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← Devices, Filesystems and FHS practice sets

LPIC-1 Devices, Filesystems and FHS • Complete Question Bank

LPIC-1 Devices, Filesystems and FHS — All Questions With Answers

Complete LPIC-1 Devices, Filesystems and FHS question bank — all 0 questions with answers and detailed explanations.

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Certifications/LPIC-1/Practice Test/Devices, Filesystems and FHS/All Questions
Question 1easymultiple choice
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A system administrator wants to mount a USB flash drive formatted with the ext4 filesystem. The device is detected as /dev/sdc1. Which command should be used to mount the device to /mnt/usb?

Question 2mediummultiple choice
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A Linux system has two SATA disks: /dev/sda (250GB) and /dev/sdb (500GB). The administrator wants to create a logical volume group named 'vgdata' using partitions on both disks, then create a 600GB logical volume named 'lvdata' for a database. Which sequence of commands should be used?

Question 3hardmultiple choice
Read the full Devices, Filesystems and FHS explanation →

During boot, a Linux system displays 'Kernel panic – not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(0,0)'. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Question 4easymultiple choice
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Which of the following commands displays the amount of free disk space on all mounted filesystems in a human-readable format?

Question 5mediummultiple choice
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An administrator needs to create a new ext4 filesystem on /dev/sdb1 and wants to reserve 2% of the blocks for the root user. Which command should be used?

Question 6hardmultiple choice
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A Linux system has a software RAID1 array /dev/md0 consisting of /dev/sda1 and /dev/sdb1. After replacing a failed disk, the administrator runs 'mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdc1', but the array remains degraded. Which command should be used to check the status of the array?

Question 7easymultiple choice
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Which directory in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) contains essential user command binaries that are needed in single-user mode?

Question 8mediummultiple choice
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An administrator needs to mount an ISO image file /tmp/image.iso to the directory /mnt/iso. Which command should be used?

Question 9hardmultiple choice
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A system is running out of disk space on /var. The administrator finds that /var/log/syslog is 4GB. Which of the following is the best course of action to prevent future issues while keeping recent logs?

Question 10easymulti select
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Which TWO of the following are valid mount options for the ext4 filesystem?

Question 11mediummulti select
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Which THREE of the following commands can be used to display information about block devices?

Question 12hardmulti select
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Which TWO of the following are true about the /proc filesystem?

Question 13easymultiple choice
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Based on the lsblk output, which of the following is true?

Exhibit

Refer to the exhibit.

$ lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0 232.9G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0   487M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0     1K  0 part
└─sda5   8:5    0 232.4G  0 part
  ├─vg-root (dm-0) 252:0    0    50G  0 lvm  /
  └─vg-home (dm-1) 252:1    0   100G  0 lvm  /home
sdb      8:16   0 232.9G  0 disk
└─sdb1   8:17   0 232.9G  0 part
  └─vg-data (dm-2) 252:2    0   200G  0 lvm  /data
Question 14mediummultiple choice
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Based on the /etc/fstab entry, which filesystem will be checked by fsck at boot time?

Exhibit

Refer to the exhibit.

$ cat /etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
UUID=abc123 / ext4 defaults 0 1
UUID=def456 /boot ext4 defaults 0 2
UUID=ghi789 none swap sw 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /mnt/data ext4 defaults 0 0
//192.168.1.100/share /mnt/nfs nfs defaults 0 0
Question 15hardmultiple choice
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A company runs a web server on Linux with two hard disks: /dev/sda (500GB) and /dev/sdb (500GB). The root filesystem is on /dev/sda1, and /var is on /dev/sda2. The administrator wants to add a new disk /dev/sdc (500GB) to be used as additional storage for /var/www/html. The new disk should be configured as an LVM physical volume and added to an existing volume group named 'vg_web'. The volume group currently has 200GB free space from /dev/sdb1. The administrator intends to extend the logical volume 'lv_web' mounted at /var/www/html by 300GB. Which of the following is the correct sequence of commands to achieve this without data loss?

Question 16mediummultiple choice
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A Linux administrator is troubleshooting a server that fails to boot with the error 'Give root password for maintenance (or press Control-D to continue)'. The root filesystem is on /dev/sda2, formatted as ext4. The administrator suspects a filesystem inconsistency. The server is in a remote data center and the administrator has console access via IPMI. Which of the following is the safest procedure to repair the filesystem?

