LPIC-1 Practice Test 11 — 15 Questions

Question 1

A developer has a directory /home/user/project with many files and subdirectories. They need to change the group ownership of all .txt files to 'developers' and set permissions to 640. Which single command accomplishes this?

Choose an answer to begin — your selection is scored in the full session.

Accepted Answer

find /home/user/project -name '*.txt' -exec chown :developers {} \; -exec chmod 640 {} \;. It uses `find` to locate all `.txt` files under `/home/user/project`, then executes `chown :developers` to change the group ownership to 'developers' (the colon before the group name is the correct syntax for setting only the group), followed by `chmod 640` to set the permissions to read/write for the owner and read for the group. Using `-exec` twice in a single `find` command ensures both operations are applied to each matching file without needing a separate command.

Answer

find /home/user/project -name '*.txt' -exec chgrp developers {} \;

Answer

chmod -R 640 /home/user/project/*.txt

Answer

find /home/user/project -name '*.txt' -exec chmod 640 {} \;

Question 2

Which THREE are valid fields in a GRUB 2 configuration file (grub.cfg) generated by update-grub? (Choose three.)

Accepted Answer

set root. A is correct because 'set root' is a valid GRUB 2 command used in grub.cfg to specify the root device (e.g., 'set root=(hd0,msdos1)') from which GRUB loads kernel and initrd images. This directive is automatically generated by update-grub based on the system's partition layout.

Answer

password

Answer

chainloader

Question 3

Which TWO statements about GRUB 2 are correct?

Accepted Answer

After modifying /etc/default/grub, the command update-grub must be run to regenerate grub.cfg.. After modifying /etc/default/grub, the update-grub command (which is a wrapper for grub-mkconfig) must be run to regenerate the /boot/grub/grub.cfg file. This ensures that changes to boot parameters, such as default timeout or kernel command-line options, are written into the actual configuration file that GRUB 2 reads at boot time.

Answer

GRUB 2 uses a configuration file named menu.lst.

Answer

The GRUB prompt can be accessed by pressing the 'e' key during boot.

Answer

The /etc/default/grub file is directly read by GRUB during boot.

Question 4

Which TWO of the following are valid ways to capture the output of a command into a variable in Bash?

Accepted Answer

var=`command`. Both var=`command` (backticks) and var=$(command) (dollar-parentheses) are valid command substitution syntaxes in Bash. While backticks are older and can cause issues with nesting, they are still valid and widely used. Option B uses braces, which is not a valid syntax. Option D uses a pipe, which is for chaining commands, not variable assignment. Option E assigns the literal string 'command' to the variable, not the output of the command. Therefore, A and C are the correct choices.

Answer

var={command}

Answer

var|command

Answer

var=command

Question 5

A system administrator needs to ensure a custom script runs every time the system boots. Where should the script be placed for execution during the boot process on a standard Linux system?

Accepted Answer

/etc/rc.local. /etc/rc.local is a legacy system initialization script that is executed at the end of the boot process on many Linux distributions using SysV init or systemd (with a compatibility unit). Placing a custom script inside /etc/rc.local ensures it runs once per boot, after all other init scripts have completed, making it a straightforward method for executing custom commands or scripts at system startup.

Answer

/etc/cron.d/

Answer

/etc/init.d/

Answer

/etc/cron.hourly/

Question 6

Which file defines the APT software repositories used by a Debian-based system?

Accepted Answer

/etc/apt/sources.list. `/etc/apt/sources.list` is the primary configuration file that defines the APT software repositories (e.g., Debian mirrors, Ubuntu archives) used by a Debian-based system. APT reads this file to fetch package indexes and install packages from the specified URIs, distributions, and components.

Answer

/etc/apt/preferences

Answer

/etc/apt/sources.list.d/

Answer

/etc/apt/apt.conf

Question 7

An administrator needs to ensure that a specific kernel module is loaded automatically at boot. Which file should be used to permanently load the module?

Accepted Answer

/etc/modules. On modern Linux systems using a standard init system, the file /etc/modules (or /etc/modules-load.d/*.conf on systemd-based distributions) is read at boot to load specified kernel modules automatically. This file lists module names one per line, and the kernel's module loading mechanism processes it early in the boot sequence to ensure the module is available before services that depend on it start.

Answer

/etc/modprobe.d/modules.conf

Answer

/etc/sysconfig/modules

Answer

/etc/conf.modules

Question 8

A system administrator notices that the system clock is consistently 5 minutes ahead of the actual time. The NTP service is enabled and running. Which command should the administrator run to force an immediate time synchronization?

