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← Cloud Native Architecture practice sets

KCNA Cloud Native Architecture • Complete Question Bank

KCNA Cloud Native Architecture — All Questions With Answers

Complete KCNA Cloud Native Architecture question bank — all 0 questions with answers and detailed explanations.

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Certifications/KCNA/Practice Test/Cloud Native Architecture/All Questions
Question 1mediummultiple choice
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A company wants to migrate its monolithic application to a cloud-native architecture on Kubernetes. The application currently uses a shared database and communicates via internal HTTP calls. Which design pattern should be applied first to increase resilience and enable independent scaling of components?

Question 2easymultiple choice
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A cloud-native application is designed with multiple microservices that need to handle a sudden spike in traffic without manual intervention. Which Kubernetes feature best enables this?

Question 3hardmultiple choice
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A team is designing a cloud-native system that must maintain high availability across multiple cloud regions. The application uses Kubernetes clusters in each region. Which approach best ensures that the system can tolerate a full region failure while minimizing complexity?

Question 4mediummultiple choice
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A microservice logs errors when connecting to the database. The logs show 'connection refused'. Which troubleshooting step should be taken first?

Question 5easymultiple choice
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Which practice is a key principle of cloud-native architecture?

Question 6hardmultiple choice
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A cloud-native application uses a service mesh (Istio) for traffic management. The team notices increased latency in inter-service communication. Which likely cause should be investigated first?

Question 7mediummultiple choice
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A team is designing a cloud-native application that requires each microservice to have its own database. This pattern is known as:

Question 8easymultiple choice
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Which resource in Kubernetes is used to expose a set of pods as a network service?

Question 9hardmultiple choice
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A cloud-native application experiences periodic timeouts when calling a downstream service. The downstream service is running in the same Kubernetes cluster. Which design pattern should be implemented to handle this gracefully?

Question 10mediummulti select
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Which TWO statements are true about cloud-native architecture?

Question 11hardmulti select
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Which TWO are benefits of using a service mesh in cloud-native applications?

Question 12mediummulti select
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Which THREE are core principles of the Twelve-Factor App methodology?

Question 13hardmulti select
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Which THREE are typical characteristics of a cloud-native application?

Question 14hardmultiple choice
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Your organization runs a cloud-native e-commerce platform on Kubernetes. The platform consists of several microservices: a frontend service, an order service, a payment service, and a shipping service. All services communicate via HTTP REST APIs. Recently, during a flash sale event, the platform experienced a cascading failure. The order service became overwhelmed with requests and started responding slowly. This caused the frontend service to time out waiting for order responses, and eventually the frontend service crashed due to exhausted thread pools. The payment and shipping services were unaffected because they are called asynchronously via a message queue. You need to redesign the system to prevent such cascading failures in the future. Which approach is the most effective?

Question 15mediummultiple choice
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A retail company runs its e-commerce platform on Kubernetes. During a flash sale, the application experiences high latency. The team notices that the database pods are CPU-bound and the application pods are waiting on database responses. Which architectural change would best address this bottleneck?

Question 16hardmultiple choice
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A startup is designing a cloud-native application that processes IoT sensor data. The data arrives in bursts, and processing must be fault-tolerant with exactly-once semantics. The team considers Apache Kafka, RabbitMQ, and Amazon SQS. Which choice best meets the requirements of a cloud-native architecture?

Question 17easymultiple choice
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A development team is containerizing a monolithic application into microservices. Which practice aligns with cloud-native architecture principles?

Question 18easymultiple choice
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An organization wants to adopt a cloud-native approach for its new application. Which characteristic is most important for the application to be considered cloud-native?

Question 19mediummultiple choice
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A team is migrating a legacy application to Kubernetes. The application requires persistent storage and needs to maintain session affinity. Which set of Kubernetes resources should they use?

Question 20hardmulti select
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Which TWO practices are recommended for designing cloud-native microservices? (Choose 2)

Question 21mediummulti select
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Which THREE are key benefits of using a service mesh in a cloud-native architecture? (Choose 3)

Question 22mediummultiple choice
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The exhibit shows a Deployment manifest for a frontend service. After deployment, the pods are running but the service reports that no endpoints are available. What is the most likely cause?

