Computer Programming and Python Fundamentals

A developer writes a script that prompts the user for their age and stores it in a variable. Which code snippet correctly converts the input to an integer?

Which of the following is the correct way to define a function that takes no arguments and returns the value 42?

A program uses a variable named 'list' that shadows the built-in list type. Later, the code tries to create a new list using list([1,2,3]) but gets a TypeError. What is the most likely cause?

A programmer writes: x = 5; y = 2; result = x / y. What is the type of result?

Given the code: a = [1, 2, 3]; b = a; b.append(4). What is the value of a?

Which of the following statements about Python indentation is true?

A developer needs to iterate over the indices of a list named 'items' and print each index and its corresponding value. Which loop construct is most appropriate?

What is the output of: print(2 ** 3 ** 2)?

A student writes the code: x = 10; if x > 5: print("big"); else: print("small"). What is the output?

Which TWO of the following are valid Python variable names? (Choose two.)

Which THREE of the following are Python data types? (Choose three.)

Which TWO of the following code snippets will result in a SyntaxError? (Choose two.)

Which THREE of the following are valid ways to create a list with elements 1, 2, 3? (Choose three.)

What is the output?

What is the output?

What is the output?

A junior developer is working on a script that processes user data. The script reads a CSV file into a list of dictionaries. Each dictionary represents a user with keys 'name', 'age', and 'email'. The developer needs to filter out users under 18 and store their names in a list. The current code is: users = [{'name': 'Alice', 'age': 17, 'email': 'alice@example.com'}, {'name': 'Bob', 'age': 22, 'email': 'bob@example.com'}] minors = [] for user in users: if user['age'] < 18: minors.append(user['name']) print(minors) The code works, but the senior developer says it is not idiomatic and suggests a more concise solution. Which of the following approaches is the best replacement?

A system administrator is writing a Python script to monitor disk usage. The script uses the psutil library (not part of PCEP scope, but the scenario is generic). The administrator writes: import psutil disk = psutil.disk_usage('/') print(disk.free) But the script fails with an ImportError because psutil is not installed. The administrator decides to handle this gracefully: if the module is missing, the script should print a custom error message and exit without crashing. Which code snippet achieves this?

A developer writes a Python script that calculates the average of a list of numbers. The script sometimes produces a ZeroDivisionError. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate way to handle this error to keep the script running?

A Python program is designed to process user input and store results in a dictionary. The code uses the statement: my_dict[user_key] = value. Under which condition will this statement raise a TypeError?

A Python script contains the following line: x = 5. Later in the script, the programmer wants to check if x is an integer. Which of the following is the BEST way to perform this check?

Which TWO of the following are valid Python variable names? (Choose two.)

Which THREE of the following statements about Python data types are correct? (Choose three.)

What is the output of the code in the exhibit?

What is the output of the code in the exhibit?

A programmer wants to iterate over a list of strings and print each string in uppercase. Which of the following code snippets will accomplish this?

A Python script uses the following code to open a file: f = open('data.txt', 'w'). The programmer then writes multiple lines to the file. After writing, which of the following is the BEST practice to ensure data integrity?

A junior developer is tasked with writing a Python script that reads a list of integers from a file, removes any duplicate numbers, and then writes the unique numbers back to the same file in ascending order. The file 'numbers.txt' currently contains one integer per line. The developer writes the following code: with open('numbers.txt', 'r') as f: numbers = [int(line.strip()) for line in f] unique = list(set(numbers)) unique.sort() with open('numbers.txt', 'w') as f: for num in unique: f.write(str(num) + '\n') The script runs without errors, but the output file contains the numbers in descending order instead of ascending. The developer checks the sort() method and confirms it sorts in ascending order. What is the MOST likely cause of the issue?

Arrange the steps to write and run a Python script from the command line in the correct order.

Arrange the steps to read data from a text file in Python.

Arrange the steps to slice a list in Python.

Match each Python data type to its description.

Match each Python keyword to its use.

Match each Python list method to its effect.

A developer writes code to calculate the area of a rectangle and prints it. The code is: length = 10 width = 5 area = length * width print('The area is', area) If the width is accidentally assigned a string '5', what error will occur?

