal downtime during the migration. Which migration strategy should they use?

A BI report requires a running total of sales over the last 30 days for each product. The data is in a BigQuery table with columns: sale_date, product_id, amount. Which SQL window function is most efficient?

An SRE team wants to conduct chaos engineering on a GKE cluster to test resilience. Which TWO tools or services can be used? (Choose 2.)

An organization wants to reduce toil by automating a recurring process: every night, a script must run Cloud Build to rebuild a Docker image and deploy it to a GKE cluster. The script currently requires manual invocation by an engineer. Which Google Cloud service can trigger this automation on a schedule without manual intervention?

A company wants to migrate their on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL using DMS. The source database is behind a firewall and does not have a public IP. The target Cloud SQL instance uses a private IP. How should the engineer connect the source to DMS?

A company is migrating a PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL using DMS continuous migration. After the full dump, the CDC phase is replicating changes. To prepare for cutover, which TWO actions should the engineer take? (Choose 2)

A data analyst needs to run ad-hoc SQL queries on a large dataset stored in Google Cloud Storage (CSV files). They do not want to manage any infrastructure. Which service should they use?

A DevOps engineer is using Cloud Deploy to promote a release from staging to production. They want to require a manual approval before the release is deployed to production. What should they configure in the delivery pipeline?

A company uses AlloyDB for an e-commerce platform. They want to achieve the highest availability within a single region. What configuration should they use, and what is the expected failover RTO?

An SRE team wants to track the amount of toil their team performs each week and set a goal to keep it under 50% of working time. Which approach should they use?

Which Cloud Monitoring dashboard chart type is best suited to show the distribution of request latencies across multiple services over time?

A team is using Cloud Spanner with a primary key of UUID v4 values. They notice that read performance is suboptimal for range scans over a subset of keys. Which index strategy improves range scan performance?

A team manages a Cloud Spanner database and needs to perform a schema change to add a new column to an existing table and create a secondary index. They want to avoid downtime and ensure the changes are applied without blocking reads or writes. Which two statements are correct about making these changes in Spanner? (Choose TWO.)

A company is using Cloud SQL and wants to automatically increase storage when disk usage reaches a threshold. What should they configure?

A company is using Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL and needs to perform point-in-time recovery (PITR) to recover from a logical error that occurred 30 minutes ago. They have already configured automated backups. What additional configuration is required?

Which Google Cloud service can be used to inject artificial delays into HTTP traffic to test service resilience?

A company is implementing Binary Authorization with Cloud Deploy. They want to ensure that only images signed by the CI system (using Cloud Build) are deployed to production. What must be configured?

Refer to the exhibit. The company plans to store 3 TB of data in this instance. What is the minimum number of nodes required? (Assume 2 TB per node for HDD and 4 TB per node for SSD; this instance uses SSD.)

A company wants to migrate their on-premises SQL Server database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL using Database Migration Service. They need to minimize downtime. The source database is 2 TB and the network link has 1 Gbps bandwidth. What should they do first?

A gaming company uses Cloud Spanner to store player profiles and game state. The database has a table 'Players' with a monotonically increasing integer primary key. During a global launch event, write latency spikes and throughput drops. The issue is traced to hotspotting. Which schema change should the team implement to mitigate this?

A team is planning the cutover for a DMS continuous migration. They want to minimize downtime. What is the correct cutover procedure?

A healthcare company uses Cloud SQL for MySQL for patient records. They need to export data for a compliance audit. They must ensure the export includes all changes within a specific time window (e.g., last 24 hours). They have binary logging enabled. What is the best method to obtain a consistent snapshot of the data as of the audit time?

You have a Cloud Spanner instance and need to add a new column and a secondary index to an existing table. The table is heavily used by production traffic. Which approach minimizes downtime and performance impact?

A team is migrating a legacy application from a relational database to Cloud Firestore. The existing schema has a Customers table and an Orders table with a foreign key. The application often shows orders for a customer. What is the recommended data modeling approach in Firestore?

A media company uses Cloud Bigtable to serve user recommendations with low latency. They want to implement disaster recovery with a secondary cluster in a different region. They need automatic failover without manual DNS changes. Which routing policy should they configure?

A company is designing a Firestore schema for a chat application with millions of messages. They need to support real-time updates and efficient querying of recent messages per conversation. Which schema and indexing strategy is optimal?

A team manages Terraform state for multiple projects using a single GCS bucket. They need to ensure that state operations are not concurrent to avoid corruption. What should they do?

You are investigating a performance issue in a distributed application. You want to identify the services causing high latency. Which TWO tools should you use together? (Choose two.)

A team is migrating a MySQL database to Cloud SQL using DMS with continuous CDC. They want to minimize downtime during cutover. Which three actions should they take as part of the cutover plan? (Choose 3)

A company wants to migrate a 100 GB MySQL database to Cloud SQL with minimal application changes. Which migration tool should they use?

A company is designing a database schema for a global e-commerce platform. Orders are created with high frequency, and order status updates occur frequently. The team needs to choose a primary key strategy for the orders table in Spanner. Which approach minimizes hot-spotting?

A company runs a critical application on AlloyDB with a primary instance and a read pool. They want to achieve the fastest possible automatic failover during a zone outage, with minimal data loss. What is the expected RTO and RPO for AlloyDB's automatic failover within the same region?

A company runs a Cloud Spanner database with a multi-region configuration. They notice that write latency is higher than expected for clients in a region far from the leader region. What action should be taken to reduce write latency?

You are designing a schema for a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL database that supports full-text search across millions of product descriptions. The application requires fast search results ranked by relevance. Which schema design is most appropriate?

A Cloud Spanner instance is experiencing high CPU utilization (above 80%) on multiple nodes. The database is used for an e-commerce application with a high volume of read-write transactions. The application uses the googlesql dialect and runs typical OLTP queries. You have already reviewed the query performance and found that most queries are efficient. Which initial step should you take to reduce CPU utilization?

A company uses BigQuery materialized views to pre-aggregate sales data for a BI dashboard. The dashboard requires near-real-time data, but the materialized view currently reflects data up to 30 minutes old. What is the most effective way to reduce the refresh interval without significantly increasing costs?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the effect of the partition_expiration_days option?

A financial services company runs a high-frequency trading application that requires strong consistency, horizontal scalability, and low-latency transactions across multiple regions. Which Google Cloud database should they choose?

A company has a BigQuery table that stores JSON data in a single column. They want to allow BI analysts to query nested fields using standard SQL. What is the best approach to make the data more query-friendly for BI tools?

A startup is building a mobile app and needs a fully managed database that scales automatically for unpredictable workloads. They expect moderate read/write traffic with occasional spikes. They want minimal operational overhead and do not need global distribution. Which Google Cloud database is MOST appropriate?

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL using Database Migration Service with continuous replication. The source database has binary logging enabled and uses the pglogical plugin. The migration job is failing after the full dump phase. Which THREE common issues should the engineer check? (Choose 3 correct answers.)

A company runs a critical application on Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL with a primary instance in us-central1 and a cross-region read replica in us-west1 for disaster recovery. The database engineer is responsible for ensuring that in the event of a regional outage in us-central1, the application can continue with minimal data loss and within 15 minutes of downtime. The application writes about 1000 transactions per second. The current setup has automated backups enabled with point-in-time recovery (7-day retention) and the cross-region replica is configured with asynchronous replication. Which action should the database engineer take to meet the recovery objectives?

Your team is designing a schema for Cloud SQL (MySQL) for a content management system. You need to implement full-text search on article content. Which TWO schema design choices are appropriate? (Choose two.)

A database administrator notices that a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance is experiencing high CPU usage during peak hours. The instance has 4 vCPUs and 15 GB of memory. The query patterns are mostly read-intensive with occasional writes. Which action should the DBA take first to address the high CPU usage?

