Promql

If you perform 'A / B' where A and B have different sets of labels, what happens?

Which THREE of the following functions can be used with counter metrics to calculate rates or increases? (Choose three)

Which TWO of the following statements about PromQL label matchers are correct? (Choose TWO)

You need to calculate the per-second rate of increase of http_requests_total over a 1-minute window. Why is using a 1-minute range window generally discouraged in production?

Which function should be used to smooth out short-term fluctuations in a gauge metric by calculating the rolling average over a 10-minute window?

You are joining two vectors where the left vector has labels {job="api", instance="host1"} and the right vector has labels {job="api", region="us-east"}. You use the query 'vector_a + ignoring(instance, region) vector_b'. What does the 'ignoring' modifier do?

What is the primary difference between an instant vector and a range vector in PromQL?

What is the difference between 'count' and 'count_values'?

You are troubleshooting a query and notice that label_replace is being used. What is the primary function of label_replace(v, dst_label, replacement, src_label, regex)?

Which THREE of the following are valid set operators in PromQL for combining instant vectors? (Choose THREE)

Which function evaluates the predictable linear extrapolation of a gauge metric over time to predict future values?

When writing a query with arithmetic operators, how does PromQL handle vector matching when both vectors have the exact same label sets?

Which TWO of the following statements regarding native histograms in Prometheus are correct? (Choose TWO)

You need to perform a binary operation between two vectors where the left vector has labels {job="api", instance="a"} and the right vector has labels {job="api"}. You want to match them using the job label while retaining the instance label from the left side. Which modifier configuration is correct?

Which of the following selectors matches metric names that start with 'http_'?

When performing vector matching between two vectors of different cardinalities, which THREE vector matching modifiers can be used? (Choose three)

A Prometheus selector includes a negative regex match for environment names: 'environment!="staging"'. Which selector operator achieves this using regular expressions instead of exact matching?

You are joining an instant vector of application versions with an instant vector of metrics using a many-to-one relationship. The application version vector has more labels than the metric vector. Which keyword must be appended to the matching modifier to include labels from the 'many' side?

Which TWO of the following are valid data types returned by PromQL queries? (Choose two)

A user executes an instant query for a metric without providing a range vector. What type of vector is returned by default?

Which operator performs a logical 'not' on a comparison?

An engineer executes topk(3, http_requests_total). What happens if there are fewer than 3 time series matching the selector?

You are using the 'predict_linear()' function to forecast disk space exhaustion based on the metric 'node_filesystem_free_bytes'. What type of input data does predict_linear require?

Which TWO of the following are valid aggregation operators in PromQL?

An operator writes a query to calculate error percentage: sum(rate(errors[5m])) / sum(rate(total[5m])) * 100. What happens if the denominator evaluates to zero or has no matching time series?

You are monitoring a counter metric 'errors_total' and need to calculate the total number of errors that occurred over the last 1 hour. Which function is most appropriate?

You need to calculate the ratio of successful HTTP requests (status 200) to total HTTP requests. Both metrics are counters named 'http_requests_total'. How do you construct this query to ensure proper label matching between status='200' and total requests?

You need to calculate the 99th percentile of request latency across all instances using a Prometheus histogram metric 'http_request_duration_seconds_bucket'. Which function and setup is correct?

What is the behavior of the clamp_max() function when applied to an instant vector?

A Prometheus administrator wants to query the current value of the metric 'http_requests_total'. Which of the following PromQL expressions should be used?

You are joining an instant vector of application metrics with a static configuration instant vector containing target metadata using 'on(instance) group_right'. What does the 'group_right' modifier achieve?

When should you use the 'absent()' function?

Which label matcher operator is used for exact equality in PromQL selectors?

When evaluating a PromQL query involving arithmetic operators, such as 'vector1 + vector2 * vector3', which operator has the highest precedence?

Which TWO of the following label matching operators are supported in Prometheus label selectors? (Choose two)

Which THREE of the following are valid time-range units in PromQL?

Which THREE of the following modifiers or keywords are used in PromQL binary vector matching? (Choose THREE)

A Prometheus alert expression uses rate(http_requests_total[5m]) > 10. During a service restart, counter resets occur. How does the rate() function account for these counter resets?

Which THREE aggregation operators in PromQL support the 'by' and 'without' clause modifiers? (Choose three)

Which PromQL function is specifically designed to calculate the per-second average rate of increase of a time series over a given range vector?

When using 'irate', what is the impact of choosing a range vector that is too small (e.g., [10s])?

When evaluating a rule with offset, such as http_requests_total offset 1h, what exact time does Prometheus query?

Which TWO of the following are valid ways to modify or add labels to time series in PromQL? (Choose two)

You want to find the maximum value of a gauge metric across all instances over a 1-hour sliding window. Which function accomplishes this?

An administrator wants to aggregate CPU usage across all nodes, keeping the instance label while summing the values. Which aggregation clause should be used?

You want to find the top 3 jobs with the highest CPU usage using the metric 'process_cpu_seconds_total'. Which PromQL query structure is correct?

When evaluating a histogram metric, what does the special pseudo-label le represent in bucket time series?

Which aggregation operator would you use to calculate the total sum of a metric across all instances?

What is the purpose of the 'offset' modifier in a PromQL query?

Which PromQL aggregator should be used to count the total number of active time series matching a selector?

When calculating the 95th percentile from a histogram, why is histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(http_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le)) the recommended pattern?

When writing a PromQL query involving a vector and a scalar, such as 'node_memory_free_bytes / (1024 * 1024)', how does Prometheus handle label matching?

Which TWO of the following are true regarding instant vectors?

Which TWO of the following conditions will cause the rate() function to return NaN or empty results? (Choose TWO)

You need to calculate the per-second rate of increase for a counter metric over the last 10 minutes. Which function is most appropriate?

Which THREE of the following are valid ways to modify a binary operation join?

Which selector syntax correctly matches all time series where the environment label does NOT equal production?

Which THREE of the following functions are specifically designed to be used with range vectors? (Choose THREE)

Which TWO of the following are valid metric types natively supported by Prometheus? (Choose TWO)

How does PromQL handle operator precedence between arithmetic operators like multiplication (*) and addition (+)?

Which THREE of the following are valid aggregation operators in PromQL? (Choose THREE)

Which regular expression matcher selects all time series where the status label begins with the digit 5?

Which TWO of the following statements about 'rate' vs 'irate' are correct?

How does Prometheus handle subqueries embedded within an instant query, such as rate(http_requests_total[5m])[30m:1m]?

Which THREE built-in functions in PromQL are designed specifically to analyze changes over time for gauge metrics? (Choose three)

Which TWO of the following statements regarding PromQL subqueries are correct? (Choose two)

Which function would you use to find the maximum value of a gauge metric 'node_cpu_load' over the past 30 minutes?

You need to calculate the 99th percentile HTTP request latency from a Prometheus histogram named http_request_duration_seconds. Which function is correct?

What is the purpose of the instant vector selector syntax http_requests_total{job="api-server"}?

Which function is best suited for identifying the 'top 5' instances with the highest value for a specific metric?

Which operator has higher precedence in PromQL: exponential (^), multiplication (*), or addition (+)?

An operator needs to find the rate of change of a counter using deriv(). Why is this considered a bad practice in Prometheus?

Which operator has the highest precedence in PromQL?

An operator needs to query the current, un-extrapolated rate of increase per second over the last 5 minutes for a counter metric named http_requests_total. Which function should they use?

What is the result of applying a range selector like [5m] to a gauge metric?

An operator writes the query sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) without any aggregation clauses. What is the output format?

When performing a vector-to-vector binary operation between two instant vectors of different label sets, which modifier allows matching on a subset of common labels?

An engineer needs to determine the total absolute increase in disk space consumed over the last 3 hours using a gauge metric node_disk_bytes_used. Which function is appropriate?

Which THREE of the following are valid label matchers?

When executing a subquery in PromQL, such as 'max_over_time(rate(http_request_total[5m])[30m:1m])', what does the resolution parameter ('1m') specify?

What is the primary operational difference between the 'rate()' and 'irate()' functions in PromQL?