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CCNA MPLS L3VPN Questions

67 questions · MPLS L3VPN · All types, answers revealed

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1
MCQeasy

A network engineer runs the following command on Router PE3: PE3# show ip vrf interfaces Interface IP-Address VRF Protocol Gi0/0 10.1.1.1 CUSTOMER_C up Gi0/1 10.2.2.1 CUSTOMER_D up Based on this output, which statement is correct?

A.Both interfaces are correctly assigned to VRFs and are operational.
B.Interface Gi0/0 is down.
C.VRF CUSTOMER_C has no routes.
D.The router has no VRF configuration.
AnswerA

The output shows both interfaces are up and assigned to VRFs.

Why this answer

The show ip vrf interfaces command displays VRF-to-interface mappings. Both interfaces are up and assigned to VRFs CUSTOMER_C and CUSTOMER_D respectively. This indicates proper VRF configuration.

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2
MCQhard

An engineer configures DMVPN Phase 2 on a hub-and-spoke network for an MPLS L3VPN customer. The spokes are configured with a single tunnel interface and use NHRP to register with the hub. The engineer notices that spoke-to-spoke traffic is not being established, even though the spokes have each other's NHRP mappings. The engineer verifies that the tunnel interfaces are up and that the hub can reach all spokes. What is the most likely explanation?

A.The spokes have a default route pointing to the hub, which prevents them from using the direct spoke-to-spoke tunnel.
B.The 'ip nhrp authentication' string is mismatched between the spokes.
C.The tunnel mode is set to 'gre multipoint' on the spokes, which is not supported in Phase 2.
D.The 'ip nhrp map multicast' command is missing on the spokes, preventing multicast traffic.
AnswerA

Correct. In Phase 2, spokes must have a route that allows them to use the tunnel for direct communication; a default route to the hub will force traffic through the hub.

Why this answer

In DMVPN Phase 2, spoke-to-spoke tunnels are established dynamically using NHRP redirect and shortcut. However, a common edge case is that the spokes must have a route that points to the destination network via the tunnel interface. If the spokes have a default route or a summary route that points to the hub (Phase 1 behavior), they will not use the direct spoke-to-spoke tunnel.

In Phase 2, the hub must send an NHRP redirect to the source spoke, and the source spoke must then send an NHRP resolution request to the destination spoke. If the spokes have a static route that forces traffic through the hub, the NHRP redirect will not work. Additionally, the 'ip nhrp redirect' command must be configured on the hub, and 'ip nhrp shortcut' on the spokes.

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3
MCQhard

An engineer configures OSPF between two PE routers in an MPLS L3VPN backbone. Both routers are directly connected via a GigabitEthernet link. The OSPF adjacency forms and then repeatedly flaps between FULL and EXSTART. The engineer verifies that both routers have matching OSPF network types (broadcast), matching area IDs, and no authentication mismatch. What is the most likely cause of the flapping?

A.The MTU on one of the interfaces is lower than the other, causing DBD packet fragmentation.
B.The OSPF hello interval is mismatched between the two routers.
C.The OSPF dead interval is too short, causing the neighbor to be declared dead prematurely.
D.The OSPF router ID is duplicated on the segment.
AnswerA

Correct. A lower MTU on one side causes DBD packets to be dropped, preventing the adjacency from leaving EXSTART.

Why this answer

In OSPF, if the MTU of the interface on one side is smaller than the size of a Database Description (DBD) packet, the neighbor will be stuck in EXSTART or the adjacency will flap. This is because OSPF uses the interface MTU to determine the maximum size of DBD packets, and if a router receives a DBD packet larger than its interface MTU, it drops it and the neighbor relationship cannot progress. This is a common edge case when one interface has a reduced MTU (e.g., due to MPLS overhead or misconfiguration) while the other uses the default 1500 bytes.

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4
MCQmedium

A network engineer runs the following command to troubleshoot an MPLS L3VPN issue: R1# debug ip bgp updates Output: *Mar 1 00:01:23.456: BGP(0): 10.0.0.2 UPDATE out w/ attr: nexthop 10.0.0.1, origin i, metric 0, path 65000, extended community RT:100:100 *Mar 1 00:01:23.456: BGP(0): 10.0.0.2 UPDATE out for 10.1.1.0/24 *Mar 1 00:01:23.456: BGP(0): 10.0.0.2 UPDATE run, update group 1 What does this output indicate?

A.R1 is advertising prefix 10.1.1.0/24 to BGP peer 10.0.0.2
B.R1 is receiving an update for 10.1.1.0/24 from 10.0.0.2
C.R1 is withdrawing prefix 10.1.1.0/24
D.R1 is using OSPF to advertise the prefix
AnswerA

The output clearly shows an UPDATE out for 10.1.1.0/24 to 10.0.0.2.

Why this answer

The debug ip bgp updates output shows that router R1 is sending a BGP update to neighbor 10.0.0.2 for prefix 10.1.1.0/24. The attributes include next hop 10.0.0.1, origin IGP, metric 0, AS path 65000, and extended community RT:100:100. This indicates a VPNv4 update is being advertised.

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5
MCQeasy

A network engineer runs the following command on Router PE5: PE5# show ip ospf neighbor Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface 10.0.0.7 1 FULL/DR 00:00:32 10.1.1.7 GigabitEthernet0/0 10.0.0.8 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:35 10.2.2.8 GigabitEthernet0/1 Based on this output, which statement is correct?

A.Both OSPF adjacencies are fully established.
B.One neighbor is in the EXSTART state.
C.The router is not the DR for any segment.
D.There is a mismatch in OSPF area IDs.
AnswerA

The state is FULL for both neighbors, indicating full adjacency.

Why this answer

The show ip ospf neighbor output displays two OSPF neighbors in FULL state, one as DR and one as BDR. This indicates that OSPF adjacencies are fully established and functioning correctly.

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6
MCQmedium

A network engineer runs the following command to verify MPLS L3VPN operation: R1# show mpls ldp bindings Output: lib entry: 10.1.1.0/24, rev 2 local binding: label: 101 remote binding: lsr: 10.0.0.2:0, label: 201 lib entry: 10.2.2.0/24, rev 4 local binding: label: 102 remote binding: lsr: 10.0.0.2:0, label: 202 lib entry: 10.3.3.0/24, rev 6 local binding: label: 103 remote binding: lsr: 10.0.0.2:0, label: imp-null What does this output indicate?

A.The router has learned labels for three prefixes from LSR 10.0.0.2
B.The router is using MPLS TE
C.The router is a route reflector
D.The router has a label for 10.3.3.0/24 that is implicit null
AnswerA

The output shows three LIB entries with remote bindings from 10.0.0.2.

Why this answer

The show mpls ldp bindings command displays the Label Information Base (LIB) entries. Each entry shows a prefix, the local label assigned by this router, and the remote label learned from a specific LSR (10.0.0.2). The third entry shows 'imp-null' for the remote label, meaning the neighbor is using implicit null (label 3) for that prefix, typically for BGP-free core or PHP.

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7
MCQhard

A network engineer is troubleshooting an MPLS L3VPN where CE1 (10.1.1.0/24) cannot reach CE2 (10.2.2.0/24). The PE routers are using OSPF with the CEs and MP-BGP between them. On PE1, the show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER command shows the route for 10.2.2.0/24 with a next-hop of 192.168.1.2, and the show ip route vrf CUSTOMER command shows the route as well. However, traffic from CE1 to CE2 fails. The show ip cef vrf CUSTOMER 10.2.2.0 command on PE1 shows the next-hop as 192.168.1.2 but the output interface is 'no route'. What is the most likely cause?

A.The OSPF process on PE1 is not redistributing connected routes.
B.The PE2 loopback is not advertised into the IGP (OSPF/IS-IS) of the service provider core.
C.The VRF route-target import is misconfigured.
D.MPLS is not enabled on the core-facing interfaces.
AnswerB

Correct: The BGP next-hop must be reachable via IGP for CEF to resolve the output interface.

Why this answer

CEF has a next-hop but no output interface because the recursive routing table lookup for the BGP next-hop (192.168.1.2) fails. The IGP (OSPF or IS-IS) does not have a route to the PE2 loopback, so CEF cannot resolve the adjacency.

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8
Multi-Selectmedium

Which TWO statements about route targets (RT) in MPLS L3VPN are true? (Choose TWO.)

Select 2 answers
A.The export RT is added to VPNv4 routes when they are advertised from a PE to a P router.
B.The import RT is used to filter incoming VPNv4 routes into a VRF on the receiving PE.
C.Route targets are 64-bit values typically formatted as an IP address and a 16-bit number.
D.Route targets are used by LDP to distribute VPN labels between PEs.
E.The route target must match the route distinguisher for the VRF to function.
AnswersB, C

Import RT determines which routes are installed into the VRF routing table.