Question 17mediummultiple choice
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A system administrator notices that the /tmp directory is filling up quickly, causing applications to fail. The administrator wants to ensure that files in /tmp are automatically cleaned after a certain period. Which of the following is the best approach without installing additional software?

Question 18hardmulti select
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Which THREE commands can be used to display the UUID of a filesystem on a Linux system without superuser privileges? (Choose three.)

Question 19easymultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. The system administrator sees that /var/log is 93% full and the syslog file is nearly 2 GB. What is the most appropriate immediate action to free up disk space without losing any critical log data?

Exhibit

Refer to the exhibit.

$ df -h /var/log
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3        20G   18G  1.5G  93% /var/log

$ ls -la /var/log/syslog
-rw-r----- 1 syslog adm 2048000000 Feb 20 10:30 /var/log/syslog
Question 20mediummultiple choice
Read the full NAT/PAT explanation →

You are a systems administrator for a medium-sized company that runs a web server on a Linux host. The server has two physical disks: /dev/sda (250 GB) and /dev/sdb (500 GB). The root filesystem is on /dev/sda2, and /var is on /dev/sda3 (50 GB). The web application stores user-uploaded files in /var/www/uploads, which is part of the /var filesystem. Recently, /var has been running out of space because uploads have grown to 40 GB. You have added /dev/sdb1 (500 GB) and created an ext4 filesystem on it. You need to make the space available for uploads without disrupting the current file paths. The server must remain online during the process. Which of the following actions should you take?

Question 21mediumdrag order
Study the full ACL explanation →

Order the steps to create and apply a file system permission using ACLs.

Drag steps to the numbered slots on the right, or tap a step then tap a slot.

Steps
Order
1Step 1
2Step 2
3Step 3
4Step 4
5Step 5
Question 22mediumdrag order
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Arrange the steps to create a LVM logical volume and mount it.

Drag steps to the numbered slots on the right, or tap a step then tap a slot.

Steps
Order
1Step 1
2Step 2
3Step 3
4Step 4
5Step 5
Question 23mediummatching
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Match each file system type to its typical description.

Drag a concept onto its matching description — or click a concept then click the description.

Concepts
Matches

Journaling file system, default on many Linux distros

High-performance 64-bit journaling file system

Copy-on-write file system with snapshots

Used for virtual memory paging

Compatible with Windows FAT32

Question 24mediummatching
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Match each networking tool to its primary use.

Drag a concept onto its matching description — or click a concept then click the description.

Concepts
Matches

Test network connectivity to a host

Display network connections, routing tables, etc.

Capture and analyze network packets

Query DNS for domain name or IP

Configure network interfaces and routing

Question 25easymultiple choice
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An administrator needs to identify the device file for the first SATA SSD in a server. Which device file should they use?

Question 26easymultiple choice
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According to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), which directory contains essential system binaries required during boot?

Question 27easymultiple choice
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Which command creates an ext4 filesystem on /dev/sdb1 without interactive prompts?

Question 28mediummultiple choice
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A system fails to mount an XFS filesystem with the entry in /etc/fstab. The entry looks correct. Which fstab field might be missing or incorrect?

Question 29mediummultiple choice
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After running 'df -h', the administrator sees that /dev/sda1 is 100% used. 'du -sh /mountpoint' shows only 50% used. What is the most likely cause?

Question 30mediummultiple choice
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Which directory under the root filesystem is defined by FHS as containing variable data that may change in size, such as logs and spools?

Question 31hardmultiple choice
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A disk is partitioned with GPT. The administrator wants to see the partition type GUIDs and partition UUIDs. Which command is most appropriate?

Question 32hardmultiple choice
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After a system crash, the root filesystem (ext4) is mounted read-only and the administrator needs to perform an interactive check. Which command should be used?

Question 33hardmultiple choice
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According to FHS, which directory should NOT be mounted on a networked filesystem (e.g., NFS) because it contains host-specific configuration files?

Question 34easymulti select
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Which TWO commands can be used to display information about block devices such as disks and partitions? (Choose exactly two.)

Question 35mediummulti select
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Which THREE directories are required to be directly under the root filesystem (/) according to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard? (Choose exactly three.)

Question 36hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following filesystem types are journaling filesystems? (Choose exactly three.)

Question 37easymultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. How many physical disks are present in the system?

Exhibit

Exhibit: Output of `lsblk`
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0    50G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0   500M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0  49.5G  0 part /
├─sda3   8:3    0     2G  0 part [SWAP]
sdb      8:16   0   100G  0 disk
└─sdb1   8:17   0   100G  0 part /data
Question 38mediummultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. On boot, which filesystem will be checked first by fsck?

