Monitoring and Troubleshooting

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL and notices that the Read IOPS metric is consistently high during business hours. The application is read-heavy. Which configuration change would most likely reduce Read IOPS?

A developer reports that an application using Amazon DynamoDB is experiencing high latency during peak hours. The table has a provisioned capacity of 500 read capacity units (RCUs) and 500 write capacity units (WCUs). The application uses eventually consistent reads and the table is about 50 GB. The developer notices throttled write requests in CloudWatch. Which action would most effectively reduce write throttling?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. During the migration, the database administrator notices that the CPU utilization on the RDS instance is consistently above 90% during peak hours, even though the on-premises server had similar specifications. The application queries are mostly SELECT statements with occasional DML. The RDS instance is db.r5.large with 500 GB of General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. Which change would most likely reduce CPU utilization?

A team manages an Amazon Aurora MySQL database. They observe that the 'Deadlocks' metric in CloudWatch is spiking. The application uses a single writer instance and multiple read replicas. Which action is most effective at reducing deadlocks?

An organization is using Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity. They notice that the 'ThrottledRequests' metric is non-zero during a specific hour each day. The table stores session data and has a partition key of 'user_id'. The workload is uniform. What is the most likely cause of throttling?

A database engineer is troubleshooting slow query performance on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. The instance is db.r5.large with 500 GB of General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. CloudWatch metrics show high Read Latency and high Read IOPS, but low CPU utilization. Which TWO actions should the engineer take to improve performance?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with autoscaling enabled. The table has a partition key of 'order_id' and a sort key of 'order_date'. The application performs both point queries and range queries. Recently, the 'ConsumedReadCapacityUnits' metric shows that the table is consistently using 100% of the provisioned capacity. Which THREE factors should the database engineer investigate to determine the cause?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL and notices that database connections are being rejected intermittently. The application logs show 'Too many connections' errors. The DB instance has 1000 max_connections. Which action should the DBA take to troubleshoot and resolve this issue without impacting performance?

A database engineer is troubleshooting a production Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster. The application is experiencing high latency on write operations. The engineer checks the Amazon CloudWatch metrics and sees that the 'AuroraBinlogReplicaLag' metric is high. What is the most likely cause of the write latency?

A company is running a production Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity. The application is experiencing increased latency and throttled requests during peak hours. Which monitoring tool should the database specialist use to identify the specific partition keys causing the throttling?

A database engineer is monitoring an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance and notices that the 'DiskQueueDepth' metric is consistently above 100. The instance uses gp2 storage with 1000 GB allocated. What is the most likely cause of the high disk queue depth?

A company is migrating its on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database specialist needs to monitor the migration process and ensure data consistency. Which TWO AWS services should be used together to continuously monitor the replication lag and data integrity?

A database specialist is troubleshooting an Amazon DynamoDB table that is experiencing high throttling on write requests. The table has on-demand capacity and uses a composite primary key (partition key and sort key). Which THREE actions should the specialist take to identify and resolve the issue?

A database engineer is reviewing Amazon RDS for MySQL error logs and sees repeated authentication failures from the same IP address. The application team confirms the password is correct. What is the most likely cause of these errors?

A company runs a critical e-commerce application on Amazon Aurora MySQL with a single DB instance. The database has 8 TB of data and uses the default writer endpoint. Recently, the application experienced a 10-minute outage during a primary instance failover. The failover was triggered by an underlying hardware issue. The database specialist needs to minimize downtime during future failovers. The application team is unwilling to modify the application code to handle connection retries. The company has a 99.99% SLA requirement. Which solution should the database specialist implement to meet the SLA with minimal application changes?

You are managing an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL Multi-AZ DB instance that handles a high-traffic e-commerce application. Recently, the database has been experiencing intermittent slowdowns during peak hours. You have enabled Enhanced Monitoring and Performance Insights. After reviewing the Performance Insights dashboard, you notice that the 'db.sql.queries.avg_latency' metric spikes during the slowdowns, and the top SQL queries are all simple SELECT statements on a frequently accessed 'orders' table. The table has over 10 million rows and is indexed on 'order_id', 'customer_id', and 'order_date'. The average query latency for these SELECT statements jumps from 5 ms to over 500 ms during the spikes. You also observe that the 'ReadIOPS' metric on the DB instance is consistently below the provisioned IOPS limit of the gp2 storage. The DB instance type is db.r5.large with 16 GB memory. The 'DatabaseConnections' metric shows that the number of connections is well within the max_connections limit (set to 200). However, the 'CPUCreditBalance' for the underlying EC2 instance, which is a T3 medium, drops to near zero during the spikes. The 'CPUUtilization' metric is below 50%. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause and the appropriate action to resolve the issue?

A database engineer is troubleshooting high CPU usage on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. Amazon CloudWatch shows CPU Utilization consistently above 90% during business hours. Which combination of actions should the engineer take to identify the root cause? (Choose TWO.)

A company runs a production Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity. The table stores session data for a web application. Recently, users have reported occasional slow response times. The operations team notices that the table's ConsumedWriteCapacityUnits metric shows occasional spikes that exceed the provisioned throughput (though on-demand auto-scales), and ThrottledWriteEvents metrics show occasional throttling. The application uses the AWS SDK with default retry logic. The database specialist is asked to investigate. Upon reviewing the table configuration, the specialist finds that the table has a simple primary key (partition key only) and the data access pattern is heavily skewed toward a small number of partition keys. The application writes in batches of 25 items using the BatchWriteItem API. What should the specialist recommend to reduce throttling and improve performance?

Arrange the steps to set up cross-Region read replicas for an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster in the correct order.

Arrange the steps to create an Amazon DynamoDB global table (multi-Region) in the correct order.

Match each AWS database-related CLI command to its function.

Match each backup/restore concept to its AWS database feature.

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL Multi-AZ DB instance. They notice that the application is experiencing increased latency during peak hours. The DB instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 80%, and the Read Latency metric is high. Which action would most effectively reduce the latency without requiring application changes?

A team is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. They notice that some requests are returning ProvisionedThroughputExceededException errors during a sudden traffic spike. The application uses strong consistent reads. Which two actions would help mitigate the throttling without over-provisioning capacity? (Choose two.)

A developer is troubleshooting a slow-running query on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. The query is performing a sequential scan on a large table. Which AWS service or feature should the developer use to identify the missing index?

A company uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for a web application. They observe a sudden increase in CPU utilization on the cache cluster, and the application experiences higher latency. Which action should be taken to diagnose the issue?

A company runs an Amazon Aurora MySQL database cluster with one writer and two readers. The application suddenly fails with 'Too many connections' error. The writer instance's maximum connections is set to 1000. Which configuration change would best resolve the issue while maintaining high availability?

A developer is troubleshooting an application that is unable to write to a DynamoDB table. The above IAM policy is attached to the IAM role used by the application. What is the likely cause?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with global tables. They notice that changes made in one region are not appearing in another region after several minutes. Which CloudWatch metric should be monitored to check the replication lag?

A team is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance that is running out of storage. The instance uses General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. The team wants to increase storage without downtime. Which action should they take?

A developer is using AWS Database Migration Service (DMS) to migrate a database from on-premises to Amazon RDS. The migration task is failing with 'Insufficient memory' error. Which resource should be increased to resolve this?

A developer is trying to connect to an RDS for PostgreSQL instance using the endpoint shown in the exhibit. The connection fails with a timeout. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. They notice that a table's write capacity is frequently throttled during a specific hour each day. The access pattern is uniform across partitions. Which action would resolve the throttling without manual intervention?

A company is monitoring an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster. They observe that the AuroraReplicaLagMaximum metric is consistently above 10 seconds. Which action would best reduce the replica lag?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance is using 100% of its allocated storage. Which action should be taken first to prevent the instance from becoming inaccessible?