A company runs an e-commerce platform on Cloud Spanner multi-region (nam6). They experience a regional failure affecting the leader region. After failover, they observe increased write latency. What is the most likely cause?

A gaming company uses Cloud Spanner for a global leaderboard. They need to add a column to an existing table and create a secondary index on that column. The database must remain fully available during these changes. Which THREE statements are true?

You need to set up a Cloud Monitoring alert for a Cloud Spanner instance to notify when the CPU utilization exceeds a threshold that could indicate performance degradation. What is the recommended CPU utilization threshold for Cloud Spanner?

A company uses Firestore in Native mode and has a collection with many documents containing array fields. They want to index the array values to support queries like 'array-contains'. What is the correct approach?

A company is migrating their on-premises Oracle OLTP workload to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. The database currently supports 500 concurrent connections and has a working set of 8 GB. What is the minimum memory required for the Cloud SQL instance based on the max_connections formula (max_connections = RAM_MB/16)?

Refer to the exhibit. A BI analyst runs a query to get total sales for the last 7 days. The query filters on sale_date BETWEEN '2023-01-01' AND '2023-01-07'. What is the primary benefit of the partitioning defined in the table?

A company's Cloud Spanner database currently uses a regional configuration in us-central1. Due to growth, the database must support global reads with low latency and maintain strong consistency. The database engineer is evaluating options. Which THREE considerations should the engineer include in the design? (Choose three.)

An organization is migrating a Redshift data warehouse to BigQuery using BigQuery Data Transfer Service. They have scheduled a recurring transfer. However, they notice that some columns are not being mapped correctly. What is the most likely cause?

When designing a schema for a data warehouse in BigQuery, which table type is most cost-effective for storing raw event data that will be queried by date range filters?

A site reliability team wants to define an SLO for a service with a target availability of 99.9% over a 30-day window. The error budget is exhausted. Which action MUST the team take?

A company is using Cloud Run for a service that performs background computation even when there are no incoming requests. They find that the service is being throttled and not completing the background work. What is the most likely cause and solution?

A DevOps engineer wants to test disaster recovery for a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance by simulating a zone failure without impacting production traffic. They need to ensure minimal data loss. Which approach should they take?

A company uses a shared VPC with multiple service projects. The network team wants to allow a DevOps team to create Cloud Run services in a service project but prevent them from creating Cloud Run services with public access (allowUnauthenticated invocations). What is the best approach?

A team is deploying a new application on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) that uses Cloud Spanner. They want to minimize latency for read operations. Which Spanner configuration should they use?

You need to set up an alert that fires when the total number of errors in a specific Cloud Logging log view exceeds 10 in any 5-minute window over the last 1 hour. Which combination of alerting policy conditions and log-based metric is appropriate?

A developer needs a local development database that mirrors a Cloud SQL instance. What is the best practice?

A company uses Memorystore for Redis with Standard Tier (replication) and needs to ensure data durability in case of a zone failure. They also need to scale read throughput beyond a single instance. What should they do?

A financial institution uses Cloud SQL for MySQL to handle transaction processing. They need to generate daily BI reports that aggregate millions of transactions per account. The BI queries are CPU-intensive and degrade OLTP performance. What is the most effective solution?

A financial services company uses Cloud Bigtable to store transaction data. The row key is constructed as customer_id reversed timestamp. The team wants to retrieve the most recent 100 transactions for a specific customer quickly. Which row key design principle is being used to optimize this query?

A company uses Firestore in Datastore mode. They need to create a composite index for a query that filters on two properties. The query is already running and returning an error that an index is required. What is the correct way to create this index?

You have a Memorystore for Redis instance used as a session store. You notice that the instance is experiencing high eviction rates. What is the best first step to take?

A Cloud SQL for MySQL instance is running low on disk space. You need to increase the storage without downtime. What is the correct approach?

A BI dashboard query is taking too long because it reads all columns from a large table. The dashboard only needs a few columns. What is the best practice?

Which THREE of the following are best practices for designing BigQuery tables for business intelligence reporting?

You need to set up disaster recovery for a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance. The primary instance is in us-central1, and you want a standby in us-west1 that can be promoted to a standalone instance during a regional outage. The solution must minimize data loss and recovery time. Which approach should you take?

A company has a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance and wants to enable point-in-time recovery (PITR) with a recovery window of 5 days. Which configuration step is required?

A team uses Traffic Director with Envoy proxies to manage traffic in a service mesh on Compute Engine. They want to introduce fault injection to test resilience by injecting a 5-second delay in 10% of requests to a specific backend service. Which resource should they configure?

A media streaming company is designing a database for user recommendations. They expect high write throughput for user interactions and need to run complex analytical queries on the same data for personalization. They want a fully managed solution with minimal latency for writes. Which TWO services can be combined to meet these requirements?

A Cloud SQL instance is using InnoDB and has a large buffer pool. The query performance is slower after a failover. What is the most likely cause?

A DevOps team wants to alert when a Compute Engine instance is unreachable for 5 minutes. Which alerting condition type should be used?

A company has a GKE cluster with cluster autoscaler enabled. They notice that after a batch job completes, the cluster takes a long time to scale down, leaving idle nodes running and incurring costs. Which configuration change would reduce the scale-down delay?

A Cloud SQL for MySQL instance is being used for a production application. The team wants to implement a disaster recovery plan that can recover from a regional outage with minimal data loss and automatic failover. Which three steps should they take? (Choose THREE.)

A company stores user events in BigQuery as nested repeated fields. They want to use Looker to build dashboards on individual events. Which SQL pattern should they use in a derived table to flatten the data?

A company has a Firestore database in Native mode. They need to run a query that filters on two fields (status and date) and orders by date. The query is slow and returns an error that a matching index is missing. What must the engineer do to resolve this?

Your application runs on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) and emits traces using the OpenTelemetry SDK. You want to export these traces to Cloud Trace. Which configuration is required?

A company is migrating a large Oracle database to Cloud Spanner. The schema includes several tables with foreign key relationships. The team wants to minimize query latency for join queries that always involve a parent table and its children. Which THREE schema design strategies should the team consider? (Choose THREE.)

Your Memorystore for Redis instance is used as a session store for a web application. You need to ensure that session data is not lost during a node failure. What should you do?

A media streaming company uses Cloud Bigtable to store user session data with a single cluster in us-east1. They want to add disaster recovery capability with an RPO of no more than 5 minutes and an RTO of under 10 minutes. Which action should they take?

Which THREE are valid Cloud Deploy deployment strategies? (Choose three.)

Which of the following is a key benefit of using structured logging in Cloud Logging?

Your team manages a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance used by a critical application. You need to ensure the instance is recoverable to any point within the last 4 days, with a Recovery Point Objective (RPO) of under 5 minutes. What configuration steps are required?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the most effective optimization for this query?

A Bigtable cluster is configured with SSD storage. The team needs to reduce costs by switching to HDD storage while maintaining the same cluster ID and node count. What is the correct approach?

A company uses Cloud SQL for MySQL with a 1-hour RPO and 2-hour RTO. They currently rely on automated daily backups. To improve DR capabilities, they want to reduce RPO to 5 minutes while keeping costs low. Which action should they take?

A team is designing a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL schema for a multi-tenant SaaS application. They need to isolate tenant data while maintaining query performance and manageability. Which two approaches are appropriate? (Choose two.)

A data engineer is migrating a large Teradata data warehouse to BigQuery using the Schema Conversion Tool (SCTS). They need to convert BTEQ scripts and Teradata DDL to BigQuery-compatible SQL. After conversion, several date functions are not working correctly. What is the most likely reason?