Exhibit

Exhibit: /etc/fstab content:
UUID=abc123 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=def456 /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
UUID=ghi789 none swap sw 0 0
/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom auto noauto,user 0 0
Question 39hardmultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. The root filesystem is nearly full. The administrator needs to increase its size. Which steps should be performed?

Exhibit

Exhibit: Output of `df -h`
Filesystem                              Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_root-lv_root              20G   18G  1.1G  95% /
/dev/sda1                               487M  112M  348M  25% /boot
tmpfs                                   1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
/dev/mapper/vg_data-lv_data              50G   30G   18G  63% /data
Question 40easymultiple choice
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A Linux technician receives a report that a USB flash drive inserted into a system is not automatically detected. Which command should the technician use to verify if the device is recognized by the kernel?

Question 41easymultiple choice
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A system administrator wants to ensure that the filesystem on /dev/sdb1 is checked for errors every 30 mounts. Which command accomplishes this?

Question 42mediummultiple choice
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An administrator needs to mount an ISO file located at /tmp/data.iso to /mnt/iso for read-only access. Which command should be used?

Question 43mediummultiple choice
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A server has a partition /dev/sda2 that is almost full. The admin suspects a large file has been deleted but is still held open by a process. Which command can identify such a file?

Question 44hardmultiple choice
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A Linux system fails to boot after an admin added an entry in /etc/fstab to mount an NFS share. The error message indicates 'mount: can't find /mnt/nfs in /etc/fstab'. Which is the most likely cause?

Question 45hardmultiple choice
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An admin needs to create a new filesystem on /dev/sdc1 with a 256-byte inode size and a 1:512 block to inode ratio for a mail server expected to store millions of small files. Which mkfs command best meets these requirements?

Question 46easymultiple choice
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Which FHS directory contains essential binaries needed for booting and repairing the system, even before /usr is mounted?

Question 47mediummultiple choice
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An admin runs 'lsblk' and sees that /dev/nvme0n1p1 is listed with size 512M and mounted at /boot/efi. What is the most likely filesystem type?

Question 48hardmultiple choice
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A system is experiencing frequent crashes. Investigation shows that the root filesystem is mounted with 'errors=remount-ro'. The admin wants to prevent data loss by mounting with 'errors=panic' in /etc/fstab. Which change is correct?

Question 49easymulti select
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Which TWO commands can be used to display the UUID of a filesystem? (Choose two.)

Question 50mediummulti select
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Which THREE directories are required by the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) to exist on the root filesystem? (Choose three.)

Question 51hardmulti select
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Which THREE conditions will cause the fsck command to automatically run on the root filesystem during boot? (Choose three.)

Question 52easymultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. How much unpartitioned space is available on /dev/sda?

Exhibit

$ lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0   256G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0   512M  0 part /boot/efi
├─sda2   8:2    0   100G  0 part /
├─sda3   8:3    0   150G  0 part /data
Question 53mediummultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. Which filesystem will be checked last during system boot by fsck?

Exhibit

$ cat /etc/fstab
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
/dev/sda1 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077 0 1
/dev/sda2 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
/dev/sda3 /data ext4 defaults 0 2
/dev/sdb1 /mnt/backup ext4 defaults 0 0
Question 54hardmultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. An admin attempts to execute a shell script located in /tmp but gets 'Permission denied'. Which mount option is most likely causing this?

Exhibit

$ mount
tmpfs on /tmp type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
Question 55mediummultiple choice
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A system administrator wants to install custom scripts that should be available to all users. The scripts are not part of any package and should be placed under the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS). Which directory is most appropriate?

Question 56easymultiple choice
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After plugging in a USB storage device, the system does not automatically mount it. The 'lsusb' command shows the device. What is the first command to check if the kernel detected the block device?

Question 57hardmultiple choice
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A database server with high I/O requirements needs a filesystem layout optimized for performance. The server has four identical 500GB SSDs. Which design best balances performance and reliability, considering the need to separate transaction logs from data files?

Question 58mediummultiple choice
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An administrator needs to mount a USB drive with the ext4 filesystem automatically at boot. The drive has a filesystem label 'DATA'. Which entry in /etc/fstab will mount it at /mnt/data with noatime and default mount options?

Question 59easymultiple choice
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A technician runs 'blkid' and sees output like '/dev/sda2: UUID="abc-def-ghi" TYPE="ext4"'. Which command can mount this partition using its UUID?

