LPIC-1 Devices, Filesystems and FHS Practice Test 7 — 15 Questions

Question 1

Which TWO commands can be used to display the UUID of a filesystem? (Choose two.)

Accepted Answer

lsblk -f. Option C, lsblk -f, is correct because the -f (--fs) flag makes lsblk print filesystem information for each block device, including the filesystem type, label, mountpoint, and the UUID column, so it directly displays the UUID of a filesystem. Option E, blkid, is correct because blkid probes block devices and prints their attributes, including UUID and TYPE, by default showing the UUID for each device with a filesystem. Option A, df -h, only reports filesystem disk usage in human-readable sizes and does not show UUIDs. Option B, mount, lists mounted filesystems and their mount options but does not display filesystem UUIDs. Option D, cat /etc/fstab, shows configured mount entries, which may contain UUID= identifiers if the admin wrote them that way, but it does not query or display the actual UUID of a filesystem.

Answer

df -h

Answer

mount

Answer

cat /etc/fstab

Question 2

Refer to the exhibit. How much unpartitioned space is available on /dev/sda?

Accepted Answer

5.5G. The output of `fdisk -l /dev/sda` shows partitions sda1 (0.5G), sda2 (100G), and sda3 (150G), summing to 250.5G. The total disk size is 256G, so the unpartitioned space is 256G - 250.5G = 5.5G. Candidates often misread the partition sizes or add them incorrectly, leading to wrong answers.

Answer

256G

Answer

6G

Answer

150G

Question 3

Refer to the exhibit. An admin attempts to execute a shell script located in /tmp but gets 'Permission denied'. Which mount option is most likely causing this?

Accepted Answer

noexec. The 'noexec' mount option prevents execution of any binary or script directly from the filesystem, regardless of file permissions. Since the script is in /tmp and the admin gets 'Permission denied' despite correct execute bits, the /tmp partition is likely mounted with noexec, which is a common security hardening practice.

Answer

relatime

Answer

nodev

Answer

nosuid

Question 4

A system administrator wants to install custom scripts that should be available to all users. The scripts are not part of any package and should be placed under the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS). Which directory is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

/usr/local/bin. /usr/local/bin because the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) designates /usr/local as the location for locally installed software not managed by the system's package manager. Placing custom scripts in /usr/local/bin ensures they are in the default PATH for all users, while keeping them separate from system binaries in /usr/bin and /bin.

Answer

/var

Answer

/opt

Answer

/home

Question 5

An administrator plans to back up the /home filesystem using dump. Which option to dump is required to perform a full backup?

Accepted Answer

-0. The dump utility uses dump levels (0-9) to control backup depth. A level 0 dump performs a full backup of the specified filesystem, copying all files regardless of modification time. This is the required option for a complete backup of /home.

Answer

-f /dev/st0

Answer

-u

Answer

-1

Question 6

The /proc filesystem is described as a virtual filesystem. Which statement best describes its purpose?

Accepted Answer

It provides an interface to kernel data structures and processes.. The /proc filesystem is a virtual filesystem that does not contain actual files on disk but instead provides a runtime interface to kernel data structures, including process information, system memory, CPU details, and hardware configuration. This allows users and system tools (like ps, top, and free) to read kernel state in real time without needing direct kernel memory access.

Answer

It contains configuration files for system services.

Answer

It holds binary executables for system administration.

Answer

It stores temporary files that survive reboots.

Question 7

An ext4 filesystem is experiencing performance degradation due to very frequent small writes. Which tune2fs option can help by reserving a percentage of blocks for the root user to prevent fragmentation?

Accepted Answer

-g root. The -g option in tune2fs sets the group that can use the reserved blocks. By specifying 'root', it assigns the reserved blocks to the root group, ensuring that the root user can access this reserved space. This helps prevent fragmentation by keeping free blocks available for root's small writes, rather than allowing the filesystem to become completely full. Options A and C are unrelated to block reservation. Option D sets the reserved block percentage to 0, which does not reserve any blocks and can actually increase fragmentation.

Answer

-i 0

Answer

-c 0

Answer

-m 0

Question 8

Which TWO statements about udev rules are correct? (Choose two.)

Accepted Answer

Custom udev rules should be placed in /etc/udev/rules.d/.. Option A is correct because locally administered custom udev rules belong in /etc/udev/rules.d/, which takes precedence over the distribution-supplied rules in /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/ and is the supported location for administrator-defined rules. Option D is correct because udev rules match devices using keys such as ATTRS{idVendor} and ATTRS{idProduct} (or ENV{ID_VENDOR_ID}/ENV{ID_MODEL_ID} from the hardware database), allowing rules to target specific USB vendor and product IDs. Option B is wrong because udev processes events dynamically whenever devices are added or removed at runtime, not only at boot. Option C is wrong because udev is a device manager for the kernel device model and has no scheduling capability; periodic tasks are handled by cron or systemd timers. Option E is wrong because there is no 'udevadm verify' subcommand; syntax checking is done with 'udevadm test' or 'udevadm test-builtin', while 'udevadm control --reload' reloads rules.