A data analytics team runs ad-hoc queries on BigQuery that often exceed their slot capacity, causing queuing. They want to ensure predictable performance for their critical dashboard while still allowing ad-hoc queries. What is the most cost-effective solution?

Refer to the exhibit. Given the table definition and two queries, which statement about query performance is correct?

A retail company uses Cloud SQL for MySQL with point-in-time recovery (PITR) enabled. They need to recover the database to a specific second from 2 days ago. The backup retention is set to 7 days. Which action should the engineer take to perform the recovery?

An organization is migrating an Oracle database to PostgreSQL on Compute Engine. They used Ora2Pg to migrate schema and data. After migration, they want to validate that stored procedures produce correct results. Which tool should they use for unit testing the migrated PL/pgSQL code?

After a major incident, the SRE team conducts a postmortem. Which practice is ESSENTIAL for a blameless culture?

You are responsible for a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance that supports a content management system (CMS). The application frequently performs SELECT queries with ORDER BY and LIMIT. Recently, the response time for these queries has increased. The database has 4 vCPUs and 15 GB memory. You check the slow query log and find many queries that are taking over 1 second. The 'rows_examined' is much higher than 'rows_sent'. The EXPLAIN plan shows 'Using filesort' and 'Using temporary'. There is currently an index on the column used in the WHERE clause but not on the ORDER BY columns. The table has 5 million rows. What should you do to improve query performance?

Which TWO of the following are valid approaches when troubleshooting a slow BI query in BigQuery that includes a complex JOIN between a large fact table and multiple dimension tables?

Arrange the steps to create and connect to a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance using the gcloud command-line tool.

An engineer needs to create a build trigger in Cloud Build that runs tests on every pull request to the 'develop' branch. They also want to prevent the build from running if the PR is from a forked repository. What should they do?

Your Pub/Sub subscription is not keeping up with the message publishing rate. The subscriber is a Cloud Run service that processes each message in about 2 seconds. You have already increased the number of subscribers to 10. What is the next best step to increase throughput?

A team wants to implement a slow burn alert for error budget consumption. Which configuration should they use?

You are running a production workload on Cloud Bigtable and notice that read latency has increased. Upon reviewing the monitoring dashboard, you see that CPU utilization is below 50% but the number of active tablets is high. What is the most likely cause of the increased read latency?

A company needs to store petabytes of time-series IoT sensor data and query it with single-digit millisecond latency at millions of reads per second. The data has a simple key-value structure with timestamps. Which Google Cloud database is MOST appropriate?

A company wants to run complex analytical queries on terabytes of sales data with sub-second query response times for dashboards. Data is updated frequently in near real-time. Which combination of services is most appropriate?

A company plans to migrate an on-premises MySQL database to Cloud SQL. Which THREE steps should they include in their migration plan?

A company wants to deploy a microservice to Google Cloud. They require canary deployments with automatic rollback if error rate increases. Which TWO services should they use together?

A CI/CD pipeline uses Cloud Build to build a Docker image. The Dockerfile copies dependencies from a private repository in the same VPC. The build takes a long time due to repeated downloads. How can the engineer optimize the build?

What is the purpose of a Google Cloud organization node in the resource hierarchy?

An engineer is migrating an Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They use Ora2Pg to convert the schema. One source table uses a column with data type NUMBER(10,2). What is the appropriate PostgreSQL data type after conversion, and which tool should the engineer use to verify the correctness of converted stored procedures?

A company is designing a database solution for a global social media application that requires strong consistency, high write throughput, and complex relational queries. Which TWO Google Cloud databases should they consider? (Choose 2)

An engineer is configuring a Cloud Build build pool to connect to resources in a VPC network. They need to ensure the build can access a private Artifact Registry repository. Which three steps should they take?

A retail company uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL for inventory management. The schema has a table 'inventory' with columns: product_id, warehouse_id, quantity, last_updated. The table contains over 100 million rows. The application frequently runs aggregate queries to compute total quantity of a product across all warehouses (e.g., SELECT SUM(quantity) FROM inventory WHERE product_id = ?). These queries are slow, taking tens of seconds. The team tries a covering index on (product_id, quantity) but sees little improvement because they still need to scan many rows. They need to redesign the schema to improve aggregation performance. What is the best approach?

An engineer needs to migrate a MySQL database to Cloud SQL with minimal downtime. Which TWO steps should be part of the migration plan? (Choose 2)

A company is migrating an on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL. They need to minimize downtime during migration. Which TWO steps should they take?

A team is setting up a Cloud Build private pool to build Docker images that need access to resources in a VPC. After creating the private pool, builds fail with network errors. What is the most likely missing step?

An engineer wants to cache Docker layers in Cloud Build to speed up subsequent builds. The build uses Kaniko to build images. What should they include in the cloudbuild.yaml?

A Cloud SQL for MySQL instance has a read replica in a different region. The team wants to monitor replication lag and receive alerts if lag exceeds 60 seconds. Which two steps should they take? (Choose TWO.)

A company uses BigQuery for BI dashboards. Users report that queries on the sales table take longer than expected. The table contains daily transaction data and is not partitioned. Which action will most improve query performance while minimizing cost?

A team defines an SLO for a data pipeline: 99.9% of data records should be processed within 1 hour of ingestion. They need an SLI to measure this. Which SLI is most appropriate?

Which Cloud Monitoring feature allows you to group log entries from the same request across multiple services using a common identifier?

Refer to the exhibit. The team notices high write latency on the Events table. They are inserting 1,000 events per second. The EventId is generated by a sequence. What is the most likely issue?

A company is migrating on-premises PostgreSQL databases to Cloud SQL. They need to minimize downtime and ensure data consistency. Which THREE steps should they follow? (Choose 3)

A financial services company uses Cloud Spanner for a global transaction processing system. They notice that certain read queries on a table with frequent writes are returning stale data even though they use strong reads. The table has a primary key of (user_id, transaction_id) and a secondary index on (timestamp). What is the most likely cause of the stale reads?

You are monitoring Cloud Bigtable replication lag. Which metric should you use to determine if replicas are up to date, and what consistency level is typical for Bigtable replication?

An engineer wants to trigger a Cloud Build pipeline automatically whenever a pull request is created against the main branch of a GitHub repository. Which type of build trigger should they configure?

You are planning a Cloud Bigtable cluster for a workload requiring 100,000 reads per second and 50,000 writes per second. The data will be stored on HDD. How many nodes are needed for the projected throughput? (Assume each node provides 10,000 QPS for reads or writes.)

A Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance is experiencing high CPU usage during peak hours. Query Insights shows that a complex reporting query is causing full table scans on a large table. The query filters on a column used in JOINs. Which optimization should be applied first?

A data engineer needs to design a table to store time-series sensor data arriving every second. The data will be queried mainly for the last hour over a specific device. Which table design minimizes query costs?

A DevOps engineer is setting up a new Google Cloud organization for their company. They need to ensure that all projects are created within a structured hierarchy that separates production, staging, development, and sandbox environments. Which folder structure BEST supports this requirement?

A company needs to store petabytes of time-series IoT sensor data and query it with single-digit millisecond latency at millions of reads per second. The data has a simple key-value structure with timestamps. Which Google Cloud database is MOST appropriate?

Your Cloud Run service processes requests from an external API that sends a burst of up to 100 requests per second. You want to maximize throughput while minimizing instances. The service is CPU-bound. What configuration should you use?

A social media platform uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL for its user and post data. The schema has a normalized design with separate 'users' and 'posts' tables. Queries that fetch a user's timeline (joining users and posts) are slow due to heavy read volume. The team wants to optimize the schema for this read-heavy workload without changing the application logic significantly. What schema design change is most appropriate?

