LPIC-1 Practice Test 22 — 15 Questions

Question 1

Which TWO of the following are true about the 'source' command in bash?

Accepted Answer

It can be abbreviated as '.' (dot).. Option C is correct because the dot command (.) is the POSIX-standard abbreviation for source, so `source file` and `. file` are equivalent in bash. Option D is correct because source reads and executes the script's commands in the current shell environment, which is why variables and functions defined in the sourced file persist in the calling shell. Option A is wrong because executing in a subshell is what happens when you run a script normally (e.g., `bash script.sh` or `./script.sh`), not when sourcing it. Option B is wrong because the dot form is specified by POSIX and works in POSIX sh, even though the name `source` itself is a bash extension. Option E is wrong because source reads the file with the shell, so the script only needs read permission, not execute permission.

Answer

It executes a script in a subshell.

Answer

It is only available in bash and not in POSIX sh.

Answer

It requires the script to have execute permission.

Question 2

Which configuration file is the primary configuration file for logrotate?

Accepted Answer

/etc/logrotate.conf. The primary configuration file for logrotate is /etc/logrotate.conf. This file sets global options such as rotation frequency, compression, and the number of rotated logs to keep. It also includes configuration snippets from /etc/logrotate.d/ via an include directive, but the main control file is /etc/logrotate.conf.

Answer

/var/log/messages

Answer

/etc/logrotate.d/

Answer

/etc/rsyslog.conf

Question 3

Which TWO directories are commonly used to store source code before compiling? (Choose two.)

Accepted Answer

/usr/src. In Linux, source code for compiling software is conventionally stored in /usr/src (for kernel sources or distribution-provided source packages) and /usr/local/src (for locally compiled software not managed by the package manager). These directories follow the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), which designates /usr/src for system-wide source and /usr/local/src for locally installed source code.

Answer

/tmp

Answer

/var/src

Answer

/opt

Question 4

After modifying /etc/fstab, an administrator wants to test if the new mount points can be mounted without rebooting. Which command should be used?

Accepted Answer

mount -a. The `mount -a` command reads /etc/fstab and mounts all filesystems listed there that are not already mounted, making it the correct way to test new entries without rebooting. This command respects the mount options and order defined in fstab, allowing the administrator to verify that the new mount points work correctly.

Answer

systemctl daemon-reload

Answer

mount -o remount

Answer

mount -t ext4

Question 5

An administrator needs to display the current and previous runlevels of a Linux system. Which command provides this information?

Accepted Answer

runlevel. The `runlevel` command displays both the previous and current runlevels of a Linux system. It outputs two characters: the first indicates the previous runlevel (or 'N' if the runlevel has not changed since boot), and the second indicates the current runlevel. This is the standard tool for querying runlevel information on SysV init systems.

Answer

who -r

Answer

telinit 1

Answer

init 0

Question 6

Which systemd target corresponds to the traditional runlevel 3?

Accepted Answer

multi-user.target. In systemd, the 'multi-user.target' corresponds to the traditional SysV runlevel 3, which provides a multi-user, non-graphical environment with networking enabled. This target is the default for headless servers and is equivalent to the old /etc/inittab runlevel 3.

Answer

graphical.target

Answer

emergency.target

Answer

rescue.target

Question 7

Which TWO statements about GRUB 2 are correct?

Accepted Answer

After modifying /etc/default/grub, the command update-grub must be run to regenerate grub.cfg.. Option A is correct because /etc/default/grub is a user-editable configuration file containing variables like GRUB_TIMEOUT and GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX, and changes to it only take effect after running update-grub (a wrapper for grub-mkconfig) to regenerate the actual boot configuration. Option B is correct because GRUB 2 reads /boot/grub/grub.cfg at boot time, which is the generated file containing menu entries and boot directives. Option C is incorrect because menu.lst belongs to GRUB Legacy, not GRUB 2. Option D is incorrect because pressing 'e' at the GRUB menu opens an editor for the selected entry, not a GRUB command prompt; the 'c' key accesses the command-line prompt. Option E is incorrect because /etc/default/grub is not read directly by GRUB at boot; it is only consumed by grub-mkconfig/update-grub to produce grub.cfg.

Answer

GRUB 2 uses a configuration file named menu.lst.

Answer

The GRUB prompt can be accessed by pressing the 'e' key during boot.

Answer

The /etc/default/grub file is directly read by GRUB during boot.

Question 8

A web server running on this host is not accessible from clients. Based on the exhibit, what is the most likely reason?