An application requires different messages based on temperature. Given: temp = 25 if temp > 30: print('Hot') elif temp > 20: print('Warm') else: print('Cool') What is the output?

A QA engineer needs to run a test 5 times. Which loop construct is most appropriate?

A data scientist has a list: scores = [88, 92, 79, 93, 85]. They want to add 5 bonus points to each score and store the new scores. Which code accomplishes this?

A developer wants to extract the file extension from a filename: 'report.pdf'. Which string method will return 'pdf'?

A function is defined as: def add(a, b=5): return a + b What is the result of add(10)?

A developer writes: try: x = int('hello') except ValueError: x = 0 except TypeError: x = -1 finally: x = x + 1 What is the final value of x?

Consider code: def outer(): x = 1 def inner(): nonlocal x x = 2 inner() print(x) outer() What is printed?

A dictionary: d = {1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c'}. Which code will cause a KeyError?

Which TWO of the following are valid variable names in Python?

Which TWO statements about Python lists are true?

Which THREE of the following will correctly iterate over all keys and values of a dictionary d = {'a':1, 'b':2}?

A user enters 5 at the prompt. What is printed?

What will be printed?

The above JSON is loaded into a Python dictionary named data using json.load(). A developer writes: print(data['languages'][1][:3]) What is printed?

Which of the following code snippets will correctly assign the integer 10 to the variable 'x'?

A programmer writes the following code: if x > 5: print('Greater') What is the most likely cause of an IndentationError?

According to PEP 8, which of the following is the recommended way to name a constant representing the maximum number of retries?

What is the output of the following code? print('Hello'.upper())

Which logical expression evaluates to True given that a = 5 and b = 10?

Which of the following is the most efficient (Pythonic) way to create a list of squares for numbers 0 through 9?

What function is used to read input from the user in Python 3?

Consider the following function definition: def add(a, b): return a + b What is the value of add(3, '4')?

What is the scope of a variable defined inside a function?

Which TWO of the following are valid Python variable names? (Choose two.)

Which THREE of the following are correct ways to create a list containing the numbers 1, 2, 3? (Choose three.)

Which TWO of the following expressions evaluate to True? (Choose two.)

What is the output of the code in the exhibit?

A developer runs the code from the exhibit and gets the error shown. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

The exhibit shows a JSON configuration. Which Python data structure is best suited to represent this configuration?

A junior developer writes the following code to swap two variables: a = 5; b = 10; a = b; b = a. When they print a and b, what is the output?

A team is developing a script that processes user input. They want to ensure that if the user enters a non-numeric value when asked for age, the program does not crash. Which approach should they use?

A Python script processes a large file and runs out of memory. Which solution is most appropriate?

Which of the following is a correct way to comment multiple lines in Python?

A programmer wants to iterate over a list and also access the index. Which built-in function should they use?

What is the output of the following code? x = [1, 2, 3]; y = x; y.append(4); print(x)

Which of the following is an immutable data type in Python?

A developer writes a function that returns multiple values. How should they return these values?

What is the result of the expression: (1 and 0) or (not False and True)?

Which TWO of the following are valid variable names in Python? (Choose Two)

Which TWO of the following statements about Python's for loop are correct? (Choose Two)

Which THREE of the following are valid ways to create a list with elements 1, 2, 3? (Choose Three)

Refer to the exhibit. What is the output?

Refer to the exhibit. What is printed?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the most likely cause of this error?

A developer wrote: a, b, c = 10, 20, 30; avg = a + b + c / 3; print(avg). What is the output?

A Python function is designed to return the first element of a list. However, when passed an empty list, it raises an IndexError. Which best practice should be applied to handle this robustly?

A programmer needs to read a file line by line and process each line. Which of the following is the most memory-efficient and Pythonic approach?

A Python script calculates the area of a circle: radius = 5; area = 3.14 * radius ** 2; print(area). What is printed?

A program uses a for loop to double each element in a list: numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; for num in numbers: num = num * 2. After execution, numbers remains unchanged. Why?

A programmer wants to create a function that can accept any number of keyword arguments and store them in a dictionary. Which function definition is correct?

A Python program prompts the user for their age and stores it in a variable. Which is the correct way to convert the input to an integer?

A developer needs to check if a number is positive and even. Which conditional expression is correct?

