CAPM Predictive Plan-Based Methodologies Practice Question
A project manager is developing the project schedule for a construction project. The team has identified that the foundation work must be completed before the framing can begin. Which type of dependency does this represent?
⚠ Common exam trap
Watch out — candidates often confuse 'mandatory dependency' with 'discretionary dependency' because they think all logical sequences are discretionary, but mandatory dependencies are those dictated by the nature of the work itself, not by preference or best practice.
Answer choices
Why each option matters
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
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Mandatory dependency
The dependency between foundation work and framing is a mandatory dependency because it is physically required that the foundation be completed before framing can begin. In construction, this is a hard logic constraint inherent in the nature of the work, not a preference or external factor. Mandatory dependencies are often referred to as 'hard logic' and are typically based on contractual requirements or physical limitations.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
- ✓
Mandatory dependency
Why this is correct
A mandatory dependency is one required by the nature of the work or a contractual obligation, such as foundation work physically needing completion before framing. This is inherent to the construction sequence, not a discretionary choice by the team.
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Lead
Why it's wrong here
Lead is a schedule compression technique that overlaps a successor's start before its predecessor finishes; it is not a dependency classification. Lead would be correct where the project manager deliberately advances framing before foundation completion, which contradicts the mandatory finish-to-start relationship described.
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Discretionary dependency
Why it's wrong here
Foundation-before-framing is a mandatory logic relationship dictated by the work itself, so it is a mandatory dependency. Discretionary dependencies reflect preferred sequencing based on best practise or team preference, and would be correct where the order is optional rather than physically required.
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External dependency
Why it's wrong here
The foundation-to-framing sequence is internal to the project team's work, not driven by an outside party, so it is not external. External dependencies involve entities outside the project, such as a supplier delivery or a regulatory approval, and would be correct in that situation.
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