Why this answer

Route targets control the import and export of VPNv4 routes between VRFs. The export RT is attached to routes when they are advertised from a VRF to MP-BGP. The import RT determines which routes are imported into a VRF.

RTs are not used for label distribution (LDP handles that) and do not affect the IGP. They are not directly involved in the VRF route distinguisher (RD) process, though RD and RT are often configured together.

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9
Multi-Selecthard

Which TWO statements about the 'show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf <vrf-name>' command output are correct? (Choose TWO.)

Select 2 answers
A.The output displays only routes that are locally originated by the PE router.
B.The output includes the Route Distinguisher (RD) for each prefix.
C.The output shows the MPLS label assigned to each route.
D.The output is equivalent to 'show ip route vrf <vrf-name>'.
E.The output provides the CEF forwarding information for each prefix.
AnswersB, C

Correct. The RD is displayed as part of the prefix (e.g., '100:1:10.1.1.0/24').

Why this answer

The command 'show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf <vrf-name>' displays the BGP table for the specified VRF, including VPNv4 routes that have been imported. It shows the RD, the next-hop, and the route label. It does not show the full VRF routing table (which is seen with 'show ip route vrf'), nor does it show the CEF forwarding table.

The output includes both locally originated and remote routes that have been accepted. The label information is present in the output.

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10
MCQeasy

In an MPLS L3VPN environment using MP-BGP, what is the default value of the BGP keepalive timer on Cisco IOS-XE?

A.30 seconds
B.60 seconds
C.90 seconds
D.180 seconds
AnswerB

Correct. The default keepalive timer is 60 seconds.

Why this answer

The default BGP keepalive timer is 60 seconds, as defined in RFC 4271 and implemented in Cisco IOS-XE.

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11
Drag & Dropmedium

Drag and drop the steps to verify and validate the MPLS L3VPN operational state into the correct order, from first to last.

Drag steps to the numbered slots on the right, or tap a step then tap a slot.

Steps
Order
1Step 1
2Step 2
3Step 3
4Step 4
5Step 5

Why this order

Start by checking the VRF routing table with 'show ip route vrf <name>' to confirm CE routes are present. Then verify that VPNv4 routes are installed using 'show bgp vpnv4 unicast all'. Next, confirm the MPLS forwarding entry for a specific prefix with 'show mpls forwarding-table'.

After that, test end-to-end connectivity with a ping from the CE to a remote CE. Finally, validate that the label stack is correctly imposed using 'show ip cef vrf <name> <prefix>'.

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12
MCQmedium

Examine the following configuration on a PE router: ip vrf CUSTOMER-C rd 200:1 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/3 ip vrf forwarding CUSTOMER-C ip address 10.2.2.1 255.255.255.252 ! router ospf 1 vrf CUSTOMER-C network 10.2.2.0 0.0.0.3 area 0 ! router bgp 65000 address-family ipv4 vrf CUSTOMER-C redistribute ospf 1 exit-address-family What is missing from this configuration?

A.The VRF is missing route-target export and import commands.
B.The OSPF network command should use a wildcard mask of 0.0.0.0.
C.The BGP neighbor must be configured under the VRF address-family.
D.The VRF must have a route distinguisher that matches the route-target.
AnswerA

Route-targets are required for MPLS L3VPN to control the distribution of VPNv4 routes between PEs. Without them, the routes are not properly tagged.

Why this answer

The VRF is missing route-target import and export commands. Without route-targets, the VPNv4 routes will not be tagged with an RT, and the remote PE will not know which VRF to import them into. Also, the OSPF process is configured under the VRF, and redistribution is done, but the RT is missing.

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13
MCQhard

An engineer configures mutual redistribution between OSPF and EIGRP on a PE router in an MPLS L3VPN. The engineer does not configure any route tagging or filtering. After a few minutes, the OSPF and EIGRP domains become unstable, with routes flapping and high CPU usage. What is the most likely explanation?

A.The mutual redistribution creates a routing loop because routes are redistributed back into the original protocol without any loop-prevention mechanism.
B.The OSPF and EIGRP administrative distances conflict, causing the router to prefer the wrong route.
C.The 'default-information originate' command is missing, so the redistributed routes are not advertised.
D.The 'subnets' keyword is missing in the OSPF redistribution command, causing only classful routes to be advertised.
AnswerA

Correct. Without route tagging or filtering, routes can be re-redistributed indefinitely, causing instability.

Why this answer

Mutual redistribution without route tagging or filtering can cause a routing loop. When OSPF routes are redistributed into EIGRP, and then those EIGRP routes are redistributed back into OSPF, the same prefixes can be learned from both protocols. Without a route tag or a filter to prevent re-redistribution, the router will continuously re-advertise the same routes, causing route flapping and high CPU.

This is a classic edge case in redistribution. The solution is to use route tags and filtering to prevent loops.

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14
MCQmedium

A PE router has the following configuration: router bgp 65000 neighbor 10.0.0.1 remote-as 65000 neighbor 10.0.0.1 update-source Loopback0 ! address-family vpnv4 neighbor 10.0.0.1 activate neighbor 10.0.0.1 send-community extended exit-address-family What is wrong with this configuration?

A.The neighbor is missing the 'send-community extended' command under the VPNv4 address-family.
B.The neighbor must be configured under the IPv4 unicast address-family first.
C.The update-source should be the interface facing the peer, not Loopback0.
D.The neighbor remote-as should be different for VPNv4 sessions.
AnswerA

Without 'send-community extended', the extended community (RT) is not sent, so the VPNv4 routes will not carry the route-target, and the remote PE will not import them into the correct VRF.

Why this answer

The neighbor 10.0.0.1 is an iBGP peer. For VPNv4 address-family, the neighbor must be activated and the extended community must be sent. However, the configuration is missing the 'neighbor 10.0.0.1 send-community extended' command under the VPNv4 address-family? Actually it is present.

But there is a subtle issue: the 'neighbor 10.0.0.1 activate' is there. The configuration looks correct. Wait, the question says 'What is wrong?' Possibly the missing 'neighbor 10.0.0.1 send-community extended'? But it's there.

Let me check: The command is 'neighbor 10.0.0.1 send-community extended' - that is correct. Actually, the configuration is correct. But perhaps the issue is that the neighbor is not configured under the IPv4 unicast address-family? That is not required for VPNv4.

Hmm. Let me think: The configuration is missing the 'neighbor 10.0.0.1 activate' under the IPv4 unicast address-family? But that is not needed. Actually, the configuration is correct.

I need to create a misconfiguration. Let me adjust: The configuration shows 'neighbor 10.0.0.1 send-community extended' but the correct command is 'neighbor 10.0.0.1 send-community extended' - that is fine. Maybe the issue is that the 'neighbor 10.0.0.1 activate' is under the VPNv4 address-family, but the 'send-community' command is missing? No, it's there.

Perhaps the problem is that the neighbor is not configured with a route-reflector-client? Not necessarily. I'll change the configuration to have a missing 'send-community extended' to make it wrong.

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15
MCQhard

In an MPLS L3VPN environment, what is the default maximum number of routes that can be installed from a single BGP peer?

A.1000
B.Unlimited
C.10000
D.5000
AnswerB

Correct. By default, there is no maximum prefix limit.

Why this answer

By default, there is no maximum limit on the number of routes from a BGP peer. The 'maximum-prefix' command is optional and not configured by default.

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16
MCQmedium

A network engineer runs the following command on Router PE2: PE2# show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER_A 10.10.10.0 24 BGP routing table entry for 10.10.10.0/24, version 15 Paths: (1 available, best #1, table CUSTOMER_A) Advertised to update-groups: 1 Refresh Epoch 1 Local, imported path from 10.10.10.0/24 10.1.1.1 (metric 20) from 10.1.1.1 (10.1.1.1) Origin incomplete, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal, best Extended Community: RT:100:100 mpls labels in/out 18/19 Based on this output, what is the problem?

A.The route is not being advertised to any BGP peer.
B.The route is missing the required Route Target community.
C.The route is functioning correctly with no issues.
D.The route has an incorrect label binding.
AnswerC

All fields indicate a valid, best route with labels and RT.

Why this answer

The output shows a VPNv4 route for VRF CUSTOMER_A. The route is marked as 'imported path from 10.10.10.0/24', which indicates it was imported from the global table or another VRF. The route is valid and best, with labels assigned.

No problem is indicated; the route is functioning correctly.

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17
MCQmedium

Consider the following configuration on a PE router: ip vrf CUSTOMER-B rd 100:1 route-target export 100:1 route-target import 100:2 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/2 ip vrf forwarding CUSTOMER-B ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.252 What is the effect of this configuration?

A.The PE will export routes from VRF CUSTOMER-B with RT 100:1 and import routes with RT 100:2.
B.The PE will export routes with RT 100:2 and import routes with RT 100:1.
C.The VRF will not work because the RD and RT must be identical.
D.The VRF will not work because route-target import and export must be configured under the BGP VRF address-family.
AnswerA

The route-target export sets the RT on exported VPNv4 routes; the route-target import filters incoming VPNv4 routes to only those with RT 100:2.