Exhibit

Refer to the exhibit.
```
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: frontend
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: frontend
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: frontend
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.21
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        livenessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /healthz
            port: 80
          initialDelaySeconds: 5
          periodSeconds: 10
        readinessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /ready
            port: 80
          initialDelaySeconds: 3
          periodSeconds: 5
```
Question 23hardmultiple choice
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The exhibit shows pod status and logs. The web pod lmn34 has restarted 3 times. What is the root cause of the liveness probe failure?

Exhibit

Refer to the exhibit.
```
$ kubectl get pods -n production
NAME                      READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
api-7d4f8b8c6-abc12       1/1     Running   0          5m
api-7d4f8b8c6-xyz78       1/1     Running   0          5m
web-9f6c8d7e5-lmn34       1/1     Running   3          10m
web-9f6c8d7e5-pqr56       1/1     Running   0          10m
$ kubectl logs web-9f6c8d7e5-lmn34
Error: failed to connect to database at 10.0.0.1:3306
$ kubectl describe pod web-9f6c8d7e5-lmn34 | grep -A5 Events
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age   From               Message
  ----     ------     ----  ----               -------
  Warning  Unhealthy  2m    kubelet            Liveness probe failed: HTTP probe failed with statuscode: 503
  Normal   Killing    2m    kubelet            Container failed liveness probe, will be restarted
  Normal   Pulling    2m    kubelet            Pulling image "webapp:2.0"
```
Question 24easymultiple choice
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A development team is designing a new microservices application to run on a Kubernetes cluster. They want to ensure that each microservice can be developed, deployed, and scaled independently. Which cloud native architecture principle are they primarily applying?

Question 25hardmultiple choice
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You are a platform engineer at a fast-growing startup. The company runs a Kubernetes cluster with 50 worker nodes for its production microservices. Recently, the operations team has been struggling with manual configuration drift: developers SSH into nodes to install debugging tools, and some nodes have different kernel parameters or installed packages. This has caused intermittent outages when a pod is scheduled onto a non-standard node. The CTO wants a solution that ensures each node is identical, immutable, and reproducible. The cluster uses kubeadm for bootstrapping and runs on AWS EC2. Which approach best achieves the goal of immutable nodes?

Question 26easymulti select
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Which TWO of the following are key principles of cloud native architecture?

Question 27hardmultiple choice
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A developer creates the Pod manifest shown. When the Pod runs, the liveness probe fails and the container is restarted repeatedly. What is the most likely cause?

Exhibit

Refer to the exhibit.
```
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: web-app
spec:
  containers:
  - name: app
    image: nginx:latest
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
    livenessProbe:
      httpGet:
        path: /healthz
        port: 8080
      initialDelaySeconds: 3
      periodSeconds: 5
```
Question 28mediummultiple choice
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Your organization runs a multi-service application on a Kubernetes cluster. Each service is deployed as a set of Pods managed by a Deployment. The application experiences intermittent slowdowns during peak traffic. Monitoring shows that the database service Pods have high CPU usage, but the HorizontalPodAutoscaler (HPA) configured for the database Deployment does not scale. The HPA is based on average CPU utilization across Pods, with target 70%. The database Deployment has resource requests and limits set: requests.cpu: 500m, limits.cpu: 1000m. During peak, CPU usage reaches 800m per Pod. The HPA has a cooldown period of 3 minutes. The cluster has ample capacity. What is the most likely reason the HPA is not scaling?

Question 29mediumdrag order
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Drag and drop the steps to configure a Kubernetes Service of type LoadBalancer in a cloud environment into the correct order.

Drag steps to the numbered slots on the right, or tap a step then tap a slot.

Steps
Order
1Step 1
2Step 2
3Step 3
4Step 4
5Step 5
Question 30mediummatching
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Match each Kubernetes object to its typical use case.

Drag a concept onto its matching description — or click a concept then click the description.

Concepts
Matches

Ensures a copy of a pod runs on all or selected nodes

Manages stateful applications with unique network identities

Runs a finite task to completion

Runs jobs on a time-based schedule

Automatically scales pod replicas based on CPU/memory metrics

Question 31easymultiple choice
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF)?

Question 32easymultiple choice
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Which of the following is a core principle of cloud native architecture as defined by the CNCF?

Question 33mediummultiple choice
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In the 12-factor app methodology, which factor describes the practice of storing configuration in environment variables?

Question 34mediummultiple choice
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A team wants to deploy a serverless function that scales to zero when not in use. Which CNCF project is specifically designed for this purpose?

Question 35mediummultiple choice
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Which component in a service mesh is responsible for handling traffic management, security, and observability as a sidecar proxy?