Question 60hardmultiple choice
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A system reports 'No space left on device' but 'df -h' shows only 60% usage. Which command would help identify the cause?

Question 61mediummultiple choice
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An administrator plans to back up the /home filesystem using dump. Which option to dump is required to perform a full backup?

Question 62easymultiple choice
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The /proc filesystem is described as a virtual filesystem. Which statement best describes its purpose?

Question 63hardmultiple choice
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An ext4 filesystem is experiencing performance degradation due to very frequent small writes. Which tune2fs option can help by reserving a percentage of blocks for the root user to prevent fragmentation?

Question 64mediummulti select
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Which TWO statements about udev rules are correct? (Choose two.)

Question 65hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following directories are part of the FHS and must be present on a standard Linux system? (Choose three.)

Question 66easymulti select
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Which TWO options in /etc/fstab affect whether a filesystem is mounted at boot? (Choose two.)

Question 67mediummultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. An administrator wants to add a new partition that uses the remaining space on /dev/sda (total 40GB). What is the next free sector for the start of the new partition?

Exhibit

Device     Boot   Start       End   Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sda1  *       2048   2099199   2097152     1G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2       2099200  41943039  39843840    19G 83 Linux
/dev/sda3      41943040  83886079  41943040    20G 83 Linux
Question 68hardmultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. The system logs show the above messages. What is the most likely cause and the correct first action?

Exhibit

EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
EXT4-fs error (device sda1): ext4_find_entry: deleted inode referenced: inode #12345
EXT4-fs (sda1): remounting filesystem read-only
Question 69easymultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. An administrator notices that /proc is mounted with 'noexec'. What is the impact of this mount option?

Exhibit

sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,relatime,size=100m)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620)
Question 70easymultiple choice
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A technician is repairing a system and needs to mount the root filesystem from a different disk to /mnt/sysroot. The partition is /dev/sda2 with an ext4 filesystem. Which command should be used?

Question 71mediummultiple choice
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An administrator notices that a large file on an ext4 filesystem is taking up more disk space than expected based on its size. Which command would show the actual disk usage (block allocation) of the file?

Question 72hardmultiple choice
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A Linux system fails to boot with the error 'Kernel panic: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(0,0)'. After investigation, the administrator suspects that the root filesystem device is not being detected. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Question 73mediummultiple choice
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An application assumes its data is stored in /opt/app/data, but the /opt filesystem is running out of space. The administrator moves the data to /var/app/data. Which method will allow the application to continue accessing the data at /opt/app/data without modifying the application's configuration?

Question 74easymultiple choice
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A system administrator needs to check if a filesystem has any errors without actually performing a repair. Which command should be used?

Question 75easymultiple choice
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Which of the following directories is NOT defined in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)?

Question 76mediummultiple choice
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A Linux system has multiple disk partitions. The administrator wants to view the UUID of a specific partition for use in /etc/fstab. Which command will display the UUID?

Question 77hardmultiple choice
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A company is setting up a database server that requires high reliability and support for snapshots. The storage will be on a single large disk. Which filesystem is best suited for this requirement?

Question 78easymultiple choice
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After modifying /etc/fstab, an administrator wants to test if the new mount points can be mounted without rebooting. Which command should be used?

Question 79mediummultiple choice
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A user complains that a filesystem is reporting 'Disk quota exceeded' even though the user has not stored any new files recently. What could be the cause?

Question 80hardmultiple choice
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An administrator runs `fsck /dev/sdb1` on an ext4 filesystem that is currently mounted. What is the likely outcome?

Question 81mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are valid methods to specify a partition in /etc/fstab?

Question 82easymulti select
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Which TWO of the following commands can be used to create a new filesystem on a partition?

Question 83mediummulti select
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Which THREE of the following directories are defined in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) and are expected to exist on a typical Linux system?

Question 84mediummultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. Based on the mount options shown, which filesystem is most likely to store filenames with mixed case and support long filenames?

Exhibit

---
/dev/sda1 on / type ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro)
/dev/sda2 on /var type ext4 (rw,relatime)
/dev/sdb1 on /mnt/backup type ext4 (rw,relatime)
/dev/sdc1 on /media/usb type vfat (rw,relatime,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=mixed,errors=remount-ro)
tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,size=10240k)
---
Question 85mediummultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. An administrator attempts to remount /mnt as read-only but receives the error shown. What is the most likely cause?