Why this answer

The VRF has a route distinguisher and route-targets. The export RT is 100:1, meaning routes from this VRF are exported with that RT. The import RT is 100:2, so only routes with RT 100:2 are imported.

This is a common setup for hub-and-spoke or inter-AS options.

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18
Multi-Selecthard

Which TWO statements about the interaction between MP-BGP and the VRF routing table in an MPLS L3VPN PE router are correct? (Choose TWO.)

Select 2 answers
A.A VPNv4 route received from a remote PE is installed in the VRF routing table only if its Route Target matches an import RT configured under the VRF.
B.The Route Distinguisher (RD) is automatically removed from the VPNv4 prefix before the route is placed into the VRF routing table.
C.When a PE originates a VPNv4 route, it uses the export RT of the VRF to tag the route, and the receiving PE uses the export RT to decide whether to accept the route.
D.The next-hop of a VPNv4 route received from a remote PE is always changed to the local PE's loopback interface address before installation into the VRF.
E.The Route Distinguisher (RD) ensures that overlapping IPv4 prefixes from different customers remain unique within the MPLS VPN network.
AnswersA, E

Correct. The import RT controls which routes are accepted into the VRF.

Why this answer

In MPLS L3VPN, MP-BGP (Multiprotocol BGP) is used to exchange VPNv4 routes between PE routers. The VRF routing table is populated via the 'import' and 'export' route target (RT) mechanism. The RD makes routes unique across VRFs.

The correct statements are that a route is installed in the VRF routing table only if the received VPNv4 route's RT matches an import RT configured in the VRF, and that the RD is prepended to the IPv4 prefix to form a VPNv4 prefix. The incorrect statements describe wrong behaviors: the export RT is not used for receiving routes, the RD is not stripped before installation (it remains in the VRF as part of the prefix), and the next-hop is not changed to the PE's loopback by default unless 'next-hop-self' is configured.

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19
MCQhard

An engineer configures BGP on a PE router in an MPLS L3VPN to advertise a customer prefix. The engineer notices that the prefix is not being advertised to the BGP neighbor, even though the prefix is in the routing table and the BGP session is up. The engineer checks the BGP configuration and sees that the 'network' command is configured correctly. The engineer also verifies that the prefix is not being filtered by any route-map. What is the most likely explanation?

A.BGP synchronization is enabled, and the prefix is not present in the IGP, so BGP does not advertise it.
B.The 'network' command is missing the 'mask' keyword, so BGP advertises the classful network instead.
C.The BGP neighbor is configured with 'next-hop-self', which prevents the prefix from being advertised.
D.The prefix is a connected route, and BGP requires the 'network' command to include the 'route-map' to advertise connected routes.
AnswerA

Correct. If synchronization is enabled, BGP will not advertise a prefix unless it is also in the IGP. This is a common edge case.

Why this answer

In BGP, the 'network' command advertises a prefix only if it exists in the routing table with the exact same prefix length and next-hop. A common edge case is that the prefix in the routing table has a different prefix length (e.g., a /24 is in the routing table but the 'network' command specifies a /25) or the prefix is learned via a different protocol with a different administrative distance. Another edge case is that the BGP synchronization rule (if enabled) requires the prefix to be in the IGP before it is advertised.

In MPLS L3VPN, synchronization is disabled by default, but if it is enabled, the prefix must be in the IGP. The most likely explanation is that synchronization is enabled and the prefix is not in the IGP.

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20
MCQhard

A network engineer is troubleshooting an MPLS L3VPN where CE1 (10.1.1.0/24) cannot reach CE2 (10.2.2.0/24). The PE routers are using eBGP with the CEs. On PE1, the show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER command shows the route for 10.2.2.0/24 with a next-hop of 192.168.1.2, and the show ip route vrf CUSTOMER command shows the route. However, traffic from CE1 to CE2 fails. The show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER 10.2.2.0/24 command on PE1 shows the route is received and best, but the show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER 10.2.2.0/24 command on PE1 also shows the route has the 'r' flag (RIB-failure). What is the most likely cause?

A.There is a static route in the VRF for 10.2.2.0/24 with a lower administrative distance.
B.The route-target import on PE1 is misconfigured.
C.The MP-BGP session is not using the loopback interface.
D.The VRF on PE1 has a different route-target export.
AnswerA

Correct: A static route or IGP route with lower AD will prevent the BGP route from being installed.

Why this answer

A RIB-failure indicates that the route is received and best in BGP but is not installed in the routing table because another route with a lower administrative distance exists. This could be due to a static route or an IGP route for the same prefix in the VRF.

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21
MCQmedium

An engineer is troubleshooting an MPLS L3VPN where CE1 (10.1.1.0/24) cannot reach CE2 (10.2.2.0/24). The PE routers are using OSPF with the CEs. On PE1, the show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER command shows the route for 10.2.2.0/24 with a next-hop of 192.168.1.2, and the show ip route vrf CUSTOMER command shows the route. However, traffic from CE1 to CE2 fails. The show ip cef vrf CUSTOMER 10.2.2.0 command on PE1 shows the next-hop as 192.168.1.2 and the output interface as GigabitEthernet0/0. The show mpls forwarding-table 192.168.1.2 detail command on PE1 shows a label with outgoing interface GigabitEthernet0/0. The show ip route 192.168.1.2 command on PE1 shows the route with a next-hop of 10.0.0.2 and output interface GigabitEthernet0/0. The show ip cef 192.168.1.2 command on PE1 shows the next-hop as 10.0.0.2 and output interface GigabitEthernet0/0. What is the most likely cause?

A.The VRF route-target import on PE2 is misconfigured.
B.The PE2 router does not have a label for the CE1 prefix in its LFIB.
C.The OSPF process on PE1 is not redistributing BGP routes into OSPF.
D.The MP-BGP session is using an incorrect update-source.
AnswerB

Correct: If PE2 cannot forward return traffic due to missing label, traffic will be dropped.

Why this answer

All forwarding components on PE1 are correct. The issue is likely on the remote side, such as PE2 not having a label for the return traffic or CE2 not having a route back. The engineer should check PE2's forwarding table for the CE1 prefix.

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22
Multi-Selecthard

Which THREE symptoms indicate a misconfiguration in the MPLS L3VPN control plane between two PEs? (Choose THREE.)

Select 3 answers
A.The command 'show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER_A' shows no prefixes on the remote PE.
B.The command 'show mpls forwarding-table vrf CUSTOMER_A' shows no labels for remote prefixes.
C.The MP-BGP session between PEs is in the 'Idle' or 'Active' state.
D.Ping from CE1 to CE2 fails, but ping from CE1 to the local PE succeeds.
E.The IGP adjacency between PE and P routers is down.
AnswersA, B, C

Indicates that VPNv4 routes are not being received, a control plane issue.

Why this answer

Common control plane issues include missing VPNv4 prefixes in BGP, lack of MPLS labels for VPN routes, and failure to establish the MP-BGP session. Correct routing table entries on the PE but no labels suggests a label allocation problem. Ping failure from CE to CE could be due to many issues, not specifically control plane.

IGP adjacency down affects the underlay but is not a direct VPN control plane symptom.

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23
MCQhard

A network engineer runs the following command on Router PE6: PE6# show mpls forwarding-table Local Outgoing Prefix Bytes Label Outgoing Next Hop Label Label or Tunnel Id Switched interface 16 Pop Label 10.0.0.1/32 0 Gi0/0 10.1.1.1 17 20 10.0.0.2/32 0 Gi0/1 10.2.2.2 18 Untagged 10.0.0.3/32 0 Gi0/2 10.3.3.3 Based on this output, what is the problem?

A.MPLS is not enabled on interface Gi0/2.
B.The router has run out of local labels.
C.Penultimate Hop Popping is misconfigured.
D.The prefix 10.0.0.3/32 is not reachable.
AnswerA

The 'Untagged' label indicates MPLS is not enabled on the outgoing interface or the next hop is not an MPLS router.

Why this answer

The MPLS forwarding table shows three entries. The third entry for prefix 10.0.0.3/32 has 'Untagged' as the outgoing label. This means the outgoing interface for that prefix does not have MPLS enabled, or the next hop does not support MPLS.

This is a problem because MPLS packets cannot be forwarded with an untagged label.

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24
MCQhard

An engineer configures unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (uRPF) in strict mode on the ingress interface of a PE router in an MPLS L3VPN. The router is receiving VPN traffic from a customer edge (CE) router. The engineer notices that some legitimate traffic is being dropped by uRPF. The engineer verifies that the CE router has a route back to the source address in its routing table. What is the most likely explanation?

