Cloud Native Observability

A security team wants to audit which users performed privileged actions in a Kubernetes cluster. They need a record of API requests, including the user, verb, resource, and response status. Which Kubernetes feature should they enable?

When using OpenTelemetry, what is the role of the 'Collector'?

Which TWO of the following are valid PromQL functions? (Select two.)

A site reliability engineer is investigating high latency in a microservices application. They have distributed traces but need to understand how a single trace spans multiple services and where time is spent. Which OpenTelemetry concept allows correlating spans across service boundaries into a single trace?

Which Prometheus metric type is used to represent a value that can increase or decrease over time, such as memory usage?

Which THREE of the following are components of the OpenTelemetry project?

What is the main advantage of using OpenTelemetry over vendor-specific instrumentation libraries?

Which Prometheus metric type is best suited for counting the total number of HTTP requests received by a service?

What is the purpose of the metrics-server in Kubernetes?

Which TWO of the following are valid Prometheus metric types?

In OpenTelemetry, which component is responsible for receiving, processing, and exporting telemetry data from multiple sources?

In Prometheus, what is the purpose of the Alertmanager component?

Drag and drop the steps to perform a backup of etcd in a Kubernetes cluster into the correct order.

Which of the following is a core component of the three pillars of observability?

Which Prometheus metric type is best suited to count the number of HTTP requests received?

Which of the following is NOT one of the three pillars of observability?

An application is instrumented with OpenTelemetry to export traces to Jaeger. The team notices that some traces are incomplete. What is the most likely cause?

What type of Prometheus metric is best suited to count the total number of HTTP requests received by a service?

Which tool is specifically designed for log aggregation and is built by Grafana Labs as a lightweight, cost-effective alternative to traditional log systems?

Which TWO of the following are Prometheus metric types? (Select two.)

A site reliability engineer is investigating high latency in a microservices application. They have distributed tracing enabled with OpenTelemetry and traces exported to a backend. They want to correlate a specific slow trace with the logs generated by the involved services. Which practice best enables this correlation?

Which of the following is considered one of the three pillars of observability?

A developer instruments a service using the OpenTelemetry SDK and wants to export traces to a backend. The backend expects data in the OTLP format. Which OpenTelemetry component is responsible for receiving, processing, and exporting telemetry data to the backend?

Which log aggregation tool is designed specifically for Kubernetes and is often used as a lightweight alternative to Fluentd?

What is the primary purpose of Prometheus in cloud native observability?

An SRE team defines an SLO that 99.9% of requests to a service should complete in under 500ms over a 30-day rolling window. If the service receives 10 million requests in a month, what is the maximum number of requests that can exceed the latency threshold while still meeting the SLO?

A team is implementing observability for a cloud native application. They want to adopt OpenTelemetry to instrument their code and collect telemetry data. Which TWO of the following are core components of the OpenTelemetry project? (Choose two.)

A platform team wants to implement observability for a Kubernetes cluster running 500+ microservices. They need to reduce the cost of storing logs while retaining the ability to search for specific error patterns. Which strategy best achieves this?

A DevOps team wants to collect logs from all Kubernetes nodes and forward them to a central log storage system. Which tool is specifically designed for lightweight log aggregation and forwarding on Kubernetes nodes?

A team wants to visualize metrics from Prometheus in a dashboard. Which tool is commonly used for this purpose?

A team wants to implement cost monitoring for their Kubernetes clusters. Which approach is most effective?

Which tool is specifically designed for distributed tracing and is a Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) graduated project?

Which component of the OpenTelemetry architecture is responsible for receiving data from instrumented applications and processing it before export?

Which TWO of the following tools are commonly used for distributed tracing in cloud-native environments? (Select two.)

In PromQL, which function would you use to calculate the per-second rate of increase of a counter over a specified time window?

In OpenTelemetry, what is the purpose of the Collector component?

Which of the following is the correct definition of a Service Level Indicator (SLI)?

Which TWO of the following are recommended practices for achieving observability in a Kubernetes cluster?

In distributed tracing, what is a 'span'?

Which component is responsible for aggregating metrics from Kubernetes nodes and exposing them to the metrics API?

Which of the following is NOT one of the three pillars of observability in cloud-native environments?

Which THREE of the following are important considerations when defining SLOs (Service Level Objectives)? (Select three.)

A Kubernetes cluster runs Prometheus for monitoring. The operations team wants to receive alerts when the 99th percentile latency of an HTTP service exceeds 500ms for 5 minutes. They have a metric http_request_duration_seconds histogram. Which PromQL expression should they use to calculate the 99th percentile latency?

In the context of distributed tracing, what is a 'span'?

What is context propagation in distributed tracing?