A company wants to create a BI dashboard that shows daily active users. The data is stored in a BigQuery table with columns: user_id, activity_date, and event_type. Which two optimizations would help reduce query costs? (Choose two.)

A team uses Cloud Build to build and push Docker images to Artifact Registry. They need to ensure that only images built from the main branch and signed by a trusted key can be deployed to GKE using Binary Authorization. Which THREE components must be in place?

A company runs a Cloud SQL PostgreSQL instance for a SaaS application. They notice that the database CPU is consistently above 90% during peak hours, and queries slow down. The application is read-heavy and can tolerate some replication lag. Which action would MOST effectively reduce CPU load on the primary?

A company's BI dashboard queries a BigQuery table that is 20 TB and uses clustering on date and country. The query filters on date and country and also aggregates by category. The query takes 30 seconds. They want to reduce latency to under 5 seconds. What should they do?

A Firestore application stores user profiles that must be queried by any of multiple attributes (age, city, last_login). What is the best schema design to support these queries efficiently?

A Cloud Spanner instance is experiencing increased latency during peak hours. Monitoring shows CPU utilization nearing 70%. How should they scale?

An SRE team wants to reduce toil associated with manual database schema migrations. They currently run SQL scripts manually during maintenance windows. Which Google Cloud service is most appropriate to automate this process in a repeatable way?

An organization is deploying a containerized application to Cloud Run. They want to gradually roll out a new revision to 10% of traffic, monitor for errors, and then fully promote if stable. Which Cloud Run feature should they use?

What is the primary purpose of including a runbook URL in an alert policy's documentation?

An organization needs to store backup copies of a Cloud Spanner database for a minimum of 365 days to comply with regulatory requirements. Which backup option should they use?

You are designing a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL database. The application has a table with 1 million rows that is frequently queried using equality on the 'email' column and range queries on the 'created_at' column. Which index strategy minimizes query latency?

An organization uses Config Sync to manage Kubernetes resources across multiple GKE clusters. They want to automatically remediate configuration drift. What must they ensure?

Refer to the exhibit. The BI team creates a view to summarize sales. When they query the view with an additional WHERE clause on region, they notice that the underlying query still processes the same amount of data regardless of the filter. What is the most likely reason?

A team is migrating a large on-premise Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They need to minimize downtime and ensure data consistency. Which migration approach is recommended?

A company uses BigQuery for BI analytics. They want to improve query performance for a table with 10 TB of data. Which two actions should they take? (Choose two.)

A developer reports that an application cannot connect to a Cloud SQL SQL Server instance. The error log shows the message in the exhibit. The instance exists and the user credentials are correct. What is the most likely cause?

A company is migrating an Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They need to convert data types. Which TWO data type mappings are correct?

Your company runs a large e-commerce application on Google Cloud using Cloud SQL for MySQL (version 8.0) with 2 TB of data. The database experiences intermittent performance degradation during peak hours (10am-2pm). Cloud Monitoring shows a spike in CPU utilization to 90% and increased query latency. The database has been running for 6 months with default settings. You notice many slow queries like "SELECT * FROM orders WHERE customer_id=12345 ORDER BY order_date DESC LIMIT 10" that take 5-10 seconds. The orders table has 50 million rows, customer_id has a B-tree index, and order_date is not indexed. The query execution plan indicates a full table scan and a filesort. What is the most effective course of action to resolve the performance issue?

A company runs a global application on Cloud Spanner with a multi-region configuration. They need to test their DR procedures without impacting production. Which THREE actions should they perform? (Choose 3)

A company has multiple GCP projects and wants to audit all IAM policy changes. They need a solution that captures who made the change, what was changed, and when. The solution should be cost-effective and require minimal setup. What should they use?

An online advertising platform uses Cloud Spanner for ad impression tracking. The table 'ad_impressions' has a primary key (ad_id, timestamp). The table receives millions of writes per minute. A secondary index on (campaign_id, timestamp) was created to support queries that sum impressions per campaign. During high traffic, the team notices increased write latency and hotspotting on the index (the campaign_id has low cardinality, causing all writes to a campaign to hit the same index split). They need to redesign the schema to avoid hotspotting on the index while still supporting the campaign aggregation queries. What is the best solution?

Refer to the exhibit. You are reviewing the following Cloud Spanner DDL statement for a table storing customer orders. What potential performance issue will arise with this schema?

You want to ensure that a critical deployment on GKE has minimal downtime during rolling updates. You also want to ensure that at least 2 pods are always available. Which Kubernetes resource should you configure?

A team is migrating a 2 TB MySQL database from on-premises to Cloud SQL. They want to minimize downtime. The source is MySQL 8.0 with InnoDB tables, and the application can be read-only during cutover. Which approach provides the lowest downtime while ensuring data consistency?

A company uses Cloud Bigtable with replication across two regions. They want to implement a DR plan that minimizes RPO and RTO. Which TWO steps should they take? (Choose 2)

A retail company uses BigQuery to store sales transactions. The BI team needs to create a monthly customer lifetime value (CLV) report that aggregates purchase history across multiple tables. Which BigQuery feature should they use to define the data structure for this report?

A data analyst runs a query joining several large tables and gets 'Resources exceeded' error. They need to reduce memory usage without changing the query logic. What should they do?

Which TWO metrics are appropriate for defining a request-based SLI for a web service? (Choose 2)

A company has a Spanner instance with 5 nodes serving a global application. They receive alerts that write latency has increased significantly during business hours in the Asia-Pacific region. The team confirms that no application changes have been made. What is the most likely cause and recommended action?

An application is emitting custom metrics using OpenTelemetry. You want to collect and export these metrics to Cloud Monitoring. Which TWO components are required? (Select 2)

A retail company is designing a new inventory management system on Cloud Spanner. They need to ensure high write throughput for order processing. Which two schema design practices help avoid write hotspots? (Choose TWO.)

A GKE cluster runs a stateful workload that requires persistent volumes. The nodes are managed by a node pool with autoscaling enabled. During scale-down, the cluster autoscaler sometimes removes nodes that host critical pods with local data. How can the team prevent this?

A company wants to use Cloud Monitoring dashboards to display real-time metrics for their application, but they also need to version control the dashboard configurations. Which approach should they use?

A Cloud SQL for MySQL instance is running low on disk space. You have enabled automatic storage increase, but you also want to be proactively alerted when disk usage exceeds 80%. Which steps should you take?

A Pub/Sub subscription is processing messages but the subscriber cannot keep up. The team notices that many messages are being resent. Which parameter should they adjust to reduce duplicate processing?

A company wants to implement a CI/CD pipeline for a multi-service application where each service is built from a separate repository. They need to run unit tests, build container images, and deploy to both Cloud Run and GKE. Which two Google Cloud services should be combined to achieve this?

A company is migrating a large relational database to Bigtable. The database has a table with columns: user_id (string), event_type (string), timestamp (timestamp), and details (JSON). The access patterns include retrieving all events for a user in a time range, and filtering by event_type. Which THREE row key design strategies should they apply? (Choose 3)

Arrange the steps to configure high availability for a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance.

A team uses Cloud Deploy with a delivery pipeline that deploys to GKE clusters across dev, staging, and prod targets. They want to automatically roll back a release if the canary deployment in staging fails to meet a defined service-level objective (SLO) for error rate. Which Cloud Deploy feature enables this?

A BI manager needs to restrict access to sensitive sales data so that salespeople can only see their own region's data. Which BigQuery feature should be used to implement row-level security without duplicating tables?

Which Cloud Monitoring metric indicates the number of queries waiting for locks in Cloud SQL?