A developer receives a 'ResourceNotFoundException' when trying to describe a DynamoDB table. The developer runs the command shown in the exhibit and gets the output. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Amazon CloudWatch to monitor an RDS for Oracle instance. They want to receive an alert when the database connection count exceeds 90% of the maximum connections. Which CloudWatch metric should be used to create the alarm?

A company is experiencing high read latency on their Amazon RDS for MySQL Multi-AZ DB instance. The application performs many small, random reads. Which configuration change would most likely reduce the read latency without incurring additional compute costs?

A database team notices that the Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible DB cluster is experiencing frequent failovers during peak hours. The failover events are not correlated with any maintenance windows or manual interventions. Which metric in Amazon CloudWatch should be investigated first to identify the root cause?

A developer executed a DELETE statement without a WHERE clause on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. The transaction is still open. Which action should the developer take to undo the DELETE without affecting other operations?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB as the primary database for a global e-commerce application. During the holiday season, the application experiences throttling on write requests even though the read and write capacity units are well below the provisioned limits. The table uses on-demand capacity mode. What is the most likely cause of this throttling?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance has been in the 'storage-optimization' state for several hours after modifying the storage type from gp2 to io1. What should the administrator do to resolve this?

A development team is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with read replicas to offload reporting queries. They notice that the read replica is consistently lagging behind the primary by several seconds. The primary handles 5000 writes per second. Which action would most likely reduce replica lag?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with global tables to support a multi-region application. They notice that writes to the table in us-east-1 are not replicating to the table in eu-west-1. The replication lag metric shows increasing values. What is the most likely cause?

A team is using Amazon RDS for Oracle with an option group that includes the Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) option. After modifying the option group to add a new option, the DB instance is stuck in the 'modifying' state for an extended period. What should the team do?

An administrator is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance that is experiencing high CPU utilization. The administrator has enabled Performance Insights. Which metric should be examined first to identify the queries consuming the most CPU?

Which TWO actions can help reduce Amazon RDS for MySQL replication lag between a primary instance and a read replica? (Choose two.)

Which THREE metrics should be monitored in Amazon CloudWatch to detect a potential memory leak in an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance? (Choose three.)

Which TWO AWS services can be used to monitor the performance of an Amazon DynamoDB table and send alerts when throttling occurs? (Choose two.)

Refer to the exhibit. A database administrator runs the AWS CLI command to describe events for an RDS instance. Which conclusion is most likely correct based on the output?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to a user who is attempting to run a Scan operation on the Orders table using the AWS CLI. The Scan operation fails with an AccessDeniedException. What is the most likely reason?

Refer to the exhibit. A database administrator retrieves CloudWatch metrics for an RDS instance. What is the trend of CPU utilization during the monitored period?

A company is running a production Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The application team reports intermittent high latency and connection timeouts. A quick check shows that the DB instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 90% during peak hours. The database size is 500 GB and the instance class is db.r5.large. Which combination of actions should a database specialist take to resolve the performance issue?

A database specialist is troubleshooting a degraded Amazon Aurora MySQL database cluster. The primary instance is showing elevated read latency and the replica lag is increasing. The DB cluster has one writer and one reader instance. The writer instance is using 90% of its allocated memory, and the reader instance is using 70%. Which action is most likely to reduce read latency and replica lag?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a gaming leaderboard application. Recently, users have experienced increased latency when updating scores. The DynamoDB table has on-demand capacity mode. The application performs UpdateItem calls with a condition expression. Which action is most likely to reduce the latency?

A database specialist is investigating a sudden increase in Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL connections. The DB instance's CloudWatch metric DatabaseConnections shows a spike from 100 to 500 within minutes. The application connects using a connection pool. Which step should the specialist take first to mitigate the issue while preserving application availability?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for a web application. The application team reports that cache miss rates have increased significantly, causing higher database load. The Redis cluster has two nodes (one primary, one replica) with the default eviction policy of noeviction. Which action should the database specialist recommend to reduce cache misses?

A database specialist needs to monitor the number of deadlocks occurring in an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance. Which CloudWatch metric should be used?

A company is using Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility) for a content management system. The application team notices that write operations are taking longer than usual. CloudWatch metrics show high WriteLatency and a growing number of documents in the oplog. Which step should the database specialist take to troubleshoot the issue?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The data engineering team notices that queries are taking longer than expected. The cluster has two nodes of type dc2.large. The database specialist checks the system tables and finds that many queries are using the disk for temporary storage. Which action should the specialist take to improve query performance?

A database specialist is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance that is running out of storage. The instance has automated backups enabled. The specialist needs to free up storage space immediately without losing backup capability. Which action should the specialist take?

A company is running a production Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance. The database specialist is setting up monitoring to detect and troubleshoot performance issues. Which TWO metrics should be used to identify whether the database is experiencing I/O bottlenecks?

A database specialist is troubleshooting a slow-running query on an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster. The query performs a large table scan. Which THREE actions would likely improve query performance?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a session management application. The application is experiencing higher latency during peak hours. The DynamoDB table uses on-demand capacity. Which TWO steps should a database specialist take to diagnose the issue?

Refer to the exhibit. A database specialist is investigating performance degradation on an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The BurstBalance metric shows the values above. What does this indicate, and what action should be taken?

Refer to the exhibit. A database specialist is troubleshooting an automation script that fails when trying to create a snapshot of the RDS DB instance 'mydb' using an IAM role with the attached policy. The error message indicates that the user is not authorized to perform the operation. Which statement best explains the failure?

Refer to the exhibit. A database specialist is investigating an application outage that occurred at 14:25 UTC. The RDS event log shows the events above. What is the most likely cause of the outage?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for MySQL database. The application team reports that the database is slow. Upon investigation, you notice that the DB instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 90%. Which initial troubleshooting step should you take?

A developer is troubleshooting an application that uses Amazon DynamoDB. The application is experiencing throttled requests (ProvisionedThroughputExceededException). Which CloudWatch metric should be monitored to troubleshoot this issue?

A company's Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance is experiencing a high number of connections, causing performance degradation. The DBA wants to identify which user and application are creating the most connections. What should the DBA do?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. Users report that queries are taking longer than expected. Which CloudWatch metric should be monitored to identify if queries are waiting for resources due to concurrency scaling?

A company has an Amazon DynamoDB table with auto scaling enabled. During a traffic spike, the application experiences high write latencies. Which action should the company take to troubleshoot the latency issue?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for Oracle database in Multi-AZ. The primary instance fails over unexpectedly. The DBA wants to determine the cause of the failover. What should the DBA do?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer. The application performance degrades when cache misses increase. Which metric should be monitored to track the cache hit rate?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance is using more storage than expected. Which metric should be monitored to troubleshoot storage usage?

A company is running an Amazon DocumentDB cluster. The application is experiencing high write latency. The cluster has a single instance. What should be done to identify the cause of the latency?

Which TWO metrics should be monitored to troubleshoot an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database that is experiencing high connection count and connection timeouts?

Which THREE steps should be taken to troubleshoot an Amazon DynamoDB table that is experiencing high read latency?

Which TWO CloudWatch metrics should be monitored to determine if an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster has sufficient I/O capacity?

A company is experiencing increased latency on their RDS for PostgreSQL instance. The CloudWatch metrics show high ReadIOPS but low CPU utilization. Which action is MOST likely to resolve the issue?

A database specialist notices that an RDS MySQL instance's FreeableMemory metric is consistently below 100 MB. Which monitoring tool should be used to identify the queries consuming the most memory?

A team is troubleshooting a DynamoDB table that has high read latency. The table uses on-demand capacity and has a global secondary index (GSI). Which configuration is MOST likely causing the issue?