What is the primary purpose of structured logging?

Which tool is primarily used for distributed tracing in cloud native environments?

Which THREE of the following are benefits of structured logging? (Select three.)

What is the purpose of Alertmanager in Prometheus?

Which THREE are responsibilities of the OpenTelemetry project? (Select three.)

Which TWO of the following are best practices for implementing observability in a cloud-native environment?

A platform team runs a Kubernetes cluster where the kubelet and container runtime expose metrics on each node. The team wants to collect node-level CPU and memory metrics into Prometheus without deploying a separate exporter on every node. Which component should they configure Prometheus to scrape?

A developer wants to monitor the health of a Kubernetes deployment by checking if the number of ready replicas matches the desired replicas. Which metric from kube-state-metrics should they query?

A platform team runs a Kubernetes cluster with the OpenTelemetry Collector deployed as a DaemonSet. They want to collect node-level metrics such as CPU and memory usage from every node without modifying application code. Which receiver should they configure in the Collector's pipeline?

A team wants to ensure that at least 99.9% of all requests to their application complete within 500ms over a 30-day window. How should this requirement be classified?

Which of the following is true about Prometheus's pull-based model for collecting metrics?

A Prometheus alert rule fires when the error rate exceeds 5% for 5 minutes. The alert is sent to Alertmanager. What must be configured in Alertmanager to ensure the alert is deduplicated, grouped, and routed to the correct team?

A platform team runs a 12-node Kubernetes cluster where each node hosts roughly 30 pods. They deployed Prometheus with a ServiceMonitor that scrapes every pod's /metrics endpoint every 15 seconds, but now the Prometheus pod is frequently OOMKilled and scrape targets intermittently report 'context deadline exceeded'. Which change best addresses the root cause while preserving observability?

A developer is investigating a performance issue in a microservices application. They want to trace a single request as it flows through multiple services, including a database call. Which OpenTelemetry concept allows them to correlate all these operations under a single logical unit?

A platform team is deploying a logging stack in Kubernetes. They want to collect logs from all pods and nodes, store them centrally, and provide a query interface. Which combination of tools is commonly used to achieve this?

A company uses OpenTelemetry to instrument their microservices. They want to ensure that traces from one service can be correlated with those from another service across network calls. Which OpenTelemetry concept enables this correlation?

What does the 'kubectl logs' command retrieve?

Which tool is commonly used for log aggregation in Kubernetes and is designed to be lightweight?

Which TWO are pillars of observability? (Select two.)

Which open-source project provides a unified standard for collecting and exporting telemetry data (metrics, logs, and traces) from applications?

Which THREE of the following are valid use cases for distributed tracing in a microservices architecture?

What does SLA stand for in the context of service reliability?

Which TWO of the following are best practices for structuring log output in cloud-native applications to maximize observability?

A developer wants to view the logs of a specific container named 'sidecar' inside a pod named 'app-pod'. Which command should they use?

A platform engineer is configuring an OpenTelemetry Collector pipeline. They want to ensure that sensitive data such as credit card numbers is not exported to the observability backend. Which component of the Collector should they use to modify or drop attributes before export?

A company is running a microservices application on a Kubernetes cluster. They have noticed that one of the services, 'payment-api', is experiencing intermittent high latency. The team wants to identify the root cause without modifying the application code. Which approach should they take?

Which THREE of the following are components of the OpenTelemetry project? (Select three)

A team runs a Kubernetes cluster with Prometheus scraping application metrics. They want Prometheus to automatically discover new pods and scrape their metrics endpoints as pods are created and destroyed. Which Kubernetes resource should they configure Prometheus to use for this dynamic discovery?

Which TWO of the following are examples of context propagation mechanisms used in distributed tracing?

Which TWO of the following are valid Prometheus metric types? (Select two)

Which TWO of the following are valid Prometheus metric types? (Select two.)

Which component of the metrics-server provides resource metrics like CPU and memory usage?

Which tool is specifically designed for distributed tracing and was originally developed by Uber?

What is the primary role of the OpenTelemetry Collector?

A team is designing a Kubernetes observability stack and wants to use Prometheus for metrics. They need to understand how Prometheus collects and stores time series data. Which TWO of the following statements accurately describe Prometheus? (Choose two.)

A Kubernetes operator wants to view real-time CPU and memory usage of pods and nodes in a cluster using kubectl top. Which component must be installed and running in the cluster for this command to work?

A company defines an SLO that 99.9% of requests to a service should complete in under 200ms. Which metric type is used to measure this SLO?

A DevOps team wants to collect and forward logs from all nodes in a Kubernetes cluster to a centralized logging backend. Which component is specifically designed for lightweight log collection and forwarding?