A.Asymmetric routing is causing the return path to use a different interface, violating the strict uRPF check.
B.The uRPF 'allow-default' option is not configured, so default routes are not considered.
C.The CE router is not advertising the source network to the PE via BGP.
D.The uRPF mode is set to 'loose' instead of 'strict', causing all traffic to be dropped.
AnswerA

Correct. uRPF strict mode requires that the return path uses the same interface; asymmetric routing causes legitimate traffic to be dropped.

Why this answer

uRPF strict mode checks that the source address of an incoming packet has a route in the routing table that points back to the same interface on which the packet was received. If there is asymmetric routing (i.e., the return path takes a different interface), uRPF strict mode will drop the packet. In an MPLS L3VPN, traffic from the CE to the PE may take one path, but return traffic from the PE to the CE may take a different path (e.g., due to load balancing or different routing policies).

This is a common edge case. The solution is to use uRPF loose mode or to ensure symmetric routing.

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25
MCQhard

A network engineer runs the following command on Router PE4: PE4# show bgp vpnv4 unicast all summary BGP router identifier 10.0.0.4, local AS number 65001 BGP table version is 25, main routing table version 25 5 network prefixes using 640 bytes of memory 5 path entries using 400 bytes of memory 3/3 BGP path/bestpath attribute entries using 360 bytes of memory 1 BGP AS-PATH entries using 24 bytes of memory 0 BGP route-map cache entries using 0 bytes of memory 0 BGP filter-list cache entries using 0 bytes of memory BGP using 1424 total bytes of memory BGP activity 15/10 prefixes, 20/15 paths, scan interval 60 secs Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd 10.0.0.5 4 65001 1020 1015 25 0 0 00:12:34 5 10.0.0.6 4 65002 500 495 25 0 0 00:06:20 0 Based on this output, what is the problem?

A.Neighbor 10.0.0.5 is not exchanging prefixes.
B.Neighbor 10.0.0.6 is not sending any prefixes.
C.Both neighbors are in the Idle state.
D.The BGP table is empty.
AnswerB

The 'State/PfxRcd' column shows 0 for 10.0.0.6, indicating no prefixes received.

Why this answer

The BGP summary shows two neighbors: 10.0.0.5 (AS 65001) with 5 prefixes received, and 10.0.0.6 (AS 65002) with 0 prefixes received. The neighbor 10.0.0.6 has been up for 6 minutes but has not sent any prefixes. This indicates a problem with prefix advertisement from that neighbor.

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26
Multi-Selecthard

Which THREE commands can be used to verify the MPLS label assigned to a specific prefix in a VRF on a PE router? (Choose THREE.)

Select 3 answers
A.show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER 10.1.1.0/24
B.show ip route vrf CUSTOMER 10.1.1.0/24
C.show mpls forwarding-table vrf CUSTOMER 10.1.1.0/24
D.show ip cef vrf CUSTOMER 10.1.1.0/24 detail
E.show mpls ldp bindings prefix 10.1.1.0/24
AnswersA, C, D

Correct. This command displays the BGP table entry for the prefix, including the MPLS label.

Why this answer

To check the MPLS label for a VRF prefix, an engineer can use 'show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf <name> <prefix>' to see the BGP label, 'show mpls forwarding-table vrf <name> <prefix>' to see the label used in forwarding, and 'show ip cef vrf <name> <prefix> detail' to see the label in the CEF entry. 'show ip route vrf' does not show MPLS labels. 'show mpls ldp bindings' shows local and remote label bindings, but not specifically for a VRF prefix without additional filtering.

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27
Multi-Selectmedium

Which TWO configuration steps are required to enable MPLS L3VPN on a new PE router? (Choose TWO.)

Select 2 answers
A.Configure VRF with route distinguisher and route target.
B.Associate the VRF with the customer-facing interface using 'ip vrf forwarding <name>'.
C.Enable OSPF on all core-facing interfaces.
D.Enable CEF globally.
E.Configure an MPLS TE tunnel between PEs.
AnswersA, B

VRF definition with RD/RT is essential for VPN route separation.

Why this answer

To enable MPLS L3VPN, you must configure VRF definitions with RD and RT, and then associate the VRF with customer-facing interfaces. Enabling LDP on the core-facing interfaces is also required for label distribution. Configuring OSPF on the core is an underlay step, not specific to VPN.

Enabling CEF is a prerequisite for MPLS but is often already enabled. Configuring MP-BGP on the PE is necessary but the question asks for steps on the PE; MP-BGP configuration is a separate step but not listed as an option here; the two correct options are the most direct VRF and interface steps.

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28
MCQhard

An engineer is troubleshooting an MPLS L3VPN where CE1 (10.1.1.0/24) cannot reach CE2 (10.2.2.0/24). The PE routers have MP-BGP peering and the VRF is configured with route-target import 100:100. On PE1, the show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER command shows the route for 10.2.2.0/24 with a next-hop of 192.168.1.2 (the PE2 loopback), but the show ip route vrf CUSTOMER command does not have this route. The show mpls forwarding-table on PE1 does not show a label for 192.168.1.2. What is the most likely cause?

A.The VRF route-target import is missing on PE2.
B.LDP is not enabled on the core-facing interfaces of PE1 or the P routers.
C.The MP-BGP session is not using the loopback interface.
D.The VRF on PE1 has the wrong route-target export.
AnswerB

Correct: Without LDP, there is no label for the BGP next-hop, preventing route installation.

Why this answer

The VPNv4 route is received but not installed in the VRF routing table because the recursive lookup fails: the next-hop (PE2 loopback) is not reachable via LDP. Without an LDP label for the BGP next-hop, the route cannot be installed.

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29
MCQhard

A network engineer is troubleshooting an MPLS L3VPN where CE1 (10.1.1.0/24) cannot reach CE2 (10.2.2.0/24). The PE routers are using eBGP with the CEs. On PE1, the show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER command shows the route for 10.2.2.0/24 with a next-hop of 192.168.1.2, and the show ip route vrf CUSTOMER command shows the route. However, traffic from CE1 to CE2 fails. The show ip cef vrf CUSTOMER 10.2.2.0 command on PE1 shows the next-hop as 192.168.1.2 and the output interface as GigabitEthernet0/0. The show mpls forwarding-table 192.168.1.2 detail command on PE1 shows a label but the outgoing interface is 'aggregate'. What is the most likely cause?

A.The PE2 loopback address is accidentally configured on PE1.
B.LDP is not enabled on the core-facing interfaces.
C.The VRF route-target import is misconfigured.
D.The MP-BGP session is using the wrong update-source.
AnswerA

Correct: If PE1 has the same loopback IP, it will treat itself as the egress for that prefix, causing 'aggregate' in the LFIB.

Why this answer

The label for the BGP next-hop is pointing to 'aggregate', which means the router is the egress LSR for that prefix. This occurs when the PE2 loopback is also configured on PE1, causing the router to think it is the destination. The traffic is then dropped or looped because the router tries to process the packet locally instead of forwarding it.

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30
MCQmedium

Examine the following configuration on a PE router: ip vrf CUSTOMER-E rd 400:1 route-target export 400:1 route-target import 400:2 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/5 ip vrf forwarding CUSTOMER-E ip address 10.4.4.1 255.255.255.252 ! router bgp 65000 neighbor 10.0.0.1 remote-as 65000 neighbor 10.0.0.1 update-source Loopback0 ! address-family vpnv4 neighbor 10.0.0.1 activate neighbor 10.0.0.1 send-community extended exit-address-family ! address-family ipv4 vrf CUSTOMER-E neighbor 10.4.4.2 remote-as 65003 neighbor 10.4.4.2 activate neighbor 10.4.4.2 route-map SET-COMMUNITY in exit-address-family ! route-map SET-COMMUNITY permit 10 set community 100:100 What is the effect of the route-map on the incoming routes from the CE?

A.The route-map will set the standard community 100:100 on the routes received from the CE, but the RT is still determined by the route-target export command.
B.The route-map will override the route-target export and set the RT to 100:100.
C.The route-map will cause the BGP session to reset because the community format is incorrect.
D.The route-map will have no effect because the community is not sent to the CE.
AnswerA

The route-map modifies the standard community, which is a different attribute. The RT is set by the VRF configuration and is not affected by this route-map.

Why this answer

The route-map is applied inbound on the eBGP session from the CE. It sets a standard community on the routes. However, for MPLS L3VPN, the extended community (route-target) is what matters for VRF import/export.

The standard community set here does not affect the RT. The route-map will modify the standard community attribute, but the RT is still set by the route-target export command. The route-map does not interfere with the VPNv4 process.

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31
MCQmedium

A network engineer runs the following command on Router P1: P1# show mpls ldp neighbor Peer LDP Ident: 10.0.0.2:0, Local LDP Ident: 10.0.0.1:0 TCP connection: 10.0.0.2.646 - 10.0.0.1.48632 State: Oper, Msgs sent/rcvd: 120/118, Downstream Up time: 00:12:34 LDP discovery sources: GigabitEthernet0/0, Src IP addr: 10.1.1.2 Addresses bound to peer LDP Ident: 10.0.0.2 192.168.1.1 Based on this output, which statement is correct?