A startup is building a mobile application and needs a real-time database that automatically scales to handle sudden spikes in user traffic. They want to minimise operational overhead and only pay for the resources they use. Which Google Cloud database should they choose?

A developer runs the command shown in the exhibit and wants to verify that replication is enabled on the Bigtable instance. Where should they look for this information in the output?

A DevOps team is designing a landing zone on GCP. They want to centralize networking, logging, and security. Which TWO projects should they create? (Choose 2)

A company is experiencing slow query performance on Cloud Spanner. They have identified a query that joins a parent table with a child table frequently. Which THREE design choices can improve the performance of this join? (Choose three.)

A financial services company runs a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance for transactional data. They need to conduct regular security audits and compliance checks. The database engineer must ensure that all connections to the database are encrypted and that access is restricted to authorized VMs only. The database is currently accessible from the internet via an authorized network with a public IP. What should the database engineer do to meet these requirements?

A company wants to enforce that only approved images from Artifact Registry can be deployed to their GKE clusters. They also want to ensure that images are scanned for vulnerabilities. Which TWO services should they use together?

A global e-commerce company is designing a Cloud Spanner schema for order processing. They need strong consistency across regions and high write throughput. Orders are identified by a globally unique order ID (UUID). Currently, they use the UUID as the primary key, but they observe write hotspots during peak hours. What primary key design change should they make to distribute writes more evenly?

A company uses Cloud Spanner with a multi-region configuration (nam6) for a global user database. They experience a regional outage affecting us-central1, where the leader region is located. What happens to write availability?

A developer needs to manually instrument a Go application with distributed tracing and send traces to Cloud Trace. Which approach should they use?

Which TWO statements are true about designing a star schema for BI reporting?

A team uses Cloud Build with a private pool to access resources in a VPC. After configuring the private pool, builds fail with a timeout error when pulling images from Artifact Registry. What is the most likely cause?

Arrange the steps to perform a point-in-time recovery (PITR) for a Cloud SQL instance.

A company uses BigQuery for real-time BI. They have a table with streaming inserts. Analysts run queries that need to see data within seconds. However, they notice that streaming data appears with a delay of up to 2 minutes. What is the most likely reason?

A company is designing a schema for time-series sensor data in Cloud Spanner. They need to efficiently query the latest reading for each sensor. Which schema design is most appropriate?

A company is using BigQuery for BI and needs to reduce costs for a large historical dataset that is infrequently queried. Which approach should they take?

A developer is setting up a Memorystore for Redis instance and needs to restrict access to only a specific Compute Engine VM in the same VPC network. Which configuration should they use?

A Bigtable cluster has 10 nodes and is experiencing 90% CPU utilization, causing increased latency. The workload is mostly random reads (70%) and writes (30%). The table has 50TB of data, and the row key design is efficient. What is the best way to reduce CPU utilization?

Based on the exhibit, what is the primary key of the Readings table?

A company runs a Bigtable instance for time-series data. They need to reduce storage costs without compromising query performance for the most recent 30 days. Which two strategies should they implement?

You are designing a disaster recovery plan for a Cloud Bigtable instance. The instance has a single cluster in us-east1. You need to ensure that if the cluster becomes unavailable, the database can still serve read and write requests with minimal downtime. Which THREE steps should you take? (Choose three.)

A company uses Cloud Build to deploy to Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). They want to use a Helm chart stored in a Cloud Storage bucket. What should they do in the cloudbuild.yaml?

An engineer is designing a Bigtable row key for global user events. They want to avoid hotspots and enable efficient queries by user_id and time range. Which row key design is best?

A company wants to reduce BigQuery query costs for their BI workloads. Which THREE actions effectively lower the amount of data processed per query? (Choose THREE.)

Your organization requires that all database backups be stored in a different region for disaster recovery. You are using Cloud SQL for MySQL. What backup configuration should you use?

A company uses Cloud Monitoring SLO monitoring with error budget alerts. They set a slow burn alert with a 5x burn rate over a 6-hour window. If the error budget is 0.1% over 30 days, approximately how long would it take to exhaust the budget at a 5x burn rate?

A company is designing a disaster recovery strategy for their Cloud Spanner database. They need an RPO of less than 30 seconds and an RTO of less than 1 minute. Which two configurations would meet these requirements? (Choose TWO)

A company uses BigQuery BI Engine for sub-second query performance. However, some queries are hitting the BI Engine memory limit. Which action should be taken?

An SRE team wants to track the amount of toil their team performs each week. According to SRE best practices, what is the recommended maximum percentage of time that should be spent on toil?

An organization uses GitOps with Config Sync to manage multiple GKE clusters. They want to automatically deploy a new version of a microservice by pushing to a Git repository. Which component validates and applies the changes to the clusters?

Refer to the exhibit. The query joins two large tables and aggregates results. Which optimization would most likely reduce the high shuffle bytes in Stage 3?

You are designing a distributed tracing strategy for a multi-service application deployed on Cloud Run and GKE. You need to ensure that all traces are captured with 100% sampling for the first 10 minutes after a new deployment, and then reduce to 10% sampling to control costs. Which approach should you use?

A company uses Cloud Spanner with a schema that has a table 'Orders' with primary key (CustomerId, OrderDate, OrderId). They notice hotspots on a specific customer. Which schema change would best distribute load?

A BI analyst wrote a query that computes the running total of sales over time for each product. The query uses a window function with an ORDER BY clause. The results are correct, but the query processes a large amount of data and is slow. What is the most efficient way to optimize this query?

Your Cloud Bigtable instance is experiencing high latency for certain row key ranges. You suspect a hotspot is developing. Which Google Cloud tool should you use to visualize and diagnose the hotspot?

An application running on Cloud Run is automatically instrumented with Cloud Trace, but the trace sampling rate is too high, causing excessive costs. How can the engineer reduce the sampling rate?

Which TWO components are essential for setting up an incident management on-call rotation in Google Cloud? (Choose 2)

A DevOps team is implementing chaos engineering for their Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL database. They want to simulate a zone failure that triggers automatic failover of their HA instance without causing data loss. Which approach should they use?

What is the primary purpose of an error budget?

An application running on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) emits structured logs in JSON format. The DevOps team wants to count the number of log entries that contain a specific error code (e.g., 'error_code': 500) in the last hour and use that count to trigger an alert if it exceeds a threshold. What is the most efficient way to achieve this?

A financial services firm runs a multi-region Spanner instance with the nam-eur-asia1 configuration. They need to ensure that if the leader region (us-central1) becomes unavailable, failover to another region occurs automatically within 1 minute. What is the expected RPO and RTO for this scenario?

Order the steps to troubleshoot a connection timeout from an application to Cloud SQL.

A Cloud Spanner database uses a sequential customer ID as the primary key, causing frequent hotspotting on a single split. The team needs to eliminate hotspots. Which key design should they implement?

A team uses Helm charts to deploy applications to GKE. They need to manage environment-specific configurations (e.g., dev, staging, prod) using a single chart. Which tool should they use?

A company is designing a data warehouse for business intelligence reporting. They want to organize data into fact and dimension tables to support fast aggregations. Which schema design is most appropriate for this purpose?

An organization uses Cloud Deploy to promote releases across dev, staging, and prod. They want to automatically run integration tests after a deployment to a Cloud Run target, before proceeding to the next stage. How should they implement this?

An organization wants to set up a landing zone with separate projects for development, staging, and production environments. They also need a shared VPC for networking and a centralized logging project. Which folder structure aligns with Google Cloud best practices?

A DevOps team uses Terraform to manage infrastructure. They want to store state files in a shared backend that supports locking and versioning. Which backend meets these requirements?

A company needs to choose a Google Cloud database for a globally distributed application that requires strong consistency across continents and an SLA of 99.999% for availability. Which database service meets these requirements?

