LPIC-1 Devices, Filesystems and FHS Practice Test 1 — 15 Questions

Question 1

A system administrator wants to mount a USB flash drive formatted with the ext4 filesystem. The device is detected as /dev/sdc1. Which command should be used to mount the device to /mnt/usb?

Accepted Answer

mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/usb. Option C is correct because the standard syntax for the mount command is `mount [options] `. Here, `/dev/sdc1` is the device and `/mnt/usb` is the target directory. The ext4 filesystem is auto-detected by the kernel, so specifying `-t ext4` is optional but not incorrect.

Answer

mount -a /dev/sdc1 /mnt/usb

Answer

mount /mnt/usb /dev/sdc1

Answer

mount -t ext4 /dev/sdc1 /mnt/usb

Question 2

A Linux system has two SATA disks: /dev/sda (250GB) and /dev/sdb (500GB). The administrator wants to create a logical volume group named 'vgdata' using partitions on both disks, then create a 600GB logical volume named 'lvdata' for a database. Which sequence of commands should be used?

Accepted Answer

pvcreate /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1; vgcreate vgdata /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1; lvcreate -L 600G -n lvdata vgdata. Option C is correct because it follows the proper LVM sequence: first create physical volumes (PVs) on the partitions /dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdc1 using pvcreate, then create the volume group 'vgdata' from those PVs using vgcreate, and finally create the logical volume 'lvdata' with a size of 600GB using lvcreate. This order ensures that the PVs exist before the VG is created, and the VG exists before the LV is created.

Answer

pvcreate /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1; lvcreate -L 600G -n lvdata vgdata; vgcreate vgdata /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1

Answer

pvcreate /dev/sdb /dev/sdc; vgcreate vgdata /dev/sdb /dev/sdc; lvcreate -L 600G -n lvdata vgdata

Answer

vgcreate vgdata /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1; pvcreate /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1; lvcreate -L 600G -n lvdata vgdata

Question 3

During boot, a Linux system displays 'Kernel panic – not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(0,0)'. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

The kernel lacks the necessary driver for the storage controller.. The error 'unknown-block(0,0)' indicates the kernel cannot find a device to mount as root. This typically occurs when the kernel lacks the driver for the storage controller (e.g., SATA, NVMe, SCSI host adapter) needed to access the root filesystem. Without the driver, the kernel cannot enumerate the block device, even if the root= parameter is correct and the filesystem is intact.

Answer

The root filesystem is corrupted and needs fsck.

Answer

The root= parameter in the boot loader points to a non-existent device.

Answer

The initrd is missing or corrupted.

Question 4

Which of the following commands displays the amount of free disk space on all mounted filesystems in a human-readable format?

Accepted Answer

df -h. The `df -h` command displays disk space usage for all mounted filesystems with sizes in human-readable units (e.g., KB, MB, GB). The `-h` flag converts raw block counts into powers of 1024 with appropriate suffixes, making the output easy to interpret at a glance.

Answer

df -i

Answer

du -sh

Answer

df -T

Question 5

An administrator needs to create a new ext4 filesystem on /dev/sdb1 and wants to reserve 2% of the blocks for the root user. Which command should be used?

Accepted Answer

mkfs.ext4 -m 2 /dev/sdb1. Option A is correct because the `-m` flag in `mkfs.ext4` specifies the percentage of filesystem blocks reserved for the root user (superuser). By default, ext4 reserves 5% of blocks; using `-m 2` reduces this to 2%, as required. This command creates a new ext4 filesystem on `/dev/sdb1` with the specified reserved block percentage.

Answer

tune2fs -m 2 /dev/sdb1

Answer

mke2fs -r 2 /dev/sdb1

Answer

mkfs.ext4 -R 2 /dev/sdb1

Question 6

A Linux system has a software RAID1 array /dev/md0 consisting of /dev/sda1 and /dev/sdb1. After replacing a failed disk, the administrator runs 'mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdc1', but the array remains degraded. Which command should be used to check the status of the array?

Accepted Answer

mdadm --detail /dev/md0. The `mdadm --detail /dev/md0` command displays the current state of the RAID array, including its status (e.g., degraded, active), the number of active and failed devices, and the sync/resync progress. Since the array remains degraded after adding a new disk, this command will show whether the new disk has been properly integrated or if there is an underlying issue, such as a missing or failed component.

Answer

mdadm --examine /dev/sdc1

Answer

mdadm --version

Answer

mdadm --query /dev/md0

Question 7

Which directory in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) contains essential user command binaries that are needed in single-user mode?

Accepted Answer

/bin. The /bin directory contains essential user command binaries (e.g., ls, cp, mv) that are required for system booting and repair in single-user mode. According to the FHS, /bin is intended for commands needed by both the system administrator and users when no other filesystems are mounted, making it critical for single-user mode operations.

Answer

/tmp

Answer

/sbin

Answer

/boot

Question 8

An administrator needs to mount an ISO image file /tmp/image.iso to the directory /mnt/iso. Which command should be used?

Accepted Answer

mount -o loop /tmp/image.iso /mnt/iso. Option A is correct because the `-o loop` option tells the mount command to use a loop device, which is required to mount a file (like an ISO image) as if it were a block device. Without the loop option, mount expects a block device path, not a regular file.