Exhibit

---
$ mount -o remount,ro /mnt
mount: /mnt: mount point not mounted or bad option.
---
Question 86hardmultiple choice
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A medium-sized company runs a web server on Linux with two 1TB disks in a software RAID1 (mdadm) configuration for the root filesystem and /var. Recently, the /var partition is reporting low disk space. The administrator discovers that old log files are consuming space but should be rotated. However, the logrotate service is not running. After starting logrotate, it fails to rotate some logs because of missing directories. Additionally, the administrator wants to add a third disk (500GB SSD) for additional storage and mount it under /srv/webdata. The disk is new and not partitioned. The server uses systemd and the current /etc/fstab uses UUIDs. What is the correct sequence of steps to add the new disk and ensure it is mounted automatically at boot?

Question 87mediummultiple choice
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A system administrator notices that a server with an ext4 filesystem fails to boot after editing /etc/fstab. The error message indicates that the root filesystem cannot be mounted. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Question 88hardmultiple choice
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A company wants to migrate a database server from ext4 to XFS to support larger files and better scalability. The current data resides on a single partition /dev/sda1 mounted at /data. Which procedure ensures a successful migration with minimal downtime?

Question 89easymultiple choice
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A system administrator needs to locate the largest directories under /var to free up disk space. Which command is most appropriate?

Question 90mediummultiple choice
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A Linux system has a 500GB SSD. The administrator wants to partition it to support a web server with the following requirements: root (/) 20GB, swap 4GB, /var 50GB, /home 100GB, and the remaining for /srv. Which partitioning strategy is best practice according to the FHS and performance considerations?

Question 91hardmultiple choice
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A system administrator is troubleshooting a server where the /var partition is full, causing services to fail. The administrator deletes old log files in /var/log, but the available space does not increase. Which step should be taken next?

Question 92easymultiple choice
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According to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), in which directory should third-party static libraries be installed?

Question 93easymulti select
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Which TWO commands can be used to create an ext4 filesystem on a partition?

Question 94mediummulti select
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Which THREE directories under the root filesystem are typically used for variable data that changes frequently during system operation, according to FHS?

Question 95hardmulti select
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Which TWO utilities can be used to check and repair an XFS filesystem?

Question 96mediummultiple choice
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You are the system administrator for a small business running a Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 server that hosts a MySQL database and a web server. The server has two physical disks: a 240GB SSD (sda) with partitions sda1 (boot), sda2 (root), sda3 (swap), and a 1TB HDD (sdb) with a single partition sdb1 mounted at /var/lib/mysql. The server has been running for months without issues. However, this morning you receive alerts that the MySQL database is not accepting new connections. You log in and find that the /var filesystem is 100% full. You check the disk usage and see that /var/lib/mysql uses 90% of the space, but there are also large log files in /var/log/httpd. To free up space immediately and restore database service while planning a permanent solution, you decide to compress old log files and move some database archives to a backup server. After compressing several log files with gzip, the available space increases by only a few MB. You then delete some old database backups from /var/lib/mysql/backup, but the space usage shown by df remains unchanged. What is the most likely cause of this behavior?

Question 97hardmultiple choice
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You are a Linux administrator for a large e-commerce company. The company's application server runs Ubuntu 22.04 and uses a Btrfs filesystem for the /srv/app partition to take advantage of snapshots and compression. During a routine maintenance window, you create a snapshot of the /srv/app subvolume using 'btrfs subvolume snapshot /srv/app /srv/app_snapshot'. Later, you need to roll back to the snapshot because of a failed application update. You attempt to delete the original subvolume with 'btrfs subvolume delete /srv/app', but the command fails with the error: 'ERROR: cannot delete '/srv/app': Device or resource busy'. You check that no processes are using the directory with lsof, and it shows no open files. The /srv/app subvolume is the default subvolume and is mounted via fstab with the option 'subvol=/' (the root of the Btrfs filesystem). What is the most likely reason for the deletion failure, and how should you proceed?

Question 98easymultiple choice
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You are a junior system administrator tasked with adding a new 500GB HDD to a Debian 11 server that will be used for backup storage. The server currently has a 120GB SSD with two partitions: sda1 (boot) and sda2 (root). You have physically installed the HDD and it is recognized as /dev/sdb. You need to partition the disk with a single partition covering the entire disk, format it as ext4, and ensure it is automatically mounted at /backup at boot time. Which sequence of commands should you execute to accomplish this?