A company's RDS for SQL Server instance is frequently running out of disk space. The instance uses General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. Which monitoring step will help identify the root cause?

A developer reports that an application's write requests to a DynamoDB table are failing with ProvisionedThroughputExceededException. The table uses provisioned capacity. Which immediate action will resolve the issue?

A company notices that its Aurora MySQL cluster has a high number of locks and deadlocks. The application uses read replicas for read scaling. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for a web application. Users report that some cached data is missing, causing slower responses. Which ElastiCache feature should be checked first to understand key evictions?

A database administrator wants to receive an alert when an RDS instance's storage space drops below 10% of total allocated storage. Which AWS service should be used to set up this alert?

A company's DynamoDB table uses provisioned capacity and has a global table for disaster recovery. Write requests to the replica region are failing with ProvisionedThroughputExceededException even though the replica table shows low consumed capacity. What is the MOST likely cause?

Which TWO metrics should be monitored to detect a memory leak in an RDS for Oracle instance? (Choose 2.)

Which THREE actions should be taken to troubleshoot an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance that is unresponsive? (Choose 3.)

Which TWO settings should be verified when troubleshooting an RDS for MySQL instance that has a high number of aborted connections? (Choose 2.)

A developer reports that an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance is experiencing high CPU utilization. You suspect a specific query is causing the issue. Which CloudWatch metric should you examine to confirm this?

A company runs an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance with Multi-AZ deployment. The primary DB instance fails unexpectedly and a failover occurs. Which action should be taken to minimize downtime during future failovers?

A team is troubleshooting an Amazon DynamoDB table that is throttling write requests. The table has on-demand capacity mode enabled. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the throttling?

An Amazon RDS for Oracle instance is experiencing high swap usage. Which metric should be monitored to determine if the instance is memory-constrained?

A company is using Amazon Neptune and notices that some queries are slow. The DBA wants to identify which queries consume the most time. Which feature should be used?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis and notices that the cache hit ratio is low. The application is frequently reading data that is not in the cache. Which action would be most effective in improving the cache hit ratio?

An administrator notices that the CloudWatch metric 'ReadLatency' for an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance has increased significantly. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. The application is experiencing higher than expected write throttling. Which action should be taken to resolve this issue?

A company has an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster with one writer and two readers. The application is reporting increased read latency. The DB cluster is using Aurora Auto Scaling for readers. Which metric should be used to trigger scaling out readers?

A company is troubleshooting a performance issue with an Amazon RDS for MariaDB instance. The CloudWatch metric 'ReadIOPS' is consistently high, but 'WriteIOPS' is low. Which TWO actions could help improve read performance?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with a global table in two regions. The application is experiencing high write latency on the replica table in the secondary region. Which THREE factors could contribute to this issue?

An Amazon RDS for MySQL instance is running out of storage. Which TWO actions can be taken to resolve this issue without downtime?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 90% during peak hours. Which initial troubleshooting step should the administrator take?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity. Users report increased latency during peak hours. The application uses the DynamoDB API. Which monitoring metric should be examined first to identify throttling issues?

An e-commerce application uses Amazon Aurora MySQL. During a flash sale, the database experiences a surge in write operations, and the application reports 'Lock wait timeout exceeded' errors. The DBA suspects a long-running transaction is blocking others. Which AWS tool or feature should the DBA use to identify the blocking transaction?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. After migration, the application team reports that queries are slower than before. Which metric in CloudWatch should the DBA review first to check if the instance is resource-constrained?

A gaming company uses Amazon DynamoDB with provisioned capacity. During a new game launch, the read activity spikes and some requests receive 'ProvisionedThroughputExceededException' errors. The operations team needs to monitor read throttling in real-time. Which CloudWatch metric should they create an alarm for?

A financial services company runs a critical PostgreSQL database on Amazon RDS. The DBA needs to ensure that any database failover is detected within 30 seconds. Which monitoring approach should be used to meet this requirement?

A startup uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for its database. Users report that application responses are slow. The developer checks the ElastiCache metrics and sees that 'CacheHits' are low and 'CacheMisses' are high. What is the most likely cause?

A company is using Amazon RDS for SQL Server with Multi-AZ. The application experiences a brief interruption during a planned maintenance window. The DBA wants to verify that the failover occurred correctly. Which set of metrics should the DBA examine?

A data analytics company runs Amazon Redshift clusters. A user reports that a complex query is taking much longer than expected. The DBA uses the STL_QUERY view to check the query execution. Which column in STL_QUERY should the DBA examine to identify if the query is waiting for resources?

A database team is troubleshooting a performance issue on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. They notice that the 'DiskQueueDepth' metric is consistently high. Which TWO actions should the team take to resolve this issue? (Choose TWO.)

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with global tables. During a regional outage, the application fails over to the secondary region. After recovery, the DBA notices that the data in the secondary region is not fully consistent with the primary. Which THREE steps should the DBA take to diagnose the issue? (Choose THREE.)

A company is running a critical Oracle database on Amazon RDS. The DBA wants to set up monitoring to detect if the database is experiencing a high number of full table scans, which may indicate missing indexes. Which TWO metrics should the DBA monitor? (Choose TWO.)

A company is running an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance with Multi-AZ deployment. They notice that the primary DB instance is experiencing high CPU utilization. The read replica shows normal CPU. Which action should the DBA take to reduce the load on the primary instance?

A database team uses Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. They observe frequent throttling on a table during peak hours. The table's read capacity is set to 5000 RCU with auto scaling range 3000-7000. The consumed read capacity graph shows spikes to 6000 RCU but throttling occurs at 5500. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is troubleshooting a slow query on Amazon RDS for MySQL. The query joins three large tables and runs frequently. What is the most effective way to identify the bottleneck?

A company uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for a web application. They notice increased latency and cache miss rates. The cache cluster has 5 nodes with replication. Which metric should be monitored to identify if the cache is under-provisioned?

A company runs an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster with one writer and two readers. They notice that one reader instance is consistently showing higher than expected lag. The other reader is fine. What is the most likely cause?

A DBA is investigating a sudden increase in database connections to an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance. The application is running on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. Which tool can provide real-time information about active connections?

A company is migrating their on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. They need to ensure minimal downtime. During the migration, they observe that the change data capture (CDC) is falling behind. What is the most effective approach to catch up?

A company runs a document database using Amazon DocumentDB. They notice that some queries are taking much longer than expected. The explain plan shows a COLLSCAN. Which action would most improve query performance?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB global tables for a multi-region application. They notice that writes in one region are not appearing in another region after several minutes. What should they check first?

Which TWO metrics should be monitored to detect an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance that is experiencing memory pressure? (Choose 2.)

Which THREE actions should be taken to troubleshoot a high number of ThrottlingExceptions from Amazon DynamoDB? (Choose 3.)

Which TWO tools can be used to monitor query performance in Amazon Aurora MySQL? (Choose 2.)

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to a user. The user reports that they cannot delete the production-db database. Which statement best explains the behavior?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer runs the AWS CLI command and receives the output shown. What is this output?

Refer to the exhibit. A DBA sees the above log entries for an Amazon Aurora MySQL cluster. What is the most likely cause?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 80% during peak hours. The DB instance is a db.r5.large with 16 GB memory and 500 GB gp2 storage. The application is a read-intensive web application. Which action is MOST effective to reduce CPU load without significant cost increase?