Question 36hardmultiple choice
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An application experiences intermittent failures when calling an external API. Which resilience pattern should be implemented to handle transient faults?

Question 37hardmultiple choice
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Which of the following best describes the GitOps pattern?

Question 38easymultiple choice
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Which CNCF project is commonly used for Infrastructure as Code to provision cloud resources?

Question 39mediummultiple choice
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In a multi-cloud architecture, what is a common use case for a service mesh?

Question 40hardmultiple choice
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Which of the following is a benefit of using an API gateway pattern?

Question 41mediummultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of the sidecar container in a service mesh?

Question 42hardmultiple choice
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Which GitOps tool is a CNCF graduated project that synchronizes Kubernetes clusters with a Git repository?

Question 43mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are CNCF graduated projects? (Choose two.)

Question 44mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are principles of the 12-factor app? (Choose two.)

Question 45hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are benefits of using an event-driven architecture? (Choose three.)

Question 46easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of the CNCF (Cloud Native Computing Foundation)?

Question 47easymultiple choice
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Which CNCF project maturity level indicates that a project has successfully adopted the CNCF governance and is considered stable for production use?

Question 48mediummultiple choice
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A development team wants to adopt a cloud-native architecture for a new application. Which set of principles BEST describes the cloud-native approach?

Question 49mediummultiple choice
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According to the 12-factor app methodology, how should an application store configuration that varies between deployments (e.g., database connection strings)?

Question 50hardmultiple choice
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A team is building a serverless application using Knative. They want the application to scale to zero when idle. Which Knative resource type should they use?

Question 51mediummultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of a service mesh in a cloud-native architecture?

Question 52hardmultiple choice
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In Istio, which component is responsible for enforcing traffic policies and collecting telemetry data at the pod level?

Question 53easymultiple choice
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Which GitOps tool is specifically designed for Kubernetes and follows the declarative GitOps pattern, continuously reconciling the desired state from a Git repository?

Question 54mediummultiple choice
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An organization wants to manage infrastructure using code to ensure consistent and repeatable deployments across multiple cloud providers. Which tool is MOST suitable for this multi-cloud Infrastructure as Code approach?

Question 55hardmultiple choice
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A cloud-native application experiences intermittent failures when calling an external API. The team implements a pattern that allows the application to temporarily stop calling the failing API and serve stale data or a fallback response. Which resiliency pattern does this describe?

Question 56mediummultiple choice
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Which component of an API gateway pattern is responsible for routing requests to the appropriate microservice based on the request path?

Question 57mediummultiple choice
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In an event-driven architecture, what is the role of an event broker?

Question 58mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are core principles of the 12-factor app methodology? (Select TWO.)

Question 59hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are features provided by a service mesh like Istio? (Select THREE.)

Question 60easymulti select
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Which TWO of the following are benefits of using a multi-cloud strategy? (Select TWO.)

Question 61easymultiple choice
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of the CNCF (Cloud Native Computing Foundation)?

Question 62mediummultiple choice
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A development team wants to implement a GitOps workflow for their Kubernetes deployments. Which tool is specifically designed for GitOps on Kubernetes?

Question 63hardmultiple choice
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In the context of the 12-factor app methodology, which factor requires that an app's configuration be stored in environment variables?

Question 64mediummultiple choice
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Which service mesh component is responsible for handling inter-service communication as a sidecar proxy?

Question 65easymultiple choice
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Which of the following is a core principle of cloud native architecture as defined by the CNCF?

Question 66mediummultiple choice
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A team wants to manage their Kubernetes infrastructure using code. Which tool is specifically designed for Infrastructure as Code (IaC) and can manage Kubernetes resources?

Question 67hardmultiple choice
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Which of the following patterns is used to improve resilience by isolating failures to a subset of components?

Question 68mediummultiple choice
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In serverless computing, what is the primary characteristic of Function-as-a-Service (FaaS)?

Question 69easymultiple choice
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Which of the following is a graduated CNCF project?

Question 70mediummultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of an API gateway in a microservices architecture?

Question 71hardmultiple choice
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In event-driven architecture, which component is responsible for decoupling event producers from consumers?

Question 72mediummultiple choice
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Which service mesh provides built-in support for multi-cluster and multi-cloud deployments?

Question 73mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are core principles of the 12-factor app? (Choose 2.)

Question 74hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are benefits of using a service mesh? (Choose 3.)

Question 75easymulti select
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Which TWO of the following are examples of Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tools? (Choose 2.)