Answer

mount -o ro /tmp/image.iso /mnt/iso

Answer

mount -t iso /tmp/image.iso /mnt/iso

Answer

mount /tmp/image.iso /mnt/iso

Question 9

A system is running out of disk space on /var. The administrator finds that /var/log/syslog is 4GB. Which of the following is the best course of action to prevent future issues while keeping recent logs?

Accepted Answer

Configure logrotate to rotate and compress logs daily.. Option B is correct because logrotate is the standard Linux utility for managing log file growth. By configuring it to rotate and compress logs daily, the administrator can automatically archive old logs (e.g., /var/log/syslog.1.gz) and keep only recent entries in the active file, preventing disk space exhaustion without losing historical data.

Answer

Use 'truncate -s 0 /var/log/syslog' to empty the file.

Answer

Configure syslog to stop logging.

Answer

Delete /var/log/syslog and create an empty file.

Question 10

Which TWO of the following are valid mount options for the ext4 filesystem?

Accepted Answer

data=journal. Option B is correct because 'data=journal' is a valid mount option for ext4 that enables journaling of both metadata and file data, providing the highest level of data integrity by writing all data to the journal before the main filesystem. Option C is correct because 'noatime' is a standard mount option that disables updating the access time (atime) on inodes, reducing disk writes and improving performance.

Answer

sync

Answer

ro

Answer

noload

Question 11

Which THREE of the following commands can be used to display information about block devices?

Accepted Answer

lsblk. A is correct because `lsblk` lists all block devices (e.g., hard drives, SSDs, partitions) by reading the sysfs filesystem and the udev database, displaying their names, sizes, and mount points. It is the primary command for viewing block device topology.

Answer

free

Answer

ip link

Question 12

Which TWO of the following are true about the /proc filesystem?

Accepted Answer

It is a pseudo-filesystem that contains runtime system information.. Option C is correct because the /proc filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem that does not exist on disk; it is created by the kernel at runtime to expose system and process information (e.g., /proc/cpuinfo, /proc/meminfo). It provides a mechanism for user-space programs to query kernel data structures without making system calls directly.

Answer

It is formatted with the ext4 filesystem.

Answer

It is a network filesystem.

Answer

It is used to store persistent configuration data.

Question 13

Based on the lsblk output, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

The partition /dev/sda2 is an extended partition.. Option C is correct because in the lsblk output, /dev/sda2 is listed as a partition of type 'Extended' (typically shown as 'Extended' or with a partition type ID of 5 in fdisk). Extended partitions cannot be directly formatted or mounted; they serve as containers for logical partitions (e.g., sda5). The lsblk output would show sda2 with no filesystem or mount point, and sda5 would appear as a child of sda2, confirming sda2 is extended.

Answer

The disk /dev/sdb has an extended partition.

Answer

The root filesystem is mounted from /dev/sda5.

Answer

The disk /dev/sda has a primary partition sda5.

Question 14

Based on the /etc/fstab entry, which filesystem will be checked by fsck at boot time?

Accepted Answer

/ and /boot only. The /etc/fstab entry shows that only the root filesystem (/) and /boot have a non-zero value in the dump field (the fifth field). The fsck command at boot time checks filesystems with a dump value greater than 0, in the order specified by the pass number (the sixth field). Since /mnt/data and swap have a dump value of 0, they are skipped.

Answer

All filesystems except NFS

Answer

/, /boot, and /mnt/data

Answer

/, /boot, and swap

Question 15

A company runs a web server on Linux with two hard disks: /dev/sda (500GB) and /dev/sdb (500GB). The root filesystem is on /dev/sda1, and /var is on /dev/sda2. The administrator wants to add a new disk /dev/sdc (500GB) to be used as additional storage for /var/www/html. The new disk should be configured as an LVM physical volume and added to an existing volume group named 'vg_web'. The volume group currently has 200GB free space from /dev/sdb1. The administrator intends to extend the logical volume 'lv_web' mounted at /var/www/html by 300GB. Which of the following is the correct sequence of commands to achieve this without data loss?

Accepted Answer

pvcreate /dev/sdc1; vgextend vg_web /dev/sdc1; lvextend -L +300G /dev/vg_web/lv_web; resize2fs /dev/vg_web/lv_web. Option D is correct because it follows the proper sequence: create a physical volume on the partition /dev/sdc1, extend the volume group vg_web with it, then extend the logical volume lv_web by 300GB, and finally resize the filesystem with resize2fs to utilize the new space. Since the logical volume is mounted and contains data, the filesystem must be resized after extending the LV to avoid data loss. The --resizefs flag in option C would also work, but the question asks for the correct sequence without that flag, and option D explicitly includes the separate resize2fs step.

Answer

pvcreate /dev/sdc1; vgextend vg_web /dev/sdc1; lvextend -L +300G /dev/vg_web/lv_web

Answer

pvcreate /dev/sdc; vgextend vg_web /dev/sdc; lvextend -L +300G /dev/vg_web/lv_web; resize2fs /dev/vg_web/lv_web

Answer

pvcreate /dev/sdc1; vgextend vg_web /dev/sdc1; lvextend --resizefs -L +300G /dev/vg_web/lv_web