A team is troubleshooting an Amazon Aurora MySQL cluster where the writer instance fails over unexpectedly every few days. The failover is not triggered by manual intervention or maintenance events. CloudWatch metrics show that the failover occurs when the replica lag on the reader instances spikes to over 10 seconds. What is the MOST likely cause of the failover?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. During a sales event, the write capacity consumption increases, but the table does not scale up as expected, resulting in throttled requests. The table has read/write capacity mode set to 'Provisioned' with auto scaling configured. What should the team check first to troubleshoot the issue?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The users report that queries are slow, and the CloudWatch metric 'CPUUtilization' shows high usage. The cluster has 4 dc2.large nodes. The administrator runs the following query: SELECT * FROM stl_query WHERE starttime > '2023-12-01' ORDER BY duration DESC LIMIT 10; This shows that the longest query runs for over 5 minutes. Which of the following is the MOST effective way to improve query performance?

A company is running a MongoDB-compatible Amazon DocumentDB cluster with one writer and two readers. The application writes a large amount of data during batch processing, and after a batch completes, the writer's CPU is high, and the readers have significant replica lag. The team wants to reduce replica lag without affecting the batch performance. What should they do?

A developer is receiving timeout errors when connecting to an Amazon ElastiCache for Redis cluster from an Amazon EC2 instance. The security group for the EC2 instance allows outbound traffic to the Redis cluster's security group on port 6379. The Redis cluster's security group does not allow inbound traffic from the EC2 instance. What is the most likely cause of the timeout?

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The primary instance fails, and a failover occurs. After the failover, the application is still unable to connect to the database endpoint. The database administrator checks the RDS console and sees that the new primary is in 'available' state. What should the administrator do next to diagnose the connectivity issue?

A team is using Amazon DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) to improve read performance for a table. They notice that DAX is returning stale data even though the TTL is set to 5 minutes. The table is updated frequently by multiple writers. What is the most likely cause of the stale reads?

A company is using Amazon RDS for SQL Server with native backup and restore. The backup process is failing with an error indicating insufficient disk space for the backup file. The DB instance has 200 GB of allocated storage, and the backup file is 50 GB. What should the database administrator do to resolve this issue?

A database administrator is troubleshooting a performance issue on an Amazon Aurora MySQL cluster. The application is experiencing high latency on write operations. Which TWO CloudWatch metrics should the administrator analyze to identify the root cause?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling for read and write capacity. During a traffic spike, write requests are being throttled even though the table's write capacity is below the maximum limit. Which TWO actions should the team take to resolve the throttling?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for analytics. The database administrator notices that some queries are slow and the system is running out of memory. Which THREE steps should the administrator take to improve performance?

A company runs a critical application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The database is a db.r5.xlarge instance with 500 GB of Provisioned IOPS (io1) storage. The application writes a large volume of time-series data every 5 minutes. Recently, the team noticed that the replica lag between the primary and standby instance has increased to over 10 seconds during peak write periods. The application requires that the standby be within 5 seconds of the primary for disaster recovery purposes. The team has already verified that network latency between AZs is minimal, and the standby instance is the same size as the primary. The CloudWatch metric 'TransactionLogsDiskUsage' shows that the primary is generating logs at a high rate. Which combination of actions should the database administrator take to reduce the replica lag? (Choose the best option.)

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a gaming leaderboard. The table has a partition key of 'game_id' and a sort key of 'score'. The table is configured with on-demand capacity. During a major tournament, the application experiences high latency and some requests return 'ProvisionedThroughputExceededException' errors. The CloudWatch metric 'ThrottledRequests' spikes. The application uses a single partition key for all writes during the tournament (game_id = 'tournament_final'). What is the most likely cause of the throttling, and what is the best solution?

A company runs an Amazon Redshift cluster with 8 dc2.large nodes for its data warehouse. The data engineering team loads data daily using COPY commands from S3. Recently, the load times have increased significantly. The cluster's CloudWatch metric 'CPUUtilization' is high during the load. The administrator runs the STL_LOAD_ERRORS table and finds no errors. The SVL_S3LOG shows that the COPY command is scanning many small files. The data in S3 is stored as 10,000 small CSV files (each ~100 KB). Which action will MOST improve the COPY performance?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL and has enabled Enhanced Monitoring. The database administrator wants to identify the top contributors to disk I/O. Which THREE metrics from Enhanced Monitoring should they examine?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The application team reports intermittent connection timeouts. CloudWatch shows increased DatabaseConnections and CPU Utilization during peak hours. Which action should the database specialist take to troubleshoot the issue?

A financial services company runs a critical application on Amazon DynamoDB. Recently, they observed increased latency and throttled requests. Upon reviewing CloudWatch metrics, they see that WriteCapacityUnits consumed is consistently below the provisioned capacity, but ReadCapacityUnits consumed is frequently at 100%. The application performs equal mix of strongly consistent reads and writes. What is the most likely cause of the throttling?

A developer is troubleshooting an application that writes to an Amazon ElastiCache for Redis cluster. The application occasionally fails with 'OOM command not allowed when used memory > maxmemory'. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Amazon Aurora MySQL. They notice that the DB cluster's failover took longer than expected during a recent primary instance failure. CloudWatch shows Failover latency of 120 seconds. Which configuration change would most likely reduce the failover time?

A database specialist is troubleshooting a performance issue on a self-managed PostgreSQL database that they plan to migrate to Amazon RDS. The database has a high number of 'idle in transaction' connections. What is the impact of these connections on the database?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with provisioned capacity. They notice an increase in throttled write requests. The workload consists of writes to a single partition key. Which TWO actions would help reduce throttling?

A company is monitoring an Amazon RDS for Oracle instance. CloudWatch alarms show that FreeableMemory is consistently below 256 MB. The database has high read and write I/O. Which THREE steps should the database specialist take to diagnose the issue?

A company uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis. They want to monitor cache hit ratio. Which TWO metrics should be used to calculate the cache hit ratio?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy attached to an IAM role used by an AWS Lambda function. The Lambda function is invoked by Amazon API Gateway and reads from a DynamoDB table. The function is experiencing permission errors when calling DynamoDB GetItem. What is the most likely cause?

A social media company runs a multi-region application on Amazon DynamoDB with global tables. The application is deployed in us-east-1 and eu-west-1. Recently, they enabled DynamoDB Streams on the table to trigger an AWS Lambda function for real-time analytics. The Lambda function runs in us-east-1. After enabling streams, they notice that the Lambda function is triggered multiple times for the same update, and the application's write latency in eu-west-1 has increased. The company has strict latency requirements. A database specialist is asked to resolve the issue. What should the database specialist recommend?

A retail company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL as the backend for its e-commerce platform. During a flash sale, the database experienced high CPU utilization and increased the number of active connections. The application team reported that some queries timed out. The database specialist reviewed the slow query log and found that several queries were performing sequential scans on large tables due to missing indexes. The specialist created the necessary indexes, but the issue persists for some queries. Upon further investigation, the specialist notices that the query planner is still choosing sequential scans for some queries. What should the database specialist do to ensure the query planner uses the indexes?

A startup is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis to cache session data. They deployed a single Redis node (cache.t3.micro) in us-west-2. The application reports high latency when reading session data. CloudWatch metrics show CPUUtilization at 90% and Evictions at 100 per minute. The cache hit ratio is 80%. The database specialist suspects the node is overloaded. What should the specialist do to improve performance?

A company runs a document management system using Amazon S3 and Amazon DynamoDB. The application writes document metadata to DynamoDB and stores the document in S3. Recently, users report that occasionally documents are saved in S3 but the corresponding metadata is missing in DynamoDB. The application writes to DynamoDB first, then to S3. If the S3 upload fails, the application retries. The database specialist suspects a transaction consistency issue. The application is running on multiple EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. What should the specialist recommend to ensure that both the metadata and document are stored consistently?