Question 76easymultiple choice
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Which CNCF project is primarily focused on providing a unified way to define and manage cloud-native applications using declarative configuration stored in Git?

Question 77mediummultiple choice
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A development team wants to deploy a serverless function that scales to zero when not in use. Which CNCF project or platform is BEST suited for this requirement?

Question 78mediummultiple choice
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In a service mesh architecture, which component is responsible for intercepting and managing traffic between microservices?

Question 79hardmultiple choice
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Which of the following is a key principle of the 12-factor app methodology related to managing configuration?

Question 80mediummultiple choice
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A company is adopting a multi-cloud strategy to avoid vendor lock-in. Which pattern BEST supports deploying applications across different cloud providers with minimal changes?

Question 81hardmultiple choice
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Which of the following is a resiliency pattern that limits the number of concurrent requests to a service to prevent overload?

Question 82easymultiple choice
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Which CNCF project provides a graduated service mesh implementation that includes features like traffic management, security, and observability?

Question 83mediummultiple choice
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A team wants to implement Infrastructure as Code (IaC) for managing Kubernetes resources. Which tool is BEST suited for this purpose?

Question 84mediummultiple choice
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Which component in an event-driven architecture is responsible for decoupling event producers from consumers?

Question 85easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of the CNCF (Cloud Native Computing Foundation)?

Question 86hardmultiple choice
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An application deployed on Kubernetes is experiencing intermittent failures due to network latency. Which resiliency pattern should be implemented to gracefully handle such failures?

Question 87mediummultiple choice
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Which of the following is a benefit of using a service mesh?

Question 88mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are principles of the 12-factor app methodology? (Choose two.)

Question 89hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are features typically provided by a service mesh? (Choose three.)

Question 90easymulti select
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Which TWO of the following are CNCF graduated projects? (Choose two.)

Question 91easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of the CNCF (Cloud Native Computing Foundation)?

Question 92mediummultiple choice
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Which of the following is a key principle of the 12-factor app methodology?

Question 93hardmultiple choice
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In a serverless architecture using Knative, what happens when a function finishes processing an event and there are no pending events?

Question 94mediummultiple choice
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Which component in a service mesh architecture is responsible for handling inter-service communication on behalf of the application container?

Question 95mediummultiple choice
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Which of the following is an example of Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tool?

Question 96hardmultiple choice
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A team wants to deploy a workload that must run on every node in a Kubernetes cluster, including new nodes added later. Which resource type should they use?

Question 97easymultiple choice
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What is the purpose of a circuit breaker pattern in microservices?

Question 98mediummultiple choice
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Which of the following is a graduated CNCF project?

Question 99hardmultiple choice
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An application is deployed across multiple cloud providers (AWS and GCP) to avoid vendor lock-in. This is an example of which pattern?

Question 100easymultiple choice
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What is the role of an API gateway in a microservices architecture?

Question 101mediummultiple choice
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Which command would you use to apply a manifest file 'deployment.yaml' to a Kubernetes cluster?

Question 102mediummulti select
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Which TWO are benefits of using a service mesh? (Choose two.)

Question 103hardmulti select
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Which THREE are key characteristics of event-driven architecture? (Choose three.)

Question 104mediummulti select
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Which TWO tools are commonly used for GitOps? (Choose two.)

Question 105easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of the CNCF (Cloud Native Computing Foundation)?

Question 106easymultiple choice
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Which of the following is a core principle of the 12-factor app methodology?

Question 107mediummultiple choice
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In a service mesh architecture, what is the role of the sidecar proxy?

Question 108mediummultiple choice
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A developer wants to deploy a function that reacts to image upload events in a cloud storage bucket. The function should scale to zero when idle. Which architecture best fits this use case?

Question 109mediummultiple choice
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Which GitOps tool uses a pull-based approach to synchronize the desired state in a Git repository with the actual state in a Kubernetes cluster?

Question 110hardmultiple choice
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In a microservices application, you want to prevent cascading failures by limiting the number of concurrent requests to a downstream service. Which resilience pattern should you implement?

Question 111hardmultiple choice
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An organization wants to manage infrastructure across multiple cloud providers using a single declarative configuration language. Which tool is best suited for this requirement?

Question 112easymultiple choice
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Which CNCF project is classified as a 'graduated' project?

Question 113mediummultiple choice
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What is the primary benefit of using an API gateway in a microservices architecture?