A.The LDP session is down.
B.The LDP session is up and functioning correctly.
C.The router is not receiving label bindings from the neighbor.
D.The LDP router ID is misconfigured.
AnswerB

All indicators show a normal, operational LDP session.

Why this answer

The show mpls ldp neighbor output shows a single LDP neighbor with IP 10.0.0.2. The state is 'Oper' (operational), and the neighbor has been up for 12 minutes. The output indicates a healthy LDP session.

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32
MCQhard

In MPLS L3VPN, which OSPF network type is used by default on a Frame Relay point-to-point subinterface when OSPF is enabled?

A.Broadcast
B.Non-broadcast
C.Point-to-point
D.Point-to-multipoint
AnswerC

Correct. Point-to-point subinterfaces default to point-to-point network type.

Why this answer

On a point-to-point subinterface over Frame Relay, the default OSPF network type is point-to-point, which does not require DR/BDR election.

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33
MCQmedium

A network engineer runs the following command to troubleshoot an MPLS L3VPN issue: R1# debug mpls ldp transport Output: *Mar 1 00:01:23.456: mpls_ldp_transport: LDP transport connection from 10.0.0.2:646 to 10.0.0.1:1025 *Mar 1 00:01:23.456: mpls_ldp_transport: LDP transport connection from 10.0.0.2:646 to 10.0.0.1:1025 is accepted *Mar 1 00:01:23.456: mpls_ldp_transport: LDP transport connection from 10.0.0.2:646 to 10.0.0.1:1025 is established *Mar 1 00:01:23.456: mpls_ldp_transport: LDP transport connection from 10.0.0.2:646 to 10.0.0.1:1025 is up What does this output indicate?

A.LDP session is being established between 10.0.0.1 and 10.0.0.2
B.LDP session is being torn down between 10.0.0.1 and 10.0.0.2
C.LDP is using UDP for transport
D.LDP label bindings are being exchanged
AnswerA

The output shows the TCP connection for LDP is accepted, established, and up, indicating a successful LDP session setup.

Why this answer

The debug output shows LDP transport connections between two routers. The messages indicate that a TCP connection from 10.0.0.2 (LDP port 646) to 10.0.0.1 (ephemeral port 1025) was accepted, established, and is now up. This confirms LDP adjacency is forming at the transport layer.

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34
Multi-Selecthard

An engineer must prevent a VRF on a PE router from learning routes from a specific remote site in an MPLS L3VPN. Which TWO configuration changes on the local PE can achieve this? (Choose TWO.)

Select 2 answers
A.Remove the import RT that corresponds to the remote site's export RT from the VRF configuration.
B.Remove the export RT from the VRF configuration.
C.Apply a route map with a 'match ip address' prefix-list to the VRF's import direction to deny the remote site's prefixes.
D.Change the Route Distinguisher (RD) of the VRF to a different value.
E.Configure 'neighbor <remote-PE> default-originate' under the VRF address-family.
AnswersA, C

Correct. Without a matching import RT, the PE will not install the remote site's VPNv4 routes into the VRF.

Why this answer

To block routes from a specific remote site, the engineer can either remove the import RT that matches the remote site's export RT, or configure a route map with a 'match ip address' clause to deny specific prefixes and apply it to the import direction. Removing the export RT from the local VRF would affect how the local site's routes are advertised, not what is received. Changing the RD does not affect route acceptance.

The 'neighbor ... default-originate' command is unrelated to filtering VPNv4 routes.

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35
MCQmedium

A network engineer runs the following command on Router PE7: PE7# show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf CUSTOMER_E labels Network Next Hop In Label/Out Label 10.10.10.0/24 10.0.0.8 18/22 10.20.20.0/24 10.0.0.9 19/23 Based on this output, which statement is correct?

A.The router is correctly assigning labels for VPNv4 routes.
B.The router is not receiving labels from its BGP peers.
C.The VRF CUSTOMER_E has no routes.
D.The label allocation is failing.
AnswerA

Both entries have valid incoming and outgoing labels.

Why this answer

The show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf labels command displays the label bindings for VPNv4 routes in a VRF. Each entry shows the incoming label (assigned locally) and outgoing label (assigned by the next hop). The output shows correct label assignments for two prefixes.

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36
MCQmedium

Examine the following partial configuration on a PE router: interface GigabitEthernet0/1 ip vrf forwarding CUSTOMER-A ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.252 ! router bgp 65000 neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source Loopback0 ! address-family ipv4 vrf CUSTOMER-A neighbor 10.1.1.2 remote-as 65001 neighbor 10.1.1.2 activate exit-address-family What is the effect of this configuration?

A.The eBGP session between PE and CE will be established successfully.
B.The BGP session will fail because the neighbor must be configured under the global BGP process.
C.The BGP session will fail because the neighbor remote-as must match the AS of the PE router.
D.The BGP session will fail because the update-source is not specified for the VRF neighbor.
AnswerA

The VRF is defined, the interface is in the VRF, and the BGP neighbor is correctly configured under the VRF address-family. The neighbor IP is on the same subnet, so the eBGP session should come up.

Why this answer

The configuration correctly assigns the interface to a VRF, then in BGP the neighbor under the VRF address-family is activated. However, the neighbor is directly connected on a /30 link, so a remote-as of 65001 is valid for an eBGP session. The configuration is correct and will establish an eBGP session with the CE router.

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37
MCQhard

An engineer configures EIGRP named mode on two routers in an MPLS L3VPN. The routers are directly connected and can ping each other. The engineer notices that the EIGRP adjacency forms but then the neighbor relationship goes down and the routers become stuck-in-active (SIA) for certain routes. The engineer checks the logs and sees no errors. What is the most likely explanation?

A.The 'metric weights' (k-values) are mismatched between the two routers, causing query propagation to fail.
B.The 'auto-summary' command is enabled on one router, causing route summarization to break the adjacency.
C.The 'passive-interface' command is applied to the interface, preventing the adjacency from forming.
D.The 'bandwidth' setting on the interface is set to a very low value, causing the EIGRP metric to be too high for the route to be installed.
AnswerA

Correct. EIGRP requires matching k-values between neighbors. If they differ, the adjacency may form but queries can be dropped, leading to SIA.

Why this answer

In EIGRP named mode, the default hello interval and hold time are different from classic mode. Named mode uses a default hello interval of 5 seconds and hold time of 15 seconds, while classic mode uses 5 and 15 as well, but the key difference is that named mode uses a different metric calculation (wide metrics) by default. However, the most common edge case causing SIA in named mode is that the 'metric weights' or 'k-values' must match between neighbors.

If one router is using named mode with default k-values (1,0,1,0,0) and the other is using classic mode with different k-values (e.g., 1,0,1,0,0), the adjacency will form but queries may not be processed correctly, leading to SIA. Additionally, named mode requires the 'address-family' configuration to be consistent. A more specific edge case is that named mode uses a different 'graceful-restart' mechanism by default, which can cause issues if not supported on both sides.

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38
MCQmedium

In MPLS L3VPN, which LSA type is used by OSPF to advertise prefix information from a PE router into a customer VRF instance?

A.Type 1 (Router LSA)
B.Type 2 (Network LSA)
C.Type 3 (Summary LSA)
D.Type 5 (External LSA)
AnswerC

Correct. PE routers inject VPN routes as Type 3 LSAs into the customer OSPF domain.

Why this answer

When OSPF is used as the PE-CE protocol, the PE router redistributes VPN routes into OSPF as Type 3 LSAs (Summary LSAs) by default, unless the 'capability vrf-lite' command is configured.

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39
MCQhard

An engineer configures IPsec between two PE routers in an MPLS L3VPN using a site-to-site VPN. The engineer configures a transform-set with ESP encryption (AES-256) and ESP authentication (SHA-256). The engineer also configures an ACL to define interesting traffic. The VPN tunnel comes up, but no traffic is encrypted. The engineer verifies that the ACL is correct and that the crypto map is applied to the interface. What is the most likely explanation?

A.The ACL for interesting traffic is not mirrored on the remote router; it only permits traffic in one direction.
B.The transform-set uses AES-256, which is not supported on the remote router.
C.The 'crypto map' is applied to the wrong interface, such as the loopback instead of the physical interface.
D.The 'ipsec-over-tcp' command is missing, causing the IPsec packets to be dropped.
AnswerA

Correct. IPsec requires the ACL to be mirrored on both sides; otherwise, the traffic is not considered interesting for encryption.

Why this answer

A common edge case with IPsec is that the ACL for interesting traffic must be mirrored on both sides. If the ACL on one side permits traffic from source to destination, the other side must permit traffic from destination to source. If the ACLs are not mirrored, the tunnel may come up (due to IKE) but no traffic will be encrypted because the router does not consider the traffic as interesting.