A financial services company is using Amazon Aurora MySQL as its primary database. The database has a table 'transactions' that receives high inserts during business hours. The table is partitioned by date. Recently, the application team noticed an increase in lock wait timeouts. The database specialist reviewed the InnoDB status and found that there are frequent gap locks on the 'transaction_date' column. The isolation level is REPEATABLE READ. What should the specialist do to reduce lock waits while maintaining data consistency?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB as a session store for a web application. The application uses a TTL attribute to expire old sessions. The company noticed that expired sessions are not being deleted promptly, causing the table size to grow and increasing costs. The TTL attribute is defined as 'expire_time' with a Unix epoch timestamp. The database specialist verified that TTL is enabled. What should the specialist do to ensure expired sessions are deleted in a timely manner?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance is experiencing high CPU utilization and increased latency during peak hours. The administrator wants to identify the queries causing the issue. Which TWO actions should be taken to diagnose the problem? (Select TWO.)

A company is running a production Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible Edition database. The database has recently experienced several failovers due to replica lag. The DBA needs to implement monitoring to detect replica lag early. Which THREE metrics should be monitored to assess replication health? (Select THREE.)

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB for a highly transactional application. The application is experiencing increased latency and throttled requests. The operations team notices that the DynamoDB table's read and write capacity utilization is consistently near 100%. The table uses on-demand capacity mode. What is the MOST likely cause of the throttling?

A company is running a self-managed MongoDB cluster on Amazon EC2. The cluster consists of three replica set members in different Availability Zones. The primary node recently experienced a crash, and the cluster failed over to a secondary. However, the new primary is showing significantly higher latency. The operations team wants to ensure that failover is fast and consistent. What should be done to improve the failover reliability?

Refer to the exhibit. A DBA is troubleshooting a performance issue on an RDS for MySQL DB instance. The DBA runs the AWS CLI command shown. Based on the output, which of the following is a potential performance bottleneck?

A company runs a critical application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with a Multi-AZ deployment. The application experiences intermittent connection timeouts and slow query performance. The CloudWatch metrics show that the 'ReadLatency' and 'WriteLatency' metrics are elevated during peak hours. The 'CPUUtilization' is consistently below 30%, and 'DatabaseConnections' is within limits. The 'BurstBalance' for the gp2 storage is frequently dropping to 0%. The DB instance is a db.r5.large with 300 GB of gp2 storage. The company wants to resolve the latency issues without significant cost increase. Which solution should the company implement?

A company is running Amazon RDS for MySQL and notices that the database CPU utilization is consistently above 80% during peak hours. The application performance is degrading. Which action should be taken first to troubleshoot the issue?

A company has an Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity. Users report that write requests are occasionally throttled during peak hours. The application uses the AWS SDK and retries with exponential backoff. Which monitoring approach should be used to identify the cause of throttling?

A developer notices that an Amazon ElastiCache for Redis cluster is experiencing high latency. The cluster uses a single node. Which CloudWatch metric should be reviewed first to determine if the issue is due to memory pressure?

A company's Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance is running out of storage. The DB instance has auto-scaling enabled, but the storage did not increase. What is the most likely cause?

A company uses Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility) for its application. The application is experiencing high write latency. The DB cluster has one primary instance and two replicas. Which action should be taken to identify the cause?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for Oracle instance has a high number of connections, causing performance degradation. Which tool can be used to identify the active sessions and their queries?

A company's Amazon Redshift cluster is experiencing slow query performance. The cluster has three nodes. The administrator wants to identify if the issue is due to data distribution skew. Which approach should be used?

A company uses Amazon RDS for SQL Server with Multi-AZ deployment. During a failover test, the application experienced a longer downtime than expected. Which monitoring metric should be reviewed to understand the failover duration?

A developer needs to monitor the number of throttled read requests for a DynamoDB table. Which CloudWatch metric should be used?

Which TWO CloudWatch metrics should be monitored to detect storage performance issues for an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance? (Choose two.)

Which THREE metrics should be monitored to troubleshoot a slow Amazon Redshift query? (Choose three.)

Which TWO actions should be taken to troubleshoot high memory usage on an Amazon ElastiCache for Redis node? (Choose two.)

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The database experiences a sudden increase in latency and the application reports timeouts. CloudWatch shows elevated 'ReadLatency' and 'WriteLatency' metrics, while 'CPUUtilization' and 'DatabaseConnections' remain normal. Which is the MOST likely cause?

A developer reports that an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database instance's storage is full and the instance is in 'storage-full' state. The team wants to resolve this without downtime. Which action should be taken?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB Global Tables with strong consistent reads. They notice that a write to us-east-1 is not visible in eu-west-1 after several seconds. Which configuration setting is MOST likely causing this behavior?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 90% during peak hours. The application is read-heavy. Which action can reduce CPU load?

A company uses Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. They run a daily ETL job that loads data into the cluster. Recently, the job started failing with 'Disk Full' errors. The cluster has 5 RA3 nodes. Which step should be taken to resolve the issue?

An application uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a session store. Users report that sessions are being lost intermittently. The ElastiCache cluster has replication enabled with one replica. CloudWatch metrics show 'Evictions' spiking during peak hours. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB and notices that some queries are taking longer than expected. The table has a partition key only. The 'ConsumedReadCapacityUnits' is below the provisioned throughput. What is the most likely cause of the slow queries?

A database administrator is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance that is experiencing high 'ReadIOPS' and 'ReadLatency'. The instance uses General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. The 'BurstBalance' metric is 0%. What should the administrator do to improve performance?

A company runs a critical application on Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL. The application team reports that the database occasionally becomes unresponsive for a few seconds. CloudWatch metrics show 'CPUSurplusCreditsCharged' and 'CPUSurplusCredits' are not 0. The instance is a db.t3.medium. What is the likely cause and how should it be fixed?

A company is troubleshooting an Amazon DynamoDB table that is throttling write requests. The table has a partition key ('userId') and a sort key ('timestamp'). The 'WriteCapacityUnits' is set to 1000. CloudWatch shows 'ThrottledWriteRequests' but the 'ConsumedWriteCapacityUnits' is only 500. Which TWO actions could resolve the throttling?

A database administrator is monitoring an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance and sees the following CloudWatch metrics: 'DiskQueueDepth' is consistently at 10, 'WriteLatency' is 20 ms, 'FreeStorageSpace' is less than 10% of total. The instance uses gp2 storage. Which THREE actions should be taken to improve performance?

A company uses Amazon Redshift and notices that queries are taking longer than usual. CloudWatch metrics show 'CPUUtilization' is high and 'DiskSpace' is low. Which TWO actions can help improve query performance?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The application team reports that write latency has increased significantly over the past hour. CloudWatch shows elevated 'ReadLatency' and 'WriteLatency' metrics. The DB instance is a db.r5.large with 500 GB General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. Which action is most likely to resolve the issue?

A DevOps engineer notices that an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance has been in 'storage-full' state for the past 30 minutes. The instance has 500 GB of General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage, and the free storage space is 0 bytes. The database is critical and cannot tolerate downtime. What is the MOST efficient way to resolve this issue while minimizing downtime?

A company has an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster with one writer and two readers. The application is experiencing high read latency. CloudWatch shows that the 'AuroraBinlogReplicaLag' metric is high for one of the reader instances. What is the most likely cause?

An application running on Amazon EC2 is unable to connect to an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance. The security group for the RDS instance allows inbound traffic from the security group of the EC2 instance on port 1433. The network ACLs allow all traffic. What is a likely cause of the connectivity issue?

A company is running an Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity. The application is experiencing high latency for GetItem operations. CloudWatch shows that 'ThrottledRequests' is zero, but 'ConsumedReadCapacityUnits' is consistently below the provisioned limit. The table has a global secondary index (GSI) with a different partition key. What is the most likely cause of the high latency?