Question 114mediummultiple choice
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Which of the following best describes 'Infrastructure as Code' (IaC)?

Question 115hardmultiple choice
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In event-driven architecture, what is the role of an event broker?

Question 116mediummultiple choice
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Which component in a service mesh is responsible for collecting telemetry data and enforcing traffic policies?

Question 117mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are key characteristics of cloud-native applications? (Select two.)

Question 118hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are benefits of using a service mesh? (Select three.)

Question 119easymulti select
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Which TWO of the following are essential components of a GitOps workflow? (Select two.)

Question 120easymultiple choice
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of the CNCF (Cloud Native Computing Foundation)?

Question 121easymultiple choice
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In the context of the 12-factor app methodology, which factor emphasizes storing configuration in environment variables?

Question 122mediummultiple choice
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A development team wants to deploy a serverless function that triggers when a file is uploaded to an S3 bucket. Which cloud native technology is most appropriate for this scenario?

Question 123mediummultiple choice
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In a service mesh architecture, which component is responsible for intercepting and managing traffic to and from a pod?

Question 124mediummultiple choice
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A company wants to manage its Kubernetes resources using Git as the single source of truth, with automated synchronization. Which approach should they use?

Question 125hardmultiple choice
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In the context of resiliency patterns, which pattern is designed to prevent a cascade of failures by isolating each component so that a failure in one component does not affect others?

Question 126easymultiple choice
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Which CNCF project maturity level indicates that a project has adopted the CNCF Code of Conduct and is considered early-stage?

Question 127mediummultiple choice
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An application requires external configuration that varies between environments (dev, staging, prod). Following the 12-factor app methodology, how should this configuration be provided?

Question 128mediummultiple choice
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In a multi-cloud scenario, an organization wants to avoid vendor lock-in by abstracting infrastructure provisioning. Which tool is specifically designed to manage infrastructure as code across multiple cloud providers?

Question 129hardmultiple choice
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Which of the following is a key difference between a service mesh and an API gateway?

Question 130mediummultiple choice
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An organization wants to implement a serverless function that scales to zero when not in use. Which technology is specifically designed to achieve this on Kubernetes?

Question 131hardmultiple choice
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In event-driven architecture, which pattern is commonly used to decouple producers and consumers, allowing asynchronous communication?

Question 132mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are CNCF graduated projects? (Select 2)

Question 133mediummulti select
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Which THREE of the following are core principles of cloud native computing as defined by the CNCF? (Select 3)

Question 134hardmulti select
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Which TWO of the following are features of a service mesh like Istio or Linkerd? (Select 2)

Question 135easymultiple choice
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Which of the following is a primary goal of the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF)?

Question 136mediummultiple choice
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A company wants to adopt a GitOps workflow for managing their Kubernetes clusters. Which two tools are specifically designed for implementing GitOps on Kubernetes?

Question 137hardmultiple choice
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In the context of the 12-factor app methodology, which factor is addressed by storing configuration in environment variables?

Question 138easymultiple choice
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Which service mesh component is typically deployed as a sidecar proxy alongside application containers?

Question 139mediummultiple choice
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A team wants to deploy a serverless function using Knative. Which core primitive does Knative rely on to run serverless workloads on Kubernetes?

Question 140mediummultiple choice
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In a microservices architecture, which pattern is used to prevent cascading failures by limiting the number of concurrent requests to a service?

Question 141hardmultiple choice
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You are implementing an API gateway pattern for a set of microservices. Which of the following is a typical responsibility of an API gateway?

Question 142mediummultiple choice
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Which CNCF project is at the 'Graduated' maturity level and is widely used for container orchestration?

Question 143hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are key principles of cloud-native architecture according to CNCF?

Question 144easymultiple choice
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Which of the following is a benefit of using a service mesh?

Question 145mediummultiple choice
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In an event-driven architecture using a message broker, which component is responsible for receiving events and forwarding them to subscribed services?

Question 146easymultiple choice
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Which tool is used to manage infrastructure as code and can provision resources across multiple cloud providers?

Question 147mediummultiple choice
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A team is implementing a multi-cloud strategy to avoid vendor lock-in. Which Kubernetes feature is most helpful for abstracting the underlying cloud provider?

Question 148hardmulti select
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Which TWO of the following are characteristics of serverless computing?

Question 149mediummultiple choice
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Which component of the Istio service mesh is responsible for certificate signing and identity management?

Question 150easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of the CNCF (Cloud Native Computing Foundