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Question 778 of 1,446

PCDE Practice Question: Design innovative, scalable, and highly available cloud database solutions

An engineer is designing a Bigtable schema for a weather data application. The data is written by thousands of sensors, each generating a reading every minute. Queries typically retrieve all readings for a sensor in a time range. The row key should be designed to avoid hotspots and support these queries. Which two row key components are recommended? (Choose two.)

⚠ Common exam trap

Google often tests the misconception that natural-order timestamps are optimal for time-range queries, but the trap here is that they cause write hotspots in Bigtable, so a reversed timestamp is required to distribute writes while still supporting range scans.

Answer choices

Why each option matters

Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.

Correct answer & explanation

Reversed timestamp

Using a reversed timestamp (e.g., Long.MAX_VALUE - timestamp) as part of the row key spreads writes across Bigtable tablets, avoiding hotspots that occur when sensors write sequentially in natural time order. This design also supports efficient range scans for a sensor's data over a time range when combined with a sensor ID prefix.

Answer analysis

Option-by-option breakdown

For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.

  • Sensor ID (raw) as the only key

    Why it's wrong here

    If sensor ID is the only key, all writes per sensor go to one node.

  • Sensor location as a column

    Why it's wrong here

    Location is a column, not row key component.

  • Reversed timestamp

    Why this is correct

    Reversed timestamp spreads writes and allows recent-first queries.

  • Timestamp in natural order

    Why it's wrong here

    Natural order timestamps cause write hotspots on current time.

  • Hash of sensor ID as prefix

    Why this is correct

    Salting distributes writes across nodes.

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Last reviewed: Jul 4, 2026

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