A company's Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance is experiencing high CPU utilization. The DB instance is a db.r5.large with 200 GB of General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. The application is performing many complex queries. Which action would BEST reduce CPU utilization without changing the application code?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The data engineering team notices that queries are running slower than expected. CloudWatch shows that 'CPUUtilization' is high and 'DiskSpaceUsage' is also high. The cluster has 4 dc2.large nodes. What is the most likely cause of the performance degradation?

A company is running an Amazon DynamoDB table with provisioned capacity. The table has a partition key of 'user_id' and a sort key of 'timestamp'. The application performs frequent Query operations using the partition key and a range of sort keys. Recently, the 'ThrottledRequests' metric has spiked. The read and write capacity units are consistently at 80% utilization. What is the most effective way to resolve the throttling?

A company is using Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL and needs to monitor the database for performance issues. Which TWO metrics in Amazon CloudWatch are most useful for identifying I/O bottlenecks?

A company's Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster is experiencing a failover event. Which THREE metrics in CloudWatch should be examined to understand the cause of the failover?

A company is troubleshooting an Amazon DynamoDB table that is experiencing high latency. The table uses on-demand capacity. Which TWO steps should be taken to diagnose the issue?

A company's Amazon Redshift cluster is experiencing slow query performance. Which THREE diagnostic steps should be taken to identify the bottleneck?

A company is experiencing slow query performance on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. The DB instance is a db.r5.large with 16 GB RAM and 500 GB gp2 storage. Which metric in Amazon CloudWatch would most directly help identify if the performance issue is due to memory pressure?

A developer reports that an application is unable to connect to an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The security group for the DB instance allows inbound traffic on port 3306 from the application server's security group. The DB instance is in a VPC with both public and private subnets. The application server is in a private subnet. What is the most likely cause of the connection failure?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. The application experiences increased latency during peak hours. The DynamoDB table has a read capacity of 10,000 RCU and write capacity of 5,000 WCU. The auto scaling target utilization is 70%. During peak hours, the consumed read capacity reaches 8,000 RCU, but auto scaling does not increase capacity. What is the most likely reason?

A database administrator is troubleshooting a failover event for an Amazon RDS for SQL Server Multi-AZ DB instance. The failover occurred automatically. Which AWS service or feature should the administrator use to view the failover history and the reason for the failover?

A company notices that its Amazon DynamoDB table is consuming more read capacity than expected. The table has a global secondary index (GSI) with a different sort key. Which action would most likely reduce the read consumption?

A company has an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster with a primary instance and two Aurora Replicas. The application is experiencing high write latency. The primary instance's CPU utilization is at 90%, while the replicas are at 30%. The DB cluster parameter group has the default values. Which change is most likely to reduce write latency?

A developer is troubleshooting an application that uses Amazon DynamoDB. The application sometimes receives ProvisionedThroughputExceededException errors. The table has on-demand capacity mode. The errors occur in short bursts. What is the most likely cause?

A company runs an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance. The database administrator wants to receive an alert when the storage space is below 10% of the allocated storage. Which Amazon CloudWatch metric and alarm threshold should be used?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with a table that has a partition key of 'user_id' (string) and sort key of 'timestamp' (number). The application queries for recent items for a specific user using the query API with KeyConditionExpression. The query returns items in descending order. Occasionally, the query returns items that are not the most recent. What is the most likely cause?

A company is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance that is experiencing high CPU utilization. The DB instance is a db.t3.medium. Which TWO actions should the database administrator take to investigate the cause?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. The table has a provisioned read capacity of 10,000 RCU and write capacity of 5,000 WCU. Auto scaling target utilization is 70%. The table experiences a sudden spike in read traffic, reaching 12,000 RCU. The table throttles some requests. Which THREE actions should the company take to prevent future throttling?

A database administrator is monitoring an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance. The administrator notices that the DB instance is using more memory than expected. Which TWO metrics in Amazon CloudWatch can help diagnose memory usage?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The application team reports increased latency during peak hours. Which AWS service should the database specialist use to identify the root cause?

A database specialist is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance that is experiencing intermittent connection timeouts. The application logs show errors like 'FATAL: remaining connection slots are reserved for non-replication superuser connections'. The max_connections parameter is set to 100. What should the specialist do to resolve this issue?

A company is running a production Amazon DynamoDB table and notices that read requests are being throttled. The table has on-demand capacity mode enabled. Which action should the database specialist take to troubleshoot the throttling?

A database specialist is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance that is running out of storage. The instance has 500 GB of provisioned storage and is using General Purpose SSD (gp2). The specialist wants to set up an alarm to notify when free storage space drops below 50 GB. Which CloudWatch metric and threshold should be used?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis to cache frequently accessed data. Recently, the application has been experiencing increased latency. The database specialist suspects that the cache hit ratio has decreased. Which CloudWatch metric should the specialist analyze to confirm this suspicion?

A database specialist is trying to connect to an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance from an EC2 instance but receives a 'Connection timed out' error. The security group for the RDS instance allows inbound traffic on port 3306 from the security group of the EC2 instance. What should the specialist check next?

A company is running an Amazon Aurora MySQL database cluster. The database specialist notices that the write latency is high during peak hours. The cluster consists of one writer and two reader instances. Which action should the specialist take to reduce write latency?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with global tables. The application team reports that data written in one region is not immediately available in another region. The database specialist needs to monitor the replication lag. Which CloudWatch metric should be used?

A database specialist is troubleshooting a slow Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL query. The specialist has enabled Performance Insights and sees that the database load is high. Which additional tool can provide detailed information about the specific queries causing the load?

A database specialist is monitoring an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance and notices that the 'CPUUtilization' metric is consistently above 90%. Which TWO actions should the specialist take to investigate the issue? (Select TWO.)

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with provisioned capacity. The application is experiencing throttling on write requests. The database specialist needs to identify the cause. Which THREE metrics should be reviewed in CloudWatch? (Select THREE.)

A database specialist is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance that has high replication lag between the primary and a read replica. Which TWO metrics should the specialist review to identify the cause? (Select TWO.)

A company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The database is experiencing increased latency and the application team reports slow queries. The DBA wants to identify the queries that consume the most resources. Which AWS service should be used to capture and analyze these queries?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a high-traffic application. Users report occasional 'ProvisionedThroughputExceededException' errors. The application uses consistent reads and retries with exponential backoff. What is the MOST efficient way to handle these errors and reduce the number of retries?

A database administrator notices that the /var/log/mysql/error.log file on an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance is growing rapidly. The administrator wants to monitor the log file size and receive alerts when it exceeds a certain threshold. Which AWS service should be used to set up this monitoring?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The database uses Oracle Data Guard for disaster recovery. Which AWS service should be used to monitor the replication lag between the source and target databases during migration?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The VACUUM operation is taking longer than expected, and the database administrator wants to identify the tables that require the most vacuuming effort. Which system table should be queried to find the percentage of deleted rows per table?

A developer is troubleshooting an issue where an application using Amazon DynamoDB is receiving occasional 'ThrottlingException' errors. The application uses eventually consistent reads. What is the MOST likely cause of this error?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer for a web application. The application's response time has increased, and the operations team suspects that cache evictions are occurring frequently. Which ElastiCache metric should be monitored to confirm cache evictions?

A company is using Amazon Aurora MySQL. The database performance has degraded, and the DBA wants to identify the queries that are waiting for locks. Which system table should be queried to find information about locking conflicts?

A database administrator is troubleshooting an issue where an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance is not allowing connections. The administrator checks the security group and network ACLs, and they are correctly configured. What is the next step to diagnose the issue?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB and wants to monitor the read/write capacity utilization of a table. Which TWO AWS services can be used to set up alarms for capacity consumption?