A function is supposed to modify a list passed as argument by appending an element. However, after calling the function, the original list remains unchanged. Which is the most likely cause?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the output?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the output?

Refer to the exhibit. Which of the following is true about the output?

Which two of the following are valid Python variable names? (Choose two.)

Which two of the following are correct ways to create a dictionary in Python? (Choose two.)

Which three of the following are true about Python lists? (Choose three.)

A junior developer writes a Python script to calculate the average of three numbers: avg = a + b + c / 3. What is the problem with this code?

A developer writes a function that modifies a global variable inside the function: count = 0 def increment(): count += 1 When called, an error occurs. What is the correct way to fix this?

A company is developing a data processing pipeline that must handle large datasets efficiently. They notice that using a list comprehension to filter data is slower than expected. Which alternative approach would likely improve performance?

A developer wants to create a list of even numbers from 0 to 10 inclusive. Which code snippet will correctly produce [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]?

A beginner writes: x = 10; y = 3; print(x // y). What is the output?

A developer is writing a script to process user input. The script should repeatedly ask for a number until a valid integer is entered. Which loop structure is most appropriate?

A developer writes: print('Hello' + 5). What is the result?

A company has a Python script that imports a module from a package. The package structure is: mypackage/__init__.py, mypackage/module.py. The script uses 'from mypackage import module'. Which file must exist for this import to work?

A script uses 'import math' then calls 'math.sqrt(-1)'. What is the outcome?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the output when the following code is executed: print(calculate_discount(100, 0.6))

Refer to the exhibit. What is the output?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer runs this code. What is printed?

Which TWO of the following are valid Python variable names?

Which THREE of the following are built-in Python data types?

Which TWO statements correctly describe Python's dynamic typing?

Which of the following variable names is valid in Python?

What is the result of the following expression? 3 + 4 * 2 ** 3 // 5

Given the code: my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. What is the output of print(my_list[-3:-1])?

What does the following code print? text = 'Hello World'; print(text.replace('o', '0').upper())

Which of the following is a floating-point literal?

What is the output of the following code? try: print(1/0); except ZeroDivisionError: print('error'); finally: print('done')

Which keyword is used to define a function in Python?

What does the following code output? for i in range(3): if i == 1: continue; print(i, end=' ')

Consider the code: x = 10; def func(): x = 5; print(x); func(); print(x). What is the output?

Which TWO of the following are immutable data types in Python?

Which TWO of the following code snippets will produce the output 'True'? (Assume all variables are defined appropriately.)

Which THREE of the following are valid ways to create a list in Python?

Refer to the exhibit. What type of error occurred, and which line caused it?

You are a junior developer at a logistics company. Your team maintains a Python script that processes daily shipment data from a CSV file. The script reads the file, computes total weight per shipment, and writes results to a new CSV. Recently, the script started crashing sporadically with a 'ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'NULL''. The CSV file sometimes contains the string 'NULL' in the weight column for missing values. The current code reads the weight column as: weight = int(row['weight']). Your team lead wants a robust fix that handles missing data gracefully without crashing, and also logs the line number for any problematic rows for later review. Which of the following approaches best meets these requirements?

You are an IT support specialist for a university. A professor uses a Python script that analyzes exam scores from a text file. The script calculates the average score and prints it. Recently, the script outputs 'NaN' instead of a number. The relevant code is: scores = [float(line.strip()) for line in open('scores.txt')]; average = sum(scores) / len(scores); print(average). You inspect the scores.txt file and find that one line contains the word 'Absent' and another line is blank. The professor wants the script to ignore non-numeric lines and blank lines, and also print a warning if any line was skipped. Which of the following modifications to the script best achieves this?

A developer writes a function that calculates the area of a rectangle and prints the result inside the function. Later, they need to use this area in another calculation. What should they do to make the function reusable and composable?

While debugging a Python script, you see the following error: 'IndentationError: expected an indented block'. The code appears to be correctly indented with spaces. What is the most likely cause?

A Python developer is creating a function that processes a list of dictionaries and needs to ensure the original list remains unchanged. They write the following code: def process(data): for item in data: item['processed'] = True return data What is the best-practice critique of this function?

A junior developer is writing a script to read a number from input and double it. They write: num = input("Enter a number: ") result = num * 2 print(result) When they test with input 5, the output is '55' instead of 10. What is wrong?