Question 99mediummultiple choice
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You manage a CentOS 7 server that runs a critical application storing data on an XFS filesystem mounted at /data. The server experiences an unexpected power outage. After rebooting, the application fails to start, and you suspect filesystem corruption. You boot into single-user mode and attempt to mount /data, but the mount fails with an error: 'mount: /dev/sdb1: can't read superblock'. You run 'xfs_repair -n /dev/sdb1' and it reports the log is dirty and must be replayed or the filesystem repaired with the -L option (force log zeroing). You want to recover the filesystem with minimal data loss. Which action should you take?

Question 100hardmultiple choice
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You are a system administrator at a hosting company. A customer reports that their website hosted on a shared LAMP server is returning error 500. The server runs Ubuntu 22.04 with Apache, MySQL, and PHP. You log in and find that the /var partition (on /dev/sda3, ext4) is almost full. You identify that the MySQL database directory /var/lib/mysql contains several large binary logs that are no longer needed. You delete the binary logs using 'rm -f /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.*'. However, the available space does not increase. You also notice that an inode leak is suspected. You check inode usage with 'df -i' and see that the partition has plenty of free inodes. You then check with 'lsof | grep deleted' and see several entries for mysqld holding deleted files. What is the correct procedure to free the space?

Question 101mediummultiple choice
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A user reports that a USB drive (device /dev/sdc1) is not automatically mounted at boot. The output of 'blkid' and the relevant line in /etc/fstab are shown in the exhibit. What is the most likely cause of the failure?

Exhibit

Refer to the exhibit.

# blkid /dev/sdc1
/dev/sdc1: UUID="1234-ABCD" TYPE="vfat"

# cat /etc/fstab | grep sdc1
UUID="5678-EFGH" /media/usb vfat defaults 0 0
Question 102easymulti select
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According to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), which TWO directories are intended for variable data that persists across system reboots? (Choose two.)

Question 103hardmultiple choice
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An administrator is configuring a new server with two SATA disks. The first disk (/dev/sda) holds the root filesystem. The second disk (/dev/sdb) is intended to provide additional storage for user home directories. The administrator partitions /dev/sdb using 'fdisk' to create a single partition /dev/sdb1, formats it with 'mkfs.ext4' and adds the following line to /etc/fstab: '/dev/sdb1 /home ext4 defaults 0 2'. After rebooting, the /home directory is empty and the command 'df -h' does not show /dev/sdb1. However, running 'mount /dev/sdb1 /home' manually works perfectly. The disk is not listed in 'cat /proc/mounts' before the manual mount. What is the most likely cause of this issue?

Question 104hardmultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. A user tries to execute a script on a mounted filesystem but gets a permission denied error. The script has execute permissions. What is the most likely cause?

Exhibit

$ mount | grep /dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb1 on /mnt/data type ext4 (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
$ ls -l /mnt/data/script.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 100 Jan 1 00:00 /mnt/data/script.sh
$ /mnt/data/script.sh
bash: /mnt/data/script.sh: Permission denied
Question 105hardmultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. The 'mount -a' command fails for the NFS mount. What is the most likely cause?

Exhibit

# /etc/fstab
/dev/sda1 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
/dev/sda2 / ext4 defaults 0 1
/dev/sda3 /home ext4 defaults 0 2
192.168.1.100:/export /mnt/nfs nfs defaults,_netdev 0 0
# mount -a output:
mount: /mnt/nfs: can't read superblock
Question 106mediummultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. The system administrator notices the /var/log partition is nearly full. The syslog file is 2GB. Which command will safely reduce the size of this log file without stopping the logging daemon?

Network Topology
-rw-rr$ df -h /var/log$ ls -lh /var/log/syslog
Question 107mediummultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. An administrator wants to mount /dev/sda4 persistently by its UUID. Which line should be added to /etc/fstab?

Exhibit

$ lsblk -o NAME,FSTYPE,LABEL,MOUNTPOINT
NAME   FSTYPE LABEL            MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 ext4   boot             /boot
├─sda2 ext4   root             /
├─sda3 swap   swap             [SWAP]
└─sda4 ext4   data             /mnt/data
sdb
└─sdb1 ext4   backup           /mnt/backup
$ blkid /dev/sda4
/dev/sda4: UUID="abc-123" TYPE="ext4" LABEL="data"
Question 108hardmultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. After adding a new disk to the system, the device /dev/sdb appears. However, the administrator cannot create partitions on /dev/sdb using fdisk. What is the most likely reason?

Network Topology
brw-rw1 root disk 8# ls -l /dev/sda# ls -l /dev/sda1# ls -l /dev/sda2# ls -l /dev/sdb

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