Your team needs to add a new non-nullable column with a default value to a large Cloud Spanner table. The table has thousands of simultaneous writes per second. Which approach minimizes downtime and resource usage?

A company is migrating an Oracle database to Cloud Spanner. The Oracle database has complex stored procedures and triggers. What is the best approach?

A company is using Cloud Spanner and wants to back up a database to Cloud Storage for long-term retention. They also need to restore the database to a specific point in time within the last 7 days. Which two features should they use? (Choose TWO.)

A Cloud SQL for MySQL database has frequent table locks causing contention and slow queries. Which diagnostic approach helps identify the blocking queries?

A Cloud Memorystore for Redis instance used as a session store has a high eviction rate. Which configuration change can reduce evictions while maintaining performance?

A Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance is running low on disk space. The database size is 500 GB and the current storage is 600 GB. The engineer needs to increase storage to 800 GB without downtime. What should they do?

An organization wants to implement GitOps for their GKE clusters. They need to automatically sync the cluster state with a Git repository. Which Google Cloud service should they use?

A Cloud Spanner database is experiencing read performance issues. The team wants to optimize query performance. Which two approaches should they use? (Choose TWO).

A Memorystore for Redis instance is running out of memory. The application uses Redis as a cache with key expiration. You want to prevent data loss for keys that have not reached their TTL. Which eviction policy should you configure?

A company wants to implement least-privilege IAM for their DevOps team. The team needs to manage Compute Engine instances and Cloud Storage buckets, but not delete resources. Which approach is recommended?

A team is planning a one-time migration of a 500 GB MySQL database to Cloud SQL using Database Migration Service. They want to minimize the impact on the source database. Which mysqldump flags should they use when taking the initial snapshot?

A DevOps engineer wants to trigger a Cloud Build pipeline automatically whenever a developer pushes a new Git tag in the format 'v*.*.*'. Which trigger configuration should be used?

A startup needs a database for a global user base with low-latency reads and writes, strong consistency, and the ability to scale horizontally without downtime. They anticipate variable traffic. Which Google Cloud database service meets these requirements?

You are managing a Cloud Spanner instance that supports a global e-commerce application. Queries that join two large tables (Orders and OrderItems) have high latency. The tables use the CustomerID as the primary key prefix. The join condition is on OrderID, which is the second part of the primary key in both tables. What should you do to improve performance?

An engineer is designing a Cloud Spanner table for a global user activity tracking system with high write throughput. Which primary key design is BEST to avoid hotspots?

A DevOps team is designing a landing zone in Google Cloud. They need to set up a folder structure that supports multiple teams and environments. Which TWO practices should they follow? (Choose 2)

A company uses Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL for its BI database. Queries involving joins on large tables are slow. Which TWO strategies should they implement to improve join performance? (Choose TWO.)

A deployment pipeline uses Cloud Deploy with canary strategy targeting Cloud Run. The engineer wants to run a data migration job before the new revision receives traffic. How should they implement this?

Your organization uses Cloud SQL for MySQL as the backend for a content management system. The Operations team reports that the database performance degrades every weekday morning at 9 AM, coinciding with a batch job that updates thousands of rows. You need to minimize the impact on end users. What is the best approach?

A data warehouse in BigQuery stores daily snapshots of customer data. The schema uses a single table with a snapshot_date partition column. Over time, the table has grown to 10 TB and queries often scan entire partitions. Which schema redesign would improve query performance and reduce costs significantly?

A company wants to migrate a 5 TB MySQL database to Cloud Spanner with zero downtime. They need to validate schema and data consistency before switching traffic. Which THREE steps should they include in the migration plan?

A company wants to monitor Cloud SQL database latency for read replicas and set up an alert if the replica lag exceeds 30 seconds. Which metric should be used?

In Cloud Spanner, a table 'Orders' has a primary key (OrderId INT64) and is frequently updated. The application often queries for orders placed in the last hour. To reduce read latency, you decide to add a column to store the commit timestamp. Which approach should you use?

A company tracks customer demographics that change over time (e.g., address). They need to maintain historical accuracy in BI reports. Which approach correctly implements a Type 2 slowly changing dimension?

A developer needs to push a Docker image to Artifact Registry from their local machine. They have installed the gcloud CLI. Which command should they run first to authenticate Docker with Artifact Registry?

An organization wants to implement a landing zone with shared VPC, centralized logging, and security projects. Which folder structure best follows Google Cloud's recommended landing zone design?

An engineer is migrating a workload from a relational database to Bigtable. The current schema has a Customers table (1M rows) and an Orders table (100M rows) with a foreign key. Queries often fetch all orders for a customer. What is the best row key design for the Bigtable orders table?

You are building a global application that requires strong consistency across regions. The application needs to support SQL queries and horizontal scaling. Which database service should you choose?

A developer needs to connect to a Memorystore for Redis instance from a Compute Engine VM in the same VPC network. The Redis instance has AUTH enabled. What must the developer provide in the connection string?

A team is using Cloud Spanner and wants to reduce latency for queries that filter on a column that is not part of the primary key. Which feature should they use?

A company wants to run complex analytical queries on terabytes of data with sub-second response times. The data is structured and stored in Cloud Storage as Parquet files. They need a serverless solution that can query the data directly without loading it into a database. Which service should they use?

A DevOps engineer wants to build a CI/CD pipeline that automatically builds and tests code every time a developer pushes a new branch to a Git repository. Which Cloud Build trigger type should they use?

An e-commerce platform wants to implement chaos engineering on its Google Kubernetes Engine cluster to test resilience against network latency. Which tool is specifically designed for this purpose on GKE?

A service has an SLO of 99.99% availability over 28 days. The team wants to set up a slow burn alert that will notify them within 6 hours if error budget consumption is at 5x the budgeted rate. How much error budget has been consumed after 6 hours at this rate? The total error budget for 28 days is 4 minutes and 2 seconds (242 seconds).

You are running Cloud Bigtable for time-series analytics. Each row represents a metric and uses a row key of format 'metricID#timestamp' (e.g., 'cpu_usage#2023-08-01T00:00:00Z'). You notice that writes are concentrated on a small number of nodes. What is the most effective way to distribute writes more evenly?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They have used Ora2Pg to convert the schema. Which of the following data type conversions is correct?

An SRE team is implementing a chaos engineering practice on GKE. They want to test the resilience of a microservice by injecting failures. Which TWO tools or services can they use? (Choose 2.)

A database engineer is designing a Cloud SQL for MySQL schema for a multi-tenant SaaS application. Each tenant's data is isolated. Which TWO strategies are appropriate for tenant isolation?

A BigQuery table stores daily sales data. The team commonly queries data for a specific date range. Which schema optimization will reduce query cost and improve performance?

A company uses Memorystore for Redis and wants to ensure data is preserved in case of a node failure. They cannot afford any data loss. What should they do?

A company is migrating CI/CD pipelines to Google Cloud. They want to deploy containerized applications to GKE using GitOps principles with Config Sync. Which two components are required? (Choose 2)

Which Git branching strategy is recommended for infrastructure as code in a DevOps environment to enable continuous delivery?

You are designing a CI/CD pipeline for a microservice application that uses feature flags to decouple deployment from release. The team wants to automatically enable a feature flag after the deployment is verified in production for a subset of users. Which tool or approach should you integrate into the pipeline to manage feature flags?

During a one-time (non-continuous) migration from MySQL to Cloud SQL using mysqldump, the engineer wants to ensure the dump does not lock InnoDB tables. Which flag should be included in the mysqldump command?

A Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance is experiencing high CPU usage due to many short-lived connections. Which configuration change can help without application changes?