A company is migrating an on-premises SQL Server database to Amazon RDS for SQL Server. During the migration, the DBA notices that the network latency between the source and target is high. Which THREE actions can the DBA take to reduce the impact of network latency on migration performance?

A company is using Amazon Redshift and has a query that is running slowly. The DBA wants to identify if the query is I/O-bound. Which TWO metrics from Amazon CloudWatch can indicate I/O-bound queries?

Refer to the exhibit. A DBA is troubleshooting an issue where an IAM user cannot view CloudWatch metrics for an RDS DB instance. The IAM policy attached to the user is shown above. What is the MOST likely reason the user cannot view the metrics?

Refer to the exhibit. A DBA sees the above error log entries for an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. Which action should the DBA take to resolve the 'Too many connections' error?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer is trying to query the ProductCatalog table using the 'Id' attribute. The query returns no results even though the developer knows data was inserted. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company is running a production Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The application team reports intermittent connection timeouts. The DBA notices that the DB instance's CPU utilization spikes to 100% during these times. Which metric should be monitored to determine if the issue is due to a specific query?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB with global tables. During a regional failure, the application in the secondary region experiences higher latency and throttling. The DynamoDB table's WriteCapacityUnits are set to 10000 in both regions. Which action should be taken to reduce throttling during failover?

A developer notices that an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance is running low on free storage space. The instance has 100 GB of allocated storage. What is the recommended first step to troubleshoot this issue?

A company is running an Amazon Aurora MySQL-Compatible DB cluster. The application is experiencing increased latency during peak hours. The DB cluster's CPU utilization is at 40%, but the ReadReplicaLag metric is high. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) to improve read performance. Recently, the cache hit ratio has dropped significantly. The application uses strongly consistent reads. What is the most likely cause of the low cache hit ratio?

A database administrator is monitoring an Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance and notices that the FreeableMemory metric is consistently below 200 MB. Which of the following actions is most appropriate to mitigate performance issues?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The query performance has degraded over time. The DBA suspects that the distribution style of large tables is suboptimal. Which Redshift system view should be queried to identify distribution skew?

An application using Amazon DynamoDB is experiencing higher than expected read costs. The table uses on-demand capacity mode. The read pattern is mostly fetching small items (1 KB) using GetItem. Which of the following is the most cost-effective optimization?

A database administrator is troubleshooting a slow-running query on an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. Which CloudWatch metric should be monitored to determine if the query is experiencing storage I/O bottlenecks?

Which TWO metrics should be monitored together to detect a memory leak in an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance? (Choose TWO.)

Which THREE steps should be taken to troubleshoot high replica lag in an Amazon Aurora MySQL DB cluster? (Choose THREE.)

Which TWO CloudWatch Logs features can be used to monitor and troubleshoot Amazon RDS for SQL Server error logs? (Choose TWO.)

A company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The database experiences intermittent write latency spikes. CloudWatch shows elevated 'WriteLatency' and 'WriteIOPS' but normal 'CPUUtilization'. Which is the MOST likely cause?

A DevOps engineer notices that an Amazon DynamoDB table's read capacity is frequently throttled during peak hours. The table has read-once, read-many workload. Which action is MOST cost-effective to reduce throttling?

A database specialist is troubleshooting an Amazon Aurora MySQL cluster. The writer instance's CPU is at 90% and there are frequent 'Lock wait timeout exceeded' errors. The application uses many short-lived connections. What should the specialist do FIRST to reduce lock contention?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon RDS for Oracle. The migration uses AWS DMS. After the migration, the database has a 30-minute recovery point objective (RPO). Which Amazon RDS feature should be configured to meet a 5-minute RPO?

A developer reports that an Amazon ElastiCache for Redis cluster's memory usage is consistently above 90%. The application uses Redis for caching and session storage. Which configuration change would MOST effectively reduce memory pressure?

A database specialist is monitoring an Amazon DynamoDB global table with two replicas in separate regions. The specialist notices that the 'ReplicatedWriteConflictCount' metric is increasing. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with logical replication to a downstream system. The replication slot grows unbounded and causes storage full issues. Which action resolves this without data loss?

A developer is troubleshooting slow queries in Amazon RDS for MySQL. The 'Threads_running' status variable is consistently above 200. The application uses connection pooling. Which metric should be monitored to identify the root cause?

A company uses Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. A nightly ETL job fails with 'Disk full' error on some nodes. The cluster has 8 dc2.large nodes. Which action will MOST efficiently resolve the issue without increasing costs?

A database specialist is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance that is experiencing high CPU utilization. The instance has multiple databases. Which TWO actions should the specialist take to identify the cause?

An Amazon DynamoDB table is experiencing throttled write requests. The table uses provisioned capacity with auto-scaling enabled. Which THREE factors could contribute to throttling despite auto-scaling?

A company uses Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL with Multi-AZ. The primary instance fails and a failover occurs. After failover, the application reports elevated write latency. Which TWO are possible causes?

A company is running a production Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database. The database has experienced a sudden spike in CPU utilization, causing application timeouts. The monitoring team needs to identify the root cause. Which AWS service or feature should be used to analyze the database load and identify the specific queries causing the high CPU?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB for a high-traffic application. The application is experiencing intermittent `ProvisionedThroughputExceededException` errors. The team has already increased the read and write capacity units multiple times but the errors persist. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause of the issue?

A database administrator notices that an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance's storage is filling up unexpectedly. The administrator has enabled automated backups and retains them for 7 days. Which of the following actions would help reduce storage consumption without losing the ability to perform point-in-time recovery?

A company is using Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. The operations team notices that queries are running slower than usual. Which Amazon Redshift system view should be used to identify the queries that are consuming the most resources?

A company is running a MongoDB-compatible Amazon DocumentDB cluster. The application team reports that write operations are failing intermittently with a `WriteConcernError` indicating that the write concern could not be satisfied. The cluster has one primary and two replicas. What is the MOST likely cause of this issue?

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. The migration uses AWS Database Migration Service (DMS) with ongoing replication. The team notices that the target Aurora database is falling behind the source during peak hours. Which of the following actions would MOST effectively improve the replication performance?

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer. The application is experiencing higher latency than expected. The team suspects that cache evictions are occurring due to memory pressure. Which ElastiCache metric should be monitored to confirm this?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB and has enabled DynamoDB Streams. The application needs to process stream records in real-time. Which AWS service can be used to invoke a Lambda function automatically for each stream record?

A company is running an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance with Multi-AZ deployment. The database is used by a critical application. During a recent failover test, the application experienced a 2-minute downtime. The application's connection string uses the DB instance endpoint, not the cluster endpoint. Which change would minimize downtime during future failovers?

A company is using Amazon RDS for MySQL and needs to monitor for slow queries. Which TWO AWS services can be used to capture and analyze slow query logs? (Choose TWO.)

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling enabled. Despite auto scaling, the application is still experiencing throttling during traffic spikes. Which THREE actions should the company take to resolve this issue? (Choose THREE.)

A company is using Amazon Redshift and notices that queries are running slowly. Which TWO system views should be used to identify the cause of the slow queries? (Choose TWO.)

A company runs an e-commerce platform on AWS using a multi-tier architecture. The application tier consists of Auto Scaling groups of EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. The database tier uses Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. Recently, the operations team noticed that during flash sales, the application becomes unresponsive and users receive 503 errors. The team checks CloudWatch metrics and sees that the RDS instance's CPU utilization spikes to 100%, and the `DatabaseConnections` metric also spikes to the maximum allowed value of 500. The application uses connection pooling with a maximum of 200 connections, but the metric shows 500 connections. The team suspects that the connection pooling configuration is not being honored. The application code is written in Python and uses SQLAlchemy with a connection pool size of 10 per application instance. There are 20 application instances in the Auto Scaling group during peak times. The team wants to resolve the issue without increasing the database instance size. What should the team do?

