Object-Oriented Programming

Refer to the exhibit. What is the likely cause?

A development team is building a library management system. The system has classes 'LibraryItem', 'Book', and 'DVD'. LibraryItem has a method 'getTitle()' that returns the title. Book and DVD extend LibraryItem. The team wants to ensure that when a LibraryItem is borrowed, a message specific to its type is displayed. They have a 'Borrower' class with a method 'borrow(LibraryItem item)', which currently calls 'item.getTitle()' and prints the title. Now they need to display 'Book borrowed' or 'DVD borrowed' based on the actual item type. They want to avoid using 'instanceof' checks in the 'borrow' method to keep it open for new item types. Which design should they use?

Which THREE are fundamental principles of Object-Oriented Programming? (Choose three.)

Refer to the exhibit. What is the output?

A class 'Animal' has a method 'makeSound()'. Subclasses 'Dog' and 'Cat' override it. When calling makeSound() on an Animal reference that actually holds a Dog object, the Dog's version is executed. This is an example of:

A developer wants to achieve loose coupling between components. Which two practices support loose coupling? (Choose two.)

Which THREE are benefits of using inheritance?

A banking application has a base class 'Account' with a method 'withdraw()' marked as final. A subclass 'SavingsAccount' tries to override 'withdraw()'. What is the outcome?

A company's HR system uses an Employee class with sensitive salary information. The team wants to allow other classes to read the salary but not modify it. Which approach best preserves encapsulation?

Which two of the following are fundamental principles of Object-Oriented Programming? (Choose two.)

In a Java application, a class 'OrderProcessor' contains a method that processes orders. The method currently handles multiple responsibilities: validating order data, calculating totals, updating inventory, and sending notifications. The team wants to refactor this method to follow the Single Responsibility Principle. Which action should they take?

Match each Java exception class to its category.

Arrange the steps to implement an interface in a Java class in the correct order.

A junior developer writes a method that attempts to modify a String: public void update() { String s = "Hello"; s.concat(" World"); System.out.println(s); } What will be printed when update() is called?

Which TWO statements are true about the 'super' keyword in Java?

A class that does not define any constructor has:

What is the output of: System.out.println(new Manager("Alice", 5).getName());

Refer to the exhibit. What is the output when the following code is executed? Vehicle v = new Car(); v.accelerate(); System.out.println(v.speed);

Which of the following best demonstrates polymorphism in Java?

Given: abstract class Shape { abstract void draw(); } class Circle extends Shape { void draw() {} } Which is true?

A Java class named 'Helper' is defined in package 'utils'. Another class in a different package tries to access a public method of Helper but receives a compilation error. The Helper class is declared as 'class Helper' (without public modifier). What is the likely issue?

A company is developing a configuration manager that must be shared across all components to ensure consistent settings. The manager should prevent direct instantiation and provide a single access point. Which design pattern and implementation should be used?

Which TWO of the following are valid benefits of using inheritance in Java? (Choose two.)

Consider the following interface: public interface Drawable { void draw(); } A developer implements Drawable in class Circle. Which statement about the implementation is correct?

A logging utility class keeps track of the number of log entries using a static integer variable. The class is instantiated multiple times in the application. How does the count variable behave?

In a banking application, a class 'Account' has a private field 'balance'. Which is the best way to allow subclasses to read but not directly modify 'balance'?

Which THREE statements are true about interfaces in Java? (Choose three.)

A calculator class has two overloaded methods: add(int a, int b) and add(double a, double b). A call to add(3, 4) will invoke which method?

A class has a method that is marked as protected. Which statement is true about its accessibility?

A company develops a payroll system in Java with a hierarchy: Employee, Manager (extends Employee), and Director (extends Manager). Each class overrides a method getDetails() that returns a string with employee information. Employee's getDetails() returns name and ID. Manager's getDetails() adds department. Director's getDetails() adds division. The system uses a single method printDetails(Employee e) that calls e.getDetails(). After a recent deployment, the system prints only the name and ID for all employees, even for managers and directors. The code review reveals that Employee's getDetails() is declared with default (package-private) access, while the overridden versions in Manager and Director are public. The printDetails method and the Manager/Director classes are in different packages. What is the most likely cause and the correct solution?

A developer writes: Object obj = new String("Hello"); System.out.println(obj.length()); What will be the output?

Which TWO access modifiers allow access from a subclass in a different package?

A developer wants to ensure that a class cannot be subclassed. Which keyword should be used?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the output?

A team is designing a system where a 'Report' class can be generated in different formats (PDF, Excel, HTML). They want to avoid modifying the Report class when adding new formats. Which OOP principle or pattern should they use?

Which statement about abstract classes and interfaces is true in Java?

Which THREE are true about Java constructors?

A developer is working on a Java application that processes sensor data. The code uses a class 'SensorDataProcessor' which directly instantiates specific sensor classes like 'TemperatureSensor' and 'PressureSensor' inside its methods. The team wants to make the system extensible to support new sensor types without modifying the processor class. Which design change best achieves this?

A junior developer created a class 'BankAccount' with public fields for balance and account number. After deployment, users are able to set negative balances, causing issues. Which OOP principle should have been applied to prevent this?

Refer to the exhibit. Why does the code fail to compile?

A developer writes a class 'Vehicle' with a method 'move()' that prints 'Vehicle moves'. A subclass 'Car' overrides 'move()' to print 'Car moves'. Given: Vehicle v = new Car(); v.move(); What is the output?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the potential issue with this singleton implementation in a multithreaded environment?

A Java application uses an interface 'Drawable' with a default method 'draw()'. A class 'Circle' implements Drawable but does not override draw(). Another class 'Square' implements Drawable and overrides draw(). Which statement is true about calling draw() on instances of Circle and Square?

Which TWO statements about interfaces in Java are true?

A class 'Base' has a method 'public void display() throws IOException'. Subclass 'Derived' overrides display(). Which exception specifications are allowed in the overriding method?

Which TWO statements are true about interfaces in Java?

class Parent { void show() { System.out.print("Parent"); } } class Child extends Parent { void show() { System.out.print("Child"); } } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Parent p = new Child(); p.show(); } } What is the output?

A developer wants to prevent a method from being overridden. Which modifier should be used?

Which access modifier allows a member to be accessed only within the same class?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the output?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the problem with this class?

Which is the correct way to call a superclass constructor from a subclass constructor?

A developer writes a class 'Animal' with a method 'sound()'. The 'Cat' subclass overrides 'sound()'. If an Animal reference points to a Cat object, which method is called when sound() is invoked?

A developer creates an interface 'Drawable' with a single abstract method 'draw()'. They then create a class 'Circle' that implements Drawable but forgets to provide the draw() method. Circle is not declared abstract. What will happen when compiling Circle?

A developer wants to create a class that can be used to represent different types of vehicles (e.g., Car, Truck, Motorcycle) and each vehicle type should be able to start its own engine in a specific way. Which OOP concept should be used to allow the vehicle class to define a common interface while letting subclasses provide specific implementations?

Which three statements about constructors in Java are true? (Choose three.)

A security-sensitive class should not be extended by any other class. Which modifier should be applied to the class declaration?

Which design principle is violated by making all fields public in a class?