A team is writing a Python script that reads a large log file and counts occurrences of ERROR. The script works but is very slow. They profile it and find that most time is spent reading the file line by line. Which optimization technique is most appropriate?

Which TWO of the following are valid variable names in Python? (Choose two.)

Which THREE of the following code snippets will successfully print the string 'Hello, World!'? (Choose three.)

A Python script contains the following code: x = [1, 2, 3] y = x y.append(4) z = x.copy() z.append(5) After execution, which TWO of the following statements are true? (Choose two.)

You are a junior developer at a small startup. Your team has a Python script that automates daily data processing. The script reads a CSV file, processes each row, and writes results to a new file. Recently, the script started crashing with a 'ValueError: invalid literal for int()' error. The error occurs on a line that converts a field to an integer using int() on a string value. The CSV file comes from an external source that sometimes contains non-numeric values like 'N/A' or empty strings. Which course of action is best to handle this robustly without stopping the entire process?

You are maintaining a Python script that calculates team bonuses based on sales data. The script reads a dictionary where keys are employee names and values are total sales (float). It then applies a 10% bonus if sales exceed 5000. The code snippet is: def calculate_bonus(sales): for name, value in sales.items(): if value > 5000: print(f"{name} gets bonus") However, the manager wants the script to return a list of employees who qualify, not just print them. They also want to avoid side effects. What is the best way to modify this function?

You are a developer in a company that runs a Python script daily to generate reports. The script uses the os module to list files in a directory and process each. Recently, after a server migration, the script fails with 'PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied'. The script runs under a service account that has read/write access to most folders, but the migration changed the permissions on certain subdirectories. The error is intermittent, occurring only for some files. You need to fix the script to continue processing other files even if one fails. Which approach should you take?

You are working on a Python application that interacts with an external API to fetch user data. The API returns JSON responses. Occasionally, the API returns a response with a missing key that your code assumes always exists, causing a KeyError. The application is critical and must continue functioning even if some data is incomplete. The data is processed in a loop over a list of user IDs. Your team lead suggests using the dictionary's get() method with a default value. However, the nested structure may have missing keys at multiple levels. What is the most robust way to handle this?

You are a developer in a financial firm. Your team is building a Python module that performs complex calculations on large datasets. To improve performance, you are using list comprehensions and built-in functions. Your code passes all unit tests, but during integration testing, the memory usage spikes unexpectedly. The problematic area is a function that constructs a large list of intermediate results using a list comprehension that references a generator. The code is: def process(data): results = [expensive_transform(x) for x in data] # further processing on results You suspect that the list comprehension stores all results in memory at once, but you need to keep the function's output as a list for subsequent operations. What is the best solution to reduce memory without changing the function's return type?

You are a developer on a team that maintains a legacy Python 2 codebase being migrated to Python 3. One function reads a file in text mode and counts word frequencies. In Python 2, the code used the dict.iteritems() method to iterate over the dictionary. After migration, the code raises AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'iteritems'. You need to update the code to work in Python 3 while minimizing changes. Which action should you take?

You are a developer in a data science team using Python for analysis. A colleague wrote a script that downloads a CSV file from a URL, parses it using csv.DictReader, and prints summary statistics. The script works on his machine but fails on yours with 'UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0xe9 in position 100: invalid continuation byte'. The CSV file contains text in multiple languages, including French accents. The error occurs in the csv.DictReader call. You need to fix the script to work on any machine. Which approach is best?

Which TWO of the following are valid variable names in Python?

A junior developer is writing a script to process a list of user IDs: ids = [101, 102, 103, 104]. The goal is to create a new list where each ID is increased by 10, without modifying the original list. The developer writes: new_ids = ids.append(10). However, the output shows None. The developer needs to correctly create the new list. Which code should the developer use to achieve this?

A system administrator is automating server configuration using Python. She has a dictionary: config = {'host': 'localhost', 'port': 8080, 'debug': True}. She needs to add a new key 'timeout' with value 30 if it does not already exist, but only if the 'debug' key is False. If 'debug' is True, she should not add 'timeout'. Additionally, she wants to ensure that the ordering of keys in the dictionary remains stable (insertion order). Which code snippet correctly implements this logic?