A company wants to migrate their on-premises PostgreSQL database to Cloud SQL. The database currently runs mixed workloads: OLTP with heavy writes and occasional complex analytical queries. They want to avoid performance impact on the transactional workload. Which approach should they take?

Refer to the exhibit. A BI query is performing slowly. The query plan shows a large shuffle in the aggregate stage. The table is not partitioned or clustered. Which optimization would most directly reduce the shuffle size?

A company wants to enforce that no Compute Engine instances are created with external IP addresses unless explicitly allowed. Which organization policy constraint should be used?

A company runs a batch data processing job on Compute Engine that is fault-tolerant. They want to reduce costs without affecting job completion time. The job can handle instance preemption gracefully. Which compute option should they use?

A company uses Cloud Spanner and needs to capture real-time changes from a table for downstream processing. They want to avoid writing custom application code to track changes. Which THREE components should they use? (Choose three.)

Which data type mapping is correct when converting an Oracle NUMBER(10,2) column to PostgreSQL?

An e-commerce application uses Firestore in Native mode. The team needs to run a query that filters on two fields and orders by a third field. What is the correct approach to ensure this query runs efficiently?

An organization needs to run a disaster recovery drill for its Cloud SQL for MySQL instance by promoting a read replica to a standalone instance. The replica is in the same region as the primary. After the drill, they want the original primary to resume serving writes. What should they do?

A company stores log files in Cloud Storage buckets. The logs are accessed frequently for the first 30 days, then rarely for the next 6 months, after which they must be archived for 7 years. They want to minimize storage costs. Which two actions should they take? (Choose two.)

A DevOps engineer wants to manage Google Cloud resources as code using a declarative language. Which tool is the current industry standard and recommended by Google?

A team is designing a disaster recovery plan for a Cloud Spanner instance. They want an RPO of 10 minutes and RTO of 5 minutes. Which two features should they use?

A company uses Bigtable for real-time analytics. They notice that writes to a specific row range are significantly slower. The Key Visualizer shows a hotspot. What is the most likely cause and recommended action?

A company uses Cloud Bigtable with replication across two clusters in us-east1 and us-west1. They have a critical application that requires strong consistency for all reads after writes. What configuration should they implement to meet this requirement?

A team uses Terraform to manage infrastructure. They want to ensure that all Terraform code passes policy checks before being applied. They use Terraform Cloud. Which built-in feature allows them to define policies that are checked during the plan phase?

A news website uses Cloud SQL for MySQL for content management. They experience slow reads during breaking news events. They have a single primary instance in us-east1. They need to improve read scalability globally. They also want to ensure data is backed up in another region. What should they do?

A company notices that their Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance, as shown in the exhibit, frequently runs out of storage, causing downtime. They have set up automated backups with point-in-time recovery. What is the most likely cause of the storage issue?

You need to design a Bigtable row key for a time-series application that records temperature readings from thousands of sensors. The most common query is 'get all readings for a specific sensor in the last hour'. Which row key design is optimal?

A company needs to migrate a 5 TB Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They need to convert schemas and data, and also set up ongoing replication with minimal downtime. Which TWO services/tools should they use? (Choose TWO.)

A company wants to implement security controls for Compute Engine VMs across their organization. Which THREE organization policies can enforce VM security? (Choose 3)

You have a Cloud SQL for MySQL table that stores user logins with columns: user_id, login_time, ip_address. You frequently run queries to count logins by user for a specific date range. Which index would be most efficient?

A team wants to implement Chaos Engineering on GKE to test the resilience of their microservices by randomly killing pods and injecting network latency. Which tool is specifically designed for this purpose on GKE?

During an incident, the incident commander identifies a need to scale up a managed instance group. Which IAM role should be granted to the on-call engineer to allow them to modify the instance group?

An SRE team is conducting a blameless postmortem after an outage. Which THREE elements should be included in the postmortem document? (Choose 3 answers)

In Cloud Bigtable, a table has a high ratio of garbage collection (GC) that causes performance degradation during compaction. What is the best practice to monitor and optimize this?

An organization wants to enforce that no Compute Engine instances have external IP addresses except for a specific project. Which TWO steps should they take? (Choose 2)

A company needs to track costs across different teams and projects. They want to see detailed breakdowns by team, environment, and application. Which GCP feature should they use to tag resources for cost analysis?

During a DMS continuous migration from MySQL to Cloud SQL, the full dump phase completed successfully, but the CDC phase is failing with 'Error: binary log not found' after a few minutes. The source MySQL has binary logs enabled. What is the most likely cause?

You need to ensure that read operations on a Cloud Spanner database return the most recent committed data. Which read type should you use?

A Bigtable instance is running out of storage and performance is degraded. The schema design is known to be efficient. Which THREE actions can help?

A company runs a Memorystore for Redis cluster with standard tier (for replication). They need to ensure high durability of session data and be able to recover from a complete zone failure. Which three actions should they take? (Choose THREE.)

An organization is moving to a GitOps model for managing both application deployments and GCP infrastructure. They want to use a single tool to sync Kubernetes manifests and manage GCP resources like Cloud SQL and Pub/Sub. Which two Google Cloud services should they combine?

A data warehouse in BigQuery is running slower due to large full-table scans. Which feature can reduce the amount of data processed for common queries?

Which TWO metrics are most important to monitor for a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance to detect performance degradation?

You are managing a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance that is experiencing high CPU usage and slow query performance. You notice that the database has a high number of idle-in-transaction connections. Which immediate action should you take to reduce CPU load without disrupting active transactions?

A company wants to use Cloud SQL for MySQL to serve a read-heavy application. They need to ensure high availability and offload read traffic. Which TWO steps should they take? (Choose two.)

Which THREE components are required to compute a 7-day moving average of daily sales using a window function? (Choose three.)

A company uses Cloud Spanner. The backup service account 'sa-backup' needs to create and manage backups of the 'orders' database. However, backup creation fails with a permission error. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Terraform to manage infrastructure. They have a monolithic Terraform configuration that manages all projects in a single state file. As the organization grows, the configuration becomes slow and error-prone. The team wants to adopt a modular approach with separate state files for each project while reusing common modules. Which strategy should they follow?

A global e-commerce platform needs a database that supports strong consistency across multiple continents and can handle high write throughput. Which database service should they choose?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. The database is 2 TB in size and the network bandwidth to Google Cloud is limited to 500 Mbps. The migration window is 48 hours. Which migration strategy should the Database Engineer recommend?

A DevOps team is implementing distributed tracing for a microservices application on GKE. They want to ensure traces are exported to Cloud Trace with minimal overhead. Which TWO approaches should they consider? (Choose 2)

A team is using OpenTelemetry to instrument their microservices and wants to export traces to Cloud Trace. They have deployed the OpenTelemetry Collector as a DaemonSet on GKE. What configuration is needed on the Collector to send traces to Cloud Trace?

A company wants to enforce Binary Authorization on images deployed to GKE. Images must be signed by an approved authority. What must be configured in the CI/CD pipeline to ensure images are signed before deployment?

A company runs Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL and wants to automatically increase storage when usage reaches a threshold. What should they enable?

A company uses Cloud Monitoring to create an SLO for a service. They want to define a request-based SLO with a ratio of good requests to valid requests. Which of the following is a valid way to define the SLI in Cloud Monitoring SLOs?

Your company runs a critical application on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) with a StatefulSet using persistent volumes backed by Compute Engine persistent disks. The application performs frequent small random writes to a MySQL database stored on the persistent disks. You notice that the disk write latency has increased significantly, and the application's throughput has dropped. Monitoring shows that the disk queue depth is consistently high. The current disk type is pd-standard. What is the most cost-effective way to reduce write latency and improve throughput?