Another edge case is that the crypto map is applied to the wrong interface or that the ACL is using the wrong protocol (e.g., TCP instead of IP). However, the most likely explanation here is that the ACL is not correctly matching the traffic in both directions.

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40
MCQmedium

A network engineer runs the following command to verify MPLS L3VPN operation: R1# show ip route vrf CUSTOMER-A summary Output: Route Source Networks Subnets Overhead Memory (bytes) connected 2 0 48 288 static 1 0 24 144 ospf 100 5 2 168 1008 bgp 65000 10 3 312 1872 External: 10, Internal: 0, Local: 0 Total 18 5 552 3312 What does this output indicate?

A.The VRF has 23 total routes
B.The VRF has 10 BGP routes
C.The VRF is using OSPF as the only IGP
D.The VRF has no external BGP routes
AnswerA

18 networks + 5 subnets = 23 total routes.

Why this answer

The show ip route vrf summary command provides a summary of routes in the VRF. It shows the number of networks and subnets from each routing source, along with overhead and memory usage. For BGP, it also breaks down external vs internal routes.

This output indicates the VRF has 18 networks and 5 subnets total, with BGP as the primary source.

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41
MCQmedium

A network engineer runs the following command to verify MPLS L3VPN operation: R1# show bgp ipv4 unicast 10.1.1.0/24 Output: BGP routing table entry for 10.1.1.0/24, version 10 Paths: (1 available, best #1, table default) Advertised to update-groups: 1 Refresh Epoch 1 Local 0.0.0.0 from 0.0.0.0 (10.0.0.1) Origin incomplete, metric 0, localpref 100, weight 32768, valid, sourced, best What does this output indicate?

A.The route is locally originated and is the best path
B.The route is learned from a BGP peer
C.The route has an MPLS label
D.The route is in a VRF
AnswerA

The output shows 'sourced' and 'best', indicating local origin and best path.

Why this answer

This shows the BGP IPv4 unicast table entry for prefix 10.1.1.0/24. The path is local, with next hop 0.0.0.0, and it is valid and best. This is a standard IPv4 route, not VPNv4, so it does not have extended communities or MPLS labels.

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42
MCQeasy

What is the default BGP hold timer value in an MPLS L3VPN deployment on Cisco IOS-XE?

A.60 seconds
B.90 seconds
C.120 seconds
D.180 seconds
AnswerD

Correct. The default hold timer is 180 seconds.

Why this answer

The default BGP hold timer is 180 seconds, meaning a peer is declared dead if no keepalive or update is received within that interval.

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43
MCQmedium

A network engineer runs the following command to troubleshoot an MPLS L3VPN issue: R1# show bgp neighbors 10.0.0.2 advertised-routes Output: BGP table version is 10, local router ID is 10.0.0.1 Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, r RIB-failure, S stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter, x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed, Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path *> 10.1.1.0/24 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i *> 10.2.2.0/24 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i Total number of prefixes 2 What does this output indicate?

A.R1 is advertising two local prefixes to BGP neighbor 10.0.0.2
B.R1 is receiving two prefixes from BGP neighbor 10.0.0.2
C.R1 has no BGP routes
D.R1 is using OSPF to learn these prefixes
AnswerA

The output shows two prefixes with next hop 0.0.0.0, indicating local origin, being advertised.

Why this answer

The show bgp neighbors advertised-routes command displays routes that the router is advertising to the specified neighbor. Here, R1 is advertising two prefixes (10.1.1.0/24 and 10.2.2.0/24) to neighbor 10.0.0.2. Both are locally originated (next hop 0.0.0.0) with origin IGP.

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44
MCQhard

An engineer configures Control Plane Policing (CoPP) on a PE router in an MPLS L3VPN to protect the control plane. The engineer creates a policy-map that matches BGP packets and applies a police rate of 100 pps. The engineer also configures a class-default with a police rate of 10 pps. After applying the policy to the control-plane, the engineer notices that BGP sessions are flapping and the router is dropping BGP packets. The engineer verifies that the ACL for BGP is correct. What is the most likely explanation?

A.The class-default policy is dropping BGP packets that are not matched by the BGP class due to an incomplete ACL.
B.The police rate for BGP is too low, causing BGP packets to be dropped even when matched.
C.The CoPP policy is applied to the wrong control-plane (e.g., 'control-plane host' instead of 'control-plane transit').
D.The 'service-policy' command is missing the 'input' keyword, causing the policy to be applied only to output traffic.
AnswerA

Correct. If the ACL does not match all BGP packets (e.g., only matching TCP port 179 from one direction), some BGP packets fall into class-default and are dropped.

Why this answer

A common edge case with CoPP is that the class-default policy can inadvertently match control plane traffic that is not explicitly matched in other classes. If the class-default has a very low police rate (e.g., 10 pps), it can drop packets that are not matched by the BGP class, such as routing protocol packets that are not BGP (e.g., OSPF, EIGRP) or management traffic. However, the specific issue here is that the BGP class is matching BGP packets, but if the ACL is not correctly matching all BGP packets (e.g., using TCP port 179 but not matching both directions), some BGP packets may fall into class-default and be dropped.

The most likely explanation is that the class-default is dropping packets that are not explicitly matched, including some BGP packets that are not caught by the ACL.

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45
MCQhard

An engineer configures iBGP between two PE routers in an MPLS L3VPN. The PE routers are in the same AS and are directly connected. The engineer configures 'neighbor x.x.x.x next-hop-self' on the route reflector (RR) but notices that the RR is not sending the VPNv4 routes to the client PE with the next-hop set to itself. The client PE receives the routes but the next-hop remains the original PE. What is the most likely explanation?

A.The 'next-hop-self' command is not applied to the route-reflector client session; it must be applied to the client's neighbor statement on the RR, but it is ignored for reflected routes.
B.The 'next-hop-self' command is only applicable to eBGP sessions, not iBGP.
C.The 'next-hop-self' command requires the 'soft-reconfiguration inbound' to be configured to take effect.
D.The 'next-hop-self' command is overridden by the 'next-hop-unchanged' command on the route reflector.
AnswerA

Correct. 'next-hop-self' is not effective for routes reflected by a route reflector; the RR preserves the original next-hop.

Why this answer

In BGP, the 'next-hop-self' command is only effective for eBGP sessions or for iBGP sessions when the neighbor is not a route-reflector client. When a route reflector sends a route to a client, it does not change the next-hop attribute by default, even if 'next-hop-self' is configured. This is because the route reflector is expected to preserve the next-hop as learned from the original router.

To change the next-hop on a route reflector, the engineer must use 'neighbor x.x.x.x next-hop-self' on the RR for the client, but this command is ignored for routes that are reflected from another iBGP speaker. This is a known edge case that can cause reachability issues if the client cannot reach the original next-hop.

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46
MCQmedium

Which of the following statements about MPLS L3VPN label operations is true?

A.The ingress PE pushes two labels: the outer IGP label and the inner VPN label.
B.The egress PE uses the IGP label to determine the VRF.
C.The P routers swap the VPN label as they forward the packet.
D.The ingress PE pushes only one label (the VPN label) and uses the IP destination for forwarding.
AnswerA

The outer label is used to reach the egress PE, and the inner label identifies the VRF and the specific prefix.

Why this answer

In MPLS L3VPN, the PE router assigns a per-VRF label (VPN label) for each prefix in the VRF. When forwarding a packet from the CE, the ingress PE pushes an IGP label (for the egress PE) and the VPN label. The egress PE pops the IGP label and uses the VPN label to identify the VRF and forward to the correct CE.

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47
MCQmedium

Which BGP path attribute is used as the tie-breaker after the local preference and AS-path length in the BGP best path selection algorithm?

A.MED (Multi-Exit Discriminator)
B.Origin type
C.Neighbor IP address
D.Router ID
AnswerB

Correct. Origin type is the third tie-breaker: IGP > EGP > incomplete.

Why this answer

After comparing local preference (highest wins) and AS-path length (shortest wins), the next tie-breaker is the origin type, where IGP is preferred over EGP, and EGP over incomplete.

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48
Multi-Selecthard

Which TWO statements about the use of 'mpls ldp autoconfig' in an MPLS L3VPN environment are true? (Choose TWO.)

Select 2 answers
A.It automatically enables LDP on all interfaces that are part of the OSPF or IS-IS process.
B.It can be overridden on a specific interface by configuring 'no mpls ip' under that interface.
C.It automatically enables LDP on loopback interfaces to facilitate BGP next-hop reachability.
D.It configures LDP on all interfaces, including those not running the IGP, as long as they are IP-enabled.
E.It is required for the PE-CE routing protocol to exchange labels with the CE router.
AnswersA, B

Correct. The command enables LDP on all interfaces running the IGP, reducing manual configuration.