Accepted Answer

ntpdate pool.ntp.org. `ntpdate` is a legacy command that forces an immediate, one-time synchronization of the system clock with an NTP server (e.g., pool.ntp.org). Even though NTP is running, it may take several polling intervals (typically 64–1024 seconds) to correct a large offset; `ntpdate` bypasses this gradual adjustment and sets the clock instantly.

Answer

ntpq -p

Answer

systemctl restart ntpd

Answer

timedatectl set-time ...

Question 9

Refer to the exhibit. A new installation requires the root filesystem to be placed on LVM. Based on the current disk layout, which partition is most suitable for use as an LVM physical volume?

Accepted Answer

/dev/sda2. (/dev/sda2) is correct because it is the only partition with the Linux LVM system ID (8e) in the exhibit, which is required for a partition to be used as an LVM physical volume. The extended partition /dev/sda2 contains the logical drives, but the system ID 8e on /dev/sda2 itself indicates it is designated for LVM, making it suitable for pvcreate.

Answer

/dev/sda3

Answer

A new partition must be created.

Answer

/dev/sda1

Question 10

An administrator runs 'lsmod' and sees a module with a usage count of 1. What does this indicate?

Accepted Answer

One process is holding a reference to the module. The usage count in lsmod indicates how many processes or kernel subsystems currently hold a reference to the module. A count of 1 means exactly one process has opened the module (e.g., via a file descriptor or ioctl) or the module is in use by a single kernel component. This is the standard interpretation per the Linux kernel module loader (kmod) and is reflected in the /proc/modules file.

Answer

The module is loaded but not used by any process

Answer

The module is being used by one other module

Answer

The module has one dependency

Question 11

A system administrator wants to list all files in a directory that have been modified in the last 24 hours. Which command would be most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

find . -mtime -1. The `find` command with `-mtime -1` searches for files whose modification time is less than 1 day ago (i.e., within the last 24 hours). The minus sign before the number means 'less than' that many days, so `-mtime -1` matches files modified in the last 24 hours. This is the standard, precise way to list files by modification time in a directory tree.

Answer

ls -l --time=mod

Answer

find . -mmin 1440

Answer

ls -lt

Question 12

Order the steps to configure a Linux system to use a proxy server for HTTP.

Accepted Answer

Step 1: Set environment variables (http_proxy, https_proxy, no_proxy) in /etc/environment or user shell config. Step 2: Source the config file (e.g., source ~/.bashrc) or log out/in. Step 3: Configure application-specific proxy settings (e.g., apt.conf, /etc/wgetrc). Step 4: Test connectivity using curl or wget.. Proxy configuration involves setting environment variables and application-specific configs.

Answer

Step 1: Configure application-specific proxy settings (e.g., apt.conf). Step 2: Set environment variables in /etc/environment. Step 3: Source the config file. Step 4: Test connectivity.

Answer

Step 1: Set environment variables in a terminal session (export http_proxy=...). Step 2: Configure application-specific settings. Step 3: Test connectivity. Step 4: Do not make settings persistent by saving to config files.

Answer

Step 1: Set environment variables in /etc/environment. Step 2: Test connectivity without sourcing or logging out. Step 3: Configure application-specific settings. Step 4: Reboot the system.

Question 13

A system administrator needs to remove a package called 'apache2' from a Red Hat Enterprise Linux system while leaving its configuration files intact. Which command accomplishes this?

Accepted Answer

rpm -e apache2. `rpm -e` (erase) removes the package but, by default, leaves configuration files (usually marked as %config in the RPM spec) intact on the filesystem. This behavior is specific to RPM: when erasing a package, RPM renames modified config files with a `.rpmsave` extension rather than deleting them, preserving administrator customizations.

Answer

yum erase apache2

Answer

yum remove apache2

Answer

rpm -F apache2

Question 14

A technician needs to output only the kernel release number. Which command should be used?

Accepted Answer

uname -r. The `uname -r` command specifically prints the kernel release number (e.g., '5.10.0-28-amd64') by querying the `utsname` system call. This is the standard, portable way to retrieve only the kernel release string without additional system information.

Answer

cat /proc/version

Answer

dmesg | head -1

Answer

lsmod

Question 15

A developer wants to change the ownership of all files in a directory tree to the user 'www-data' and group 'www-data', but only files that are currently owned by user 'nobody'. Which command accomplishes this?

Accepted Answer

chown -R --from=nobody www-data:www-data /path. The `chown -R --from=nobody www-data:www-data /path` command recursively changes ownership of files and directories only if they are currently owned by the user 'nobody'. The `--from` option specifies the current owner (and optionally group) to match before applying the change, and `-R` ensures recursion into subdirectories. This exactly meets the requirement to change ownership only for files owned by 'nobody'.

Answer

chown --from=nobody www-data:www-data /path

Answer

find /path -user nobody -exec chown www-data:www-data {} \;

Answer

chown -R www-data:www-data /path