A database administrator notices that the CPU utilization on an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance is consistently above 90% during peak hours. Which CloudWatch metric should be checked first to identify the cause of the high CPU usage?

A company is running a production Amazon Aurora MySQL database. The database performance has degraded over the past week. The DBA suspects an increase in lock waits. Which tool should be used to identify queries experiencing lock waits?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling. The application is experiencing increased read latency. The monitoring shows that the ReadThrottleEvents metric is high. Which action should the company take to reduce read throttling?

A developer reports that an application is unable to connect to an Amazon RDS for Oracle database. The security group for the database allows inbound traffic on port 1521 from the application's security group. The database is publicly accessible. What should be checked next?

A company is running a MongoDB database on Amazon EC2. The database is experiencing high disk I/O latency. Which AWS service can be used to monitor the disk I/O metrics at the instance level?

A company is experiencing slow query performance on an Amazon RDS for MySQL database. The DBA wants to identify the most time-consuming queries. Which TWO actions should the DBA take? (Choose two.)

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with global tables. The application is experiencing high write latency in one region. Which THREE factors could contribute to this issue? (Choose three.)

A database administrator needs to monitor the free storage space on an Amazon RDS for SQL Server instance. Which TWO CloudWatch metrics should be used? (Choose two.)

A company runs an e-commerce platform using Amazon Aurora MySQL with Multi-AZ deployment. The application has a read-heavy workload and uses a mix of SELECT and UPDATE queries. Recently, the company migrated from a db.r5.large to a db.r5.2xlarge instance class to handle increased traffic. However, after the migration, the CPU utilization remains high during peak hours, and the application's page load times have increased. The DBA notices that the 'Read IOPS' metric is high, but the 'Read Latency' metric is low. There is also a high number of 'Select' queries in the database. The application uses a single database endpoint. What should the DBA do to reduce CPU utilization and improve read performance?

A startup is using Amazon DynamoDB for a gaming leaderboard. The table has a partition key of 'game_id' and a sort key of 'score'. The application frequently queries the top 10 scores for a given game. Recently, users have reported that the leaderboard is showing stale data. The DBA checks the CloudWatch metrics and sees no throttling. The table has auto scaling enabled. The application uses eventual consistent reads. The DBA suspects that the issue is related to write conflicts. What should the DBA do to ensure the leaderboard shows the most recent data?

A company has an Amazon RDS for SQL Server database that stores customer orders. The database is running on a db.m5.large instance. Recently, the DBA noticed that the 'Write IOPS' metric is consistently high during business hours, and the 'Write Latency' metric is also elevated. The application is experiencing slow order placement. The DBA checks the disk queue depth and finds it to be high. The database uses General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage with 500 GB. What should the DBA do to improve write performance?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with auto scaling for a social media application. The table has a partition key of 'user_id'. The application performs many small writes (update user profile) and reads (fetch user profile). Recently, the application's response time has increased. The DBA checks CloudWatch and sees that 'ConsumedWriteCapacityUnits' is close to 'ProvisionedWriteCapacityUnits', and 'WriteThrottleEvents' is low. However, 'ReadThrottleEvents' is high. The table has 1000 WCU and 1000 RCU provisioned. The auto scaling is configured to add capacity when utilization exceeds 70%. The DBA also notices that 'ReadThrottleEvents' spikes during peak hours. What should the DBA do to reduce read throttling?

A company has an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database that is experiencing intermittent connection timeouts. The application logs show 'FATAL: remaining connection slots are reserved for non-replication superuser connections'. The database has a max_connections parameter set to 200. The application uses a connection pool. The DBA checks the CloudWatch metric 'DatabaseConnections' and sees it at 195 during peak hours. The application is deployed on AWS Lambda with a provisioned concurrency of 100. The Lambda function creates a new connection for each invocation. What should the DBA do to resolve the issue?

A company runs a production Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL Multi-AZ DB instance (db.r5.large) with 500 GB of General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. The application experiences intermittent latency spikes every 15 minutes. Monitoring shows that during these spikes, the ReadIOPS metric on the primary instance spikes to 5,000 IOPS (the baseline is 1,500 IOPS), and the BurstBalance drops from 100% to 20% then recovers. There is no increase in CPU or connections. The application uses connection pooling with pgBouncer on an EC2 instance. The team has verified that no long-running queries or index scans are causing the spikes. Which action is MOST likely to resolve the intermittent latency?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB to store sensor data from IoT devices. The table has a partition key of DeviceID (String) and a sort key of Timestamp (Number). The table is configured with provisioned capacity of 1000 read capacity units (RCUs) and 500 write capacity units (WCUs). Auto Scaling is enabled with target utilization of 70% and is working correctly. Recently, a new batch job was introduced that performs Scan operations on the entire table every hour. The Scan consumes many read capacity units and causes throttling of the sensor write requests. The team wants to minimize the impact on the write-heavy sensor ingestion. Which approach is BEST?

A company runs a self-managed Redis cluster on Amazon EC2 for caching. The cluster has one primary and two replicas, each on c5.large instances. The application experiences high latency during peak hours. CloudWatch metrics show that the primary node's CPU utilization is consistently above 80% and the network bandwidth is near the instance limit. The replicas show moderate CPU usage. The team wants to reduce latency without increasing cost significantly. Which combination of actions should the team take? (Choose two.)

A company uses Amazon Aurora MySQL for its e-commerce platform. The DB cluster has one writer and two readers. Recently, the application started showing occasional deadlock errors during order processing. The error logs show: 'Transaction (Process ID 123) was deadlocked on lock resources with another process and has been chosen as the deadlock victim. Rerun the transaction.' The application retries three times before failing. The development team wants to reduce the likelihood of deadlocks. Which three actions should the team take? (Choose three.)

A company uses Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility) for its content management system. The application runs on EC2 instances and connects to a DocumentDB cluster with one instance (db.r5.large). Recently, users reported that retrieving documents takes longer than usual. CloudWatch metrics show that the CPU utilization of the DocumentDB instance is at 90% and the freeable memory is below 100 MB. The team has verified that no query optimization is possible. Which action should the team take FIRST to improve performance?

A company runs a critical MySQL database on Amazon RDS Single-AZ (db.m5.large) with 200 GB of Provisioned IOPS (io1) storage set to 3000 IOPS. The application team reports that write operations are occasionally slow. CloudWatch metrics show that the Write IOPS metric peaks at 3500 IOPS during the slowdowns, but the average is 2000 IOPS. The Read IOPS average is 500 IOPS. The queue depth metric occasionally spikes to 20. The storage configuration includes a 50 GB General Purpose SSD (gp2) log volume attached to the same RDS instance. Which change will MOST effectively resolve the write latency?

A company uses Amazon DynamoDB Global Tables for a multi-region application. The table is configured with on-demand capacity. The application writes data in the us-east-1 region and reads from us-west-2. Users in us-west-2 report that data written in us-east-1 is not appearing in us-west-2 within the expected replication latency of under 5 seconds. Instead, replication sometimes takes up to 30 seconds. Which two factors could be causing this increased replication latency? (Choose two.)

A company runs a PostgreSQL database on an Amazon RDS DB instance (db.t3.medium) with 100 GB of General Purpose SSD (gp2) storage. The database is used by a web application that experiences occasional slowdowns. CloudWatch metrics show that the BurstBalance metric for the storage volume drops to 0% during peak usage and then recovers. The average IOPS during peak is 600, and the baseline IOPS for the volume is 300. The team needs a cost-effective solution to eliminate the performance issues. What should the team do?