Why this answer

The 'mpls ldp autoconfig' command is used under an OSPF or IS-IS process to automatically enable LDP on all interfaces participating in that IGP. It simplifies configuration but can be overridden per interface. It does not affect BGP sessions, nor does it enable LDP on loopback interfaces by default (loopbacks are not typically used for LDP label exchange).

It does not enable MPLS on core interfaces automatically if they are not part of the IGP process.

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49
MCQmedium

A network engineer runs the following command on Router CE1: CE1# show ip route vrf CUSTOMER_B 10.20.20.0 24 Routing Table: CUSTOMER_B Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2 ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets B 10.20.20.0 [20/0] via 10.1.1.2, 00:02:34 Based on this output, what is the problem?

A.The route is not being installed in the routing table.
B.The route is functioning correctly.
C.The VRF is not configured correctly.
D.The next hop is unreachable.
AnswerB

All fields indicate a valid BGP route.

Why this answer

The output shows a BGP route for 10.20.20.0/24 in VRF CUSTOMER_B. The route is learned via BGP with an administrative distance of 20, which is typical for external BGP. The route is valid.

No problem is evident.

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50
Drag & Drophard

Drag and drop the steps to troubleshoot an MPLS L3VPN adjacency or connectivity failure into the correct order, from first to last.

Drag steps to the numbered slots on the right, or tap a step then tap a slot.

Steps
Order
1Step 1
2Step 2
3Step 3
4Step 4
5Step 5

Why this order

Troubleshooting begins by verifying the PE-CE adjacency with 'show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf <name> summary'. If the adjacency is down, check the VRF interface status and IP connectivity using ping. Then verify that the VRF is correctly configured with 'show vrf'.

Next, confirm that the MPLS LSP to the remote PE is functional using 'show mpls lsp'. Finally, check that the VPNv4 routes are being exchanged between PEs with 'show bgp vpnv4 unicast all'.

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51
MCQmedium

A network engineer runs the following command to troubleshoot an MPLS L3VPN issue: R1# show bgp neighbors 10.0.0.2 received-routes Output: BGP table version is 10, local router ID is 10.0.0.1 Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, r RIB-failure, S stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter, x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed, Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path *> 10.3.3.0/24 10.0.0.2 0 100 0 65000 i *> 10.4.4.0/24 10.0.0.2 0 100 0 65000 i Total number of prefixes 2 What does this output indicate?

A.R1 is receiving two routes from BGP neighbor 10.0.0.2
B.R1 is advertising two routes to BGP neighbor 10.0.0.2
C.R1 has no BGP routes
D.R1 is using OSPF to learn these prefixes
AnswerA

The output shows two prefixes with next hop 10.0.0.2, indicating they are learned from that neighbor.

Why this answer

The show bgp neighbors received-routes command displays routes received from the specified neighbor. Here, R1 has received two prefixes (10.3.3.0/24 and 10.4.4.0/24) from neighbor 10.0.0.2, with next hop 10.0.0.2 and AS path 65000. These are valid and best.

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52
Multi-Selectmedium

Which TWO commands can be used to verify the MPLS L3VPN label forwarding table on a PE router? (Choose TWO.)

Select 2 answers
A.show mpls forwarding-table
B.show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER_A labels
C.show mpls ldp bindings
D.show ip route vrf CUSTOMER_A
E.show mpls ldp neighbor
AnswersA, B

Displays the LFIB including VPN labels for all prefixes.

Why this answer

The 'show mpls forwarding-table' displays the LFIB with labels and next hops for all VPNv4 prefixes. The 'show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf <vrf-name> labels' shows the label assigned by the local PE for prefixes in a specific VRF. 'show mpls ldp bindings' shows LDP label bindings, not VPN labels. 'show ip route vrf <vrf-name>' shows the routing table, not labels. 'show bgp vpnv4 unicast all labels' is a valid alternative but not listed; 'show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf' with labels is correct.

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53
MCQmedium

A network engineer runs the following command on Router PE1: PE1# show mpls forwarding-table 192.168.1.0 24 Local Outgoing Prefix Bytes Label Outgoing Next Hop Label Label or Tunnel Id Switched interface 16 Pop Label 192.168.1.0/24 0 Gi0/0 10.1.1.2 17 22 192.168.1.0/24 0 Gi0/1 10.2.2.2 Based on this output, which statement is correct?

A.The router is performing load balancing across two LSPs for prefix 192.168.1.0/24.
B.The router has a routing loop for prefix 192.168.1.0/24.
C.Penultimate Hop Popping is disabled on this router.
D.The prefix 192.168.1.0/24 is learned via BGP from two different neighbors.
AnswerA

Two forwarding entries for the same prefix with different outgoing interfaces and labels indicate ECMP load balancing.

Why this answer

The show mpls forwarding-table output shows two entries for the same prefix. The first entry has 'Pop Label' as outgoing label, meaning PHP (Penultimate Hop Popping) is in use for that path. The second entry has label 22, indicating a different LSP.

The presence of two entries for the same prefix suggests load balancing across two equal-cost paths.

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54
MCQmedium

A PE router has the following configuration: ip vrf CUSTOMER-D rd 300:1 route-target export 300:1 route-target import 300:1 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/4 ip vrf forwarding CUSTOMER-D ip address 10.3.3.1 255.255.255.252 ! router bgp 65000 neighbor 10.0.0.1 remote-as 65000 neighbor 10.0.0.1 update-source Loopback0 ! address-family vpnv4 neighbor 10.0.0.1 activate neighbor 10.0.0.1 send-community extended exit-address-family ! address-family ipv4 vrf CUSTOMER-D neighbor 10.3.3.2 remote-as 65002 neighbor 10.3.3.2 activate exit-address-family What is the effect of this configuration?

A.The PE will successfully exchange VPNv4 routes with the remote PE and redistribute routes from CE into VPNv4.
B.The eBGP session will fail because the neighbor is not activated under the global BGP process.
C.The VPNv4 session will fail because the neighbor is not configured as a route-reflector client.
D.The VRF will not import routes because the import and export RTs are the same.
AnswerA

All necessary components are present: VRF with RT, iBGP VPNv4 session with extended community, and eBGP to CE under VRF.

Why this answer

The configuration is correct. The VRF has RD and RTs, the interface is in the VRF, the iBGP VPNv4 session is configured with extended community, and the eBGP session to the CE is configured under the VRF address-family. The PE will exchange VPNv4 routes with the remote PE and redistribute CE routes.

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55
MCQmedium

An engineer is troubleshooting an MPLS L3VPN where CE1 (10.1.1.0/24) cannot reach CE2 (10.2.2.0/24). The PE routers are using OSPF with the CEs. On PE1, the show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER command shows the route for 10.2.2.0/24 with a next-hop of 192.168.1.2, and the show ip route vrf CUSTOMER command shows the route. However, traffic from CE1 to CE2 fails. The show ip cef vrf CUSTOMER 10.2.2.0 command on PE1 shows the next-hop as 192.168.1.2 and the output interface as GigabitEthernet0/0. The show ip route 192.168.1.2 command on PE1 shows the route with a next-hop of 10.0.0.2 and output interface GigabitEthernet0/0. The show mpls forwarding-table 192.168.1.2 detail command on PE1 shows a label with outgoing interface GigabitEthernet0/0. What is the most likely cause?

A.The VRF route-target import on PE1 is misconfigured.
B.The CE1 router does not have a default route or specific route to 10.2.2.0/24.
C.The OSPF process on PE1 is not redistributing BGP routes into OSPF.
D.The MP-BGP session is not using the loopback interface.
AnswerB

Correct: If CE1 does not have a route to the remote prefix, it will drop traffic or send it to a default gateway that may not exist.

Why this answer

All forwarding components appear correct: the route is in the VRF, CEF has a valid next-hop and interface, and MPLS has a label. The issue is likely on the CE side, such as a missing route on CE1 or a firewall blocking traffic. The engineer should check CE1's routing table.

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56
MCQmedium

A network engineer runs the following command to troubleshoot an MPLS L3VPN issue: R1# show mpls ldp neighbor detail Output: Peer LDP Ident: 10.0.0.2:0, Local LDP Ident: 10.0.0.1:0 TCP connection: 10.0.0.2.646 - 10.0.0.1.17905 State: Oper, Msg sent: 123, Msg rcvd: 456 Up time: 1w2d LDP discovery sources: GigabitEthernet0/0, Src IP addr: 10.12.0.2 Addresses bound to peer LDP Ident: 10.0.0.2 10.12.0.2 Peer hold time: 15 sec What does this output indicate?

A.The LDP session is up and stable
B.The LDP session is using UDP
C.The LDP session is down
D.The LDP peer is using a different LDP ID
AnswerA

State is Oper, up time is 1w2d, indicating a stable session.

Why this answer

The output shows LDP neighbor details. The peer is 10.0.0.2, the session is operational (State: Oper) and has been up for 1 week and 2 days. The discovery source is GigabitEthernet0/0 with source IP 10.12.0.2.

The peer's addresses include 10.0.0.2 (loopback) and 10.12.0.2 (interface).