Accepted Answer

Incoming HTTP traffic is blocked by a DROP rule on port 80.. The exhibit shows a firewall rule set where the INPUT chain has a DROP rule for destination port 80 (HTTP). Since incoming HTTP traffic from clients must traverse the INPUT chain to reach the local web server process, this DROP rule explicitly blocks all inbound HTTP requests, making the web server inaccessible. The FORWARD chain is irrelevant because traffic destined for the local host uses the INPUT chain, not FORWARD.

Answer

The FORWARD chain policy is DROP.

Answer

The OUTPUT chain policy is ACCEPT.

Answer

SSH traffic is blocked.

Question 9

A Linux system fails to boot with the error: 'Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(0,0)'. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Missing or incorrect initrd. The error 'VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(0,0)' indicates the kernel cannot locate or access the root filesystem during boot. The most common cause is a missing or incorrect initrd (initial RAM disk) that contains the necessary drivers (e.g., for SCSI, SATA, or filesystem modules) to mount the root partition. Without a proper initrd, the kernel lacks the modules to access the storage device, resulting in this panic.

Answer

Missing root filesystem

Answer

Corrupt kernel image

Answer

Damaged bootloader

Question 10

What is stored in the first sector of a hard disk (Master Boot Record)?

Accepted Answer

The Master Boot Record (boot loader and partition table). The Master Boot Record (MBR) occupies the first sector (sector 0, 512 bytes) of a hard disk and contains both the boot loader code (first 446 bytes) and the partition table (next 64 bytes), plus a 2-byte signature (0x55AA). This structure is essential for BIOS-based booting, as the BIOS loads the MBR into memory and executes the boot loader, which then uses the partition table to locate the active partition and load the operating system.

Answer

The partition table only

Answer

The Linux kernel

Answer

The root filesystem

Question 11

A user compiling software from source successfully runs './configure' and 'make', but the resulting binaries are not in the PATH. Which command should be run to install them system-wide?

Accepted Answer

make install. After './configure' and 'make' compile the source code, the binaries are built but remain in the local build directory. The 'make install' target copies the compiled binaries, libraries, and configuration files to their system-wide destinations (typically /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/lib, etc.) as defined by the Makefile's install prefix. Without running 'make install', the binaries exist only in the source tree and are not accessible via PATH.

Answer

make

Answer

make all

Answer

make clean

Question 12

Refer to the exhibit. An administrator wants to mount /dev/sda4 persistently by its UUID. Which line should be added to /etc/fstab?

Accepted Answer

UUID=abc-123 /mnt/data ext4 defaults 0 2. It uses the UUID= syntax to identify the filesystem by its universally unique identifier, which is the persistent method requested. The mount point is /mnt/data, the filesystem type is ext4, the mount options are defaults, and the dump and fsck order values (0 and 2) are appropriate for a non-root filesystem. This line ensures the device is mounted automatically at boot regardless of device name changes.

Answer

UUID=abc-123 /mnt/data ext4 noauto 0 2

Answer

LABEL=data /mnt/data ext4 defaults 0 2

Answer

/dev/sda4 /mnt/data ext4 defaults 0 2

Question 13

Refer to the exhibit. The system has multiple SAS drives attached to this controller, but one of them is not detected during boot. Which command is most likely to provide information about the device detection order?

Accepted Answer

dmesg | grep -i scsi. The `dmesg` command displays kernel ring buffer messages, which include hardware detection and initialization logs during boot. By piping to `grep -i scsi`, you filter for SCSI-related messages, revealing the order in which devices were discovered and any errors for undetected drives. This is the most direct way to see why a specific SAS drive failed to appear.

Answer

cat /proc/scsi/scsi

Answer

lsblk

Answer

lsscsi

Question 14

Refer to the exhibit. What will be the default permissions of a newly created file using the touch command?

Accepted Answer

-rw-r--r--. The `touch` command creates a file with default permissions determined by the current umask value. On most Linux systems, the default umask is 0022, which subtracts write permissions for group and others from the base permissions of 0666 (rw-rw-rw-), resulting in 0644 (rw-r--r--). Thus, option A is correct.

Answer

-rw-rw-rw-

Answer

-rwxr-xr-x

Answer

-rw-rw-r--

Question 15

A system administrator writes a script that extracts data from a CSV file and inserts it into a database. The script works correctly when run manually but fails when executed by cron. Which environment variable is most likely causing the issue?

Accepted Answer

PATH. When a script runs manually, the user's interactive shell inherits a fully populated PATH environment variable that includes directories like /usr/local/bin, /usr/bin, and possibly custom script directories. Cron jobs, however, execute with a minimal environment, and the default PATH for cron is often just /usr/bin:/bin. If the script relies on commands (e.g., mysql, psql, or custom scripts) located outside these directories, cron will fail with a 'command not found' error. Setting the full PATH explicitly inside the script or in the crontab file resolves the issue.

Answer

SHELL

Answer

LANG

Answer

HOME