A company wants to use the Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA) to automatically adjust resource requests for their pods. They want the VPA to update the resource requests of running pods. Which VPA updateMode should they use?

A company is using Bigtable for a high-throughput write workload. They need to monitor replication lag between clusters in a replicated setup and ensure that reads are eventually consistent. Which two configurations should they check? (Choose TWO.)

You are managing a Cloud SQL for MySQL instance that is experiencing high latency and connection timeouts during peak hours. The current configuration uses 4 vCPUs, 15 GB memory, and 100 GB SSD storage. The database workload is a mix of transactional queries and batch inserts. Which TWO actions would most effectively reduce latency and improve performance?

An engineer is manually migrating a MySQL database to Cloud SQL using mysqldump and import. They need to capture the binary log position to enable CDC with Database Migration Service later. Which TWO mysqldump flags should they include to ensure a consistent snapshot and capture the log position? (Choose 2 correct answers.)

A team wants to define an SLO for their service based on availability. Over a 30-day window, the service handled 1,000,000 requests, of which 999,500 succeeded. What is the achieved availability, and what is the error budget consumed if the SLO is 99.95%?

You are designing a Spanner schema for a social media application. The table Posts has primary key (UserId, PostId) where PostId is a UUID. The application frequently queries all posts for a given user, ordered by timestamp descending. The current schema uses PostId as the second part of the key, which is random. How can you improve read performance for this query pattern?

A company is running a MySQL database on Cloud SQL and needs to optimize for high random read/write performance. Which storage type should they choose?

A team uses Skaffold for local development and wants to integrate it into their CI/CD pipeline on Cloud Build for continuous deployment to GKE. What is the recommended approach?

A team is reviewing IAM permissions on a Cloud Storage bucket. The exhibit shows the bucket's IAM policy. A developer is using the service account sa-1 and reports that they cannot delete objects in the bucket. What is the likely reason?

A financial services company is migrating from an on-premises Oracle RAC database to Cloud Spanner. The current application uses sequences to generate globally unique IDs for transactions. To avoid creating hotspots in Spanner, the database architect recommends using a different primary key strategy. Which primary key design is most appropriate for Spanner to avoid hotspots?

You need to send alert notifications to a Slack channel. Which TWO components are required?

A logistics company uses BigQuery to track shipments. The `shipments` table has columns `id`, `status`, `created_date`, and `delivery_date`. They need a query that returns the number of shipments that were delivered within 5 days of creation for each month of 2024. Which SQL construct is most appropriate?

A developer needs to authenticate to Artifact Registry from a CI/CD pipeline that runs on Compute Engine. The pipeline does not have access to user credentials. Which authentication method should they use?

An organization is migrating an Oracle database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. They have numerous stored procedures written in PL/SQL. Which tool should they use to automatically convert these procedures to PL/pgSQL?

Your Firestore database in Native mode is used by a mobile app. You need to query a collection where documents are filtered by two fields: 'status' (string) and 'createdAt' (timestamp). The query is not performing as expected. What action is required?

A team is planning a migration from Oracle to PostgreSQL on Cloud SQL. They use Ora2Pg to convert the schema. Which THREE Oracle data types require special attention for correct mapping to avoid data loss or precision issues? (Choose 3 correct answers.)

An e-commerce platform uses Cloud Spanner with a table Orders and a child table OrderItems. The primary key of Orders is (CustomerId, OrderId) where OrderId is a UUID. The primary key of OrderItems is (CustomerId, OrderId, ItemId). However, writes to OrderItems are creating hotspots. What is the most likely cause?

A retail company uses BigQuery to store sales data. The 'sales' table has 10 billion rows and is partitioned by transaction_date (daily). The BI dashboard runs a query that aggregates sales by product_category for the last 30 days. The query is slow and expensive. Which improvement is most effective?

A company is migrating Oracle to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL using Ora2Pg. For a column defined as NUMBER(10,2) in Oracle, what is the corresponding data type in PostgreSQL?

A team manages infrastructure across multiple Google Cloud projects using Terraform. They want to centralize state file management in a GCS bucket and ensure that each project's state is isolated. Which backend configuration best achieves this?

A company is using Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL and wants to improve read scalability for a reporting dashboard that executes complex aggregate queries. The reports can tolerate up to 5 minutes of data staleness. Which two actions should the team take?

An organization wants to enforce that all Compute Engine VMs are created with Shielded VM features enabled to protect against rootkits and boot-level malware. Which Google Cloud mechanism should be used?

An SRE team is creating a postmortem after a service outage. They want to ensure the process is blameless and focuses on systemic improvements. Which practice is central to a blameless postmortem?

A team is migrating to GCP and wants to use Cloud Deployment Manager for infrastructure. They have existing Terraform modules. What is the best approach?

Your Cloud SQL for MySQL instance is running low on storage. You need to increase the storage size without downtime. What should you do?

A data engineer creates a clustered table in BigQuery with clustering order: country, city, product_id. The BI team frequently runs a query that filters on city and product_id but rarely on country. What is the most likely performance issue?

Which Google Cloud service can be used to automate repetitive operational tasks such as restarting a VM or clearing a cache, as part of toil reduction?

A BI dashboard query is slow and high cost. The query does multiple joins on large tables and uses window functions. The data engineer suggests using materialized views. However, the query uses non-deterministic functions. What is the limitation?

A BI query uses COUNT(column) to count non-null values and COUNT(*) to count all rows. The analyst expects both counts to be equal, but COUNT(column) returns fewer rows. What is the most likely explanation?

A global financial services company requires a multi-region Spanner instance with an RPO of zero and an RTO of less than 5 seconds for a critical transactional workload. The application writes to a single region and reads from multiple regions. Which Spanner configuration should they choose?

An engineer configures Cloud Deploy to promote a container to production after manual approval. The deployment strategy must gradually shift traffic from the current version to the new version while monitoring error rates. Which deployment strategy should they select in the delivery pipeline?

A data pipeline writes 10 TB of streaming data daily into Bigtable. The row key is based on the device ID and timestamp in reverse order. Recent data is queried most frequently. Which three design choices optimize performance and cost? (Choose THREE.)

A company is adopting GitOps for managing their Kubernetes infrastructure with Config Sync. They want to ensure that any changes to the cluster's desired state are automatically applied from a Git repository. Which branching strategy is MOST suitable for this workflow?

Which three of the following are valid considerations when designing secondary indexes in Cloud Spanner? (Choose three.)

During a postmortem for a service outage, the team identifies that the root cause was a configuration change that disabled TLS on a critical internal service. The change was made by an automated deployment pipeline. Which tool or practice should be implemented to prevent this in the future?

A company is designing a data model for a BI dashboard that requires real-time updates and historical analysis. Which THREE practices should be followed?

Which THREE factors should you consider when configuring Cloud SQL for MySQL query caching to optimize performance?

A company uses Cloud Spanner in a multi-region configuration. They want to perform a non-destructive disaster recovery drill to validate their ability to recover from a regional failure. Which THREE steps should they include in the drill? (Choose three.)

Match each BigQuery feature to its purpose.

Your Bigtable cluster is experiencing high CPU utilization and write latency during a daily batch job that writes 500 GB of data. The job uses bulk mutations with 1000 rows per request. What is the most effective way to reduce CPU usage?

A social media application uses Memorystore for Redis to cache user profiles and session data. Recently, the application experienced intermittent errors and high latency. You observe that the Redis CPU utilization is consistently above 90% and the cache hit ratio is 85%. The instance type is a Standard tier M2 (30 GB) with a maxmemory setting of 25 GB. The eviction policy is allkeys-lru. The number of keys is 10 million with an average value size of 2 KB. You suspect memory pressure is causing CPU spikes. What should you do to reduce CPU utilization and improve performance?