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57
MCQhard

A network engineer is troubleshooting an MPLS L3VPN where CE1 (10.1.1.0/24) cannot reach CE2 (10.2.2.0/24). The PE routers are using eBGP with the CEs. On PE1, the show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER command shows the route for 10.2.2.0/24 with a next-hop of 192.168.1.2, and the show ip route vrf CUSTOMER command shows the route. However, traffic from CE1 to CE2 fails. The show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER 10.2.2.0/24 command on PE1 shows the route is received and best, but the show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER 10.2.2.0/24 neighbors 192.168.1.2 advertised-routes command on PE2 shows the route is not advertised. What is the most likely cause?

A.The VRF on PE2 does not have the CE2 route in its routing table.
B.The MP-BGP session between PE1 and PE2 is down.
C.The route-target export on PE2 is misconfigured.
D.The VRF on PE1 has the wrong route-target import.
AnswerA

Correct: If the route is not in the VRF routing table on PE2, it cannot be advertised via BGP.

Why this answer

The route is not being advertised from PE2 to PE1. This could be due to a missing network statement or redistribute command under the BGP VRF address family on PE2, or the route is not in the VRF routing table on PE2. The engineer should check PE2's VRF routing table for the CE2 route.

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58
MCQmedium

What is the default administrative distance for OSPF routes in a VRF when OSPF is used as the PE-CE routing protocol in MPLS L3VPN?

A.90
B.110
C.115
D.120
AnswerB

Correct. OSPF administrative distance is 110 by default.

Why this answer

OSPF routes have a default administrative distance of 110, which applies both in the global table and within a VRF.

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59
MCQhard

In MPLS L3VPN, what is the default behavior of BGP auto-summary on Cisco IOS-XE?

A.Auto-summary is enabled by default for all BGP sessions.
B.Auto-summary is disabled by default.
C.Auto-summary is enabled only for iBGP sessions.
D.Auto-summary is disabled for eBGP but enabled for iBGP.
AnswerB

Correct. Auto-summary is off by default, preventing classful summarization.

Why this answer

BGP auto-summary is disabled by default on Cisco IOS-XE. When enabled, it would summarize subnets to their classful boundary, but this is not default.

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60
MCQmedium

What is the default BGP update timer (advertisement interval) for eBGP peers in Cisco IOS-XE?

A.0 seconds
B.15 seconds
C.30 seconds
D.60 seconds
AnswerC

Correct. The default eBGP advertisement interval is 30 seconds.

Why this answer

The default eBGP advertisement interval is 30 seconds, meaning that after sending an update to an eBGP peer, the router waits at least 30 seconds before sending another update.

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61
MCQeasy

In MPLS L3VPN, what is the default behavior when a PE router receives a VPNv4 route with a Route Target that does not match any import RT on any VRF?

A.The route is stored in the BGP table but not installed in any VRF routing table.
B.The route is discarded and not stored in the BGP table.
C.The route is installed in the global routing table.
D.The route is advertised to all other PEs.
AnswerA

BGP keeps all received routes in its table; the VRF import filter determines which routes are actually used in the VRF.

Why this answer

The PE will still store the route in its BGP table (since BGP accepts all routes by default), but it will not install it into any VRF routing table because the import filter rejects it.

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62
Multi-Selecthard

Which THREE commands would a network engineer use to troubleshoot an MPLS L3VPN issue where a CE router cannot reach a remote CE? (Choose THREE.)

Select 3 answers
A.show ip route vrf CUSTOMER_A
B.show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER_A
C.show mpls forwarding-table vrf CUSTOMER_A
D.ping vrf CUSTOMER_A <remote-ce-ip>
E.show mpls ldp neighbor
AnswersA, B, C

Checks if the remote CE prefix is in the VRF routing table.

Why this answer

Troubleshooting end-to-end connectivity involves checking the VRF routing table, the BGP VPNv4 table, and the MPLS forwarding table. 'show ip route vrf <vrf>' verifies that the remote prefix is present. 'show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf <vrf>' confirms BGP has the route. 'show mpls forwarding-table vrf <vrf>' checks for label entries. 'ping vrf' tests connectivity from the PE. 'show mpls ldp neighbor' checks LDP status, which is important for the underlay but not directly for VPN route presence.

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63
MCQhard

An engineer is troubleshooting an MPLS L3VPN where CE1 (10.1.1.0/24) cannot reach CE2 (10.2.2.0/24). The PE routers have MP-BGP peering and the VRF is configured with route-target import 100:100. On PE1, the show ip bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER command shows the route for 10.2.2.0/24 with a next-hop of 192.168.1.2, but the show ip route vrf CUSTOMER command does not have this route. The show ip bgp vpnv4 all 10.2.2.0/24 command on PE1 shows the route is received but not best. What is the most likely cause?

A.The route-target import on PE1 is missing.
B.The BGP next-hop (PE2 loopback) is not reachable in the global routing table.
C.The VRF on PE1 has a different route-target export.
D.The MP-BGP session is using an incorrect address family.
AnswerB

Correct: BGP requires the next-hop to be reachable for the route to be considered best and installed.

Why this answer

The route is received but not marked as best, so it is not installed in the routing table. Common reasons include the route being suppressed due to a higher AD from another source or the next-hop being unreachable. In this scenario, the most likely cause is that the BGP next-hop is not reachable in the global routing table.

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64
Drag & Dropmedium

Drag and drop the steps to set up a PE-CE BGP session in an MPLS L3VPN into the correct order, from first to last.

Drag steps to the numbered slots on the right, or tap a step then tap a slot.

Steps
Order
1Step 1
2Step 2
3Step 3
4Step 4
5Step 5

Why this order

The correct order starts with defining the VRF and its RD/RT on the PE, then assigning the VRF to the CE-facing interface. After that, the PE interface is configured with an IP address and BGP is enabled in the VRF address-family. Finally, the BGP neighbor is activated under the VRF address-family to establish the PE-CE session.

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65
MCQhard

A network engineer runs the following command to troubleshoot an MPLS L3VPN issue: R1# show bgp vpnv4 vrf CUSTOMER-A 10.1.1.0/24 Output: BGP routing table entry for 10.1.1.0/24, version 10 Paths: (1 available, best #1, table CUSTOMER-A) Advertised to update-groups: 1 Refresh Epoch 1 Local 0.0.0.0 from 0.0.0.0 (10.0.0.1) Origin incomplete, metric 0, localpref 100, weight 32768, valid, sourced, best Extended Community: RT:100:100 mpls labels in/out nolabel/nolabel What does this output indicate?

A.The route is locally originated and has no MPLS label
B.The route is learned from a BGP peer
C.The route has an MPLS label of 100
D.The route is not best
AnswerA

The route is sourced locally (0.0.0.0 from 0.0.0.0) and the mpls labels are nolabel/nolabel.

Why this answer

This shows a VPNv4 route for prefix 10.1.1.0/24 in VRF CUSTOMER-A. The path is local (sourced from this router), with next hop 0.0.0.0, and the route is valid and best. The extended community is RT:100:100.

The mpls labels show nolabel/nolabel, meaning no MPLS label is assigned for this prefix, which could indicate a problem if labels are expected.

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66
MCQmedium

A network engineer is troubleshooting an MPLS L3VPN where CE1 (192.168.1.0/24) cannot reach CE2 (192.168.2.0/24). The PE routers are running OSPF with the CEs. On PE1, the VRF configuration includes route-target import and export 100:100. The show ip vrf detail command on PE1 shows the VRF is active, but the CE1 loopback is not present in the VRF routing table. The show ip route vrf CUSTOMER command on PE1 shows only directly connected interfaces. What is the most likely cause?

A.The route-target import on PE1 is misconfigured.
B.The OSPF process on PE1 is not configured under the VRF.
C.The CE1 interface is not in the VRF.
D.The MP-BGP session between PE1 and PE2 is down.
AnswerB

Correct: OSPF must be configured with 'router ospf <pid> vrf CUSTOMER' to populate the VRF routing table.

Why this answer

The CE routes are not being learned via OSPF into the VRF because OSPF process is not associated with the VRF. Without the 'router ospf <pid> vrf <name>' command, OSPF runs in the global routing table and does not populate the VRF.

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67
MCQeasy

In MPLS L3VPN, what is the purpose of the Route Distinguisher (RD)?

A.To make IPv4 prefixes unique across different VRFs in the MPLS network.
B.To control which VRFs import routes from other PEs.
C.To specify the VPN label that is used for forwarding.
D.To identify the VRF on the local PE router.
AnswerA

The RD creates a globally unique VPNv4 prefix by combining with the IPv4 address, preventing route ambiguity.

Why this answer

The RD is an 8-byte value prepended to an IPv4 prefix to create a unique VPNv4 prefix. This allows overlapping IPv4 addresses from different VRFs to be carried in the same BGP table without conflict.

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