Answer

Udev rules are only applied at boot time.

Answer

Udev rules can be used to schedule periodic tasks via cron.

Answer

The 'udevadm verify' command tests rule syntax.

Question 9

Which THREE of the following directories are part of the FHS and must be present on a standard Linux system? (Choose three.)

Accepted Answer

/var. The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) defines /var (option A) as the directory for variable data such as logs, spool files, and caches, and it is a required top-level directory on a standard Linux system. Option B, /etc, is also mandated by the FHS to hold host-specific system configuration files, making it essential for a functioning system. Option D, /bin, is required by the FHS to contain essential user command binaries needed for single-user mode and system boot. Option C, /lost+found, is not an FHS-mandated directory; it is created by the e2fsck utility on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems to hold recovered files and is filesystem-specific rather than a standard FHS requirement. Option E, /home, while commonly present for user home directories, is not strictly required by the FHS and may be absent or mounted from a remote server in some configurations.

Answer

/lost+found

Answer

/home

Question 10

Which TWO options in /etc/fstab affect whether a filesystem is mounted at boot? (Choose two.)

Accepted Answer

auto. Option C (auto) is correct because it explicitly marks the filesystem as mountable by the mount -a command, which is what the boot process runs to mount all entries in /etc/fstab, so an entry with auto will be mounted at boot. Option E (noauto) is correct because it does the opposite: it tells mount -a to skip that entry, meaning the filesystem will not be mounted automatically at boot and must be mounted manually. The other options do not control boot-time mounting: A (user) permits non-root users to mount the filesystem, B (defaults) is a shorthand for rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,async (it includes auto but is a general option bundle, not the specific boot-mount toggle), and D (ro) only sets the filesystem read-only, which is unrelated to whether it is mounted at boot.

Answer

user

Answer

defaults

Answer

ro

Question 11

Refer to the exhibit. An administrator notices that /proc is mounted with 'noexec'. What is the impact of this mount option?

Accepted Answer

No binaries can be executed directly from /proc.. The 'noexec' mount option prevents the direct execution of any binary files located on the mounted filesystem. Since /proc is a virtual filesystem that contains runtime system information and process data, mounting it with 'noexec' means that no binaries can be executed directly from /proc. This is a security measure to prevent malicious code from being run from procfs, as /proc should never contain executable programs in normal operation.

Answer

Device files are not interpreted.

Answer

Setuid programs do not work.

Answer

The filesystem cannot be written to.

Question 12

A technician is repairing a system and needs to mount the root filesystem from a different disk to /mnt/sysroot. The partition is /dev/sda2 with an ext4 filesystem. Which command should be used?

Accepted Answer

mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/sysroot. The `mount` command with the device and mount point as arguments automatically detects the filesystem type (e.g., ext4) and mounts the partition at the specified directory. This is the standard way to mount a root filesystem from a different disk for repair purposes.

Answer

mount -o loop /dev/sda2 /mnt/sysroot

Answer

mount -a

Answer

mount -t ext4 /dev/sda2 /mnt

Question 13

An administrator notices that a large file on an ext4 filesystem is taking up more disk space than expected based on its size. Which command would show the actual disk usage (block allocation) of the file?

Accepted Answer

du -h. (du -h) is correct because du (disk usage) reports the actual disk space consumed by a file, including allocated blocks, which can be larger than the file's logical size due to block size overhead, fragmentation, or sparse file handling. On ext4, the default block size is 4096 bytes, so a 1-byte file occupies 4096 bytes on disk, and du reflects this allocation.

Answer

ls -l

Answer

df -h

Answer

stat

Question 14

A system administrator needs to check if a filesystem has any errors without actually performing a repair. Which command should be used?

Accepted Answer

fsck -n /dev/sdb1. The `-n` option with `fsck` performs a read-only check, displaying any filesystem errors without making any modifications or repairs. This is the correct choice for a non-destructive check that only reports issues.

Answer

fsck -y /dev/sdb1

Answer

fsck -N /dev/sdb1

Answer

e2fsck -p /dev/sdb1

Question 15

A company is setting up a database server that requires high reliability and support for snapshots. The storage will be on a single large disk. Which filesystem is best suited for this requirement?

Accepted Answer

btrfs. Btrfs (B-tree filesystem) is best suited for this requirement because it natively supports snapshots, checksumming, and copy-on-write (CoW) for high reliability, all on a single disk. Unlike other Linux filesystems, btrfs provides built-in snapshot and rollback capabilities without requiring an external volume manager, making it ideal for database servers needing consistent point-in-time backups.

Answer

ext4

Answer

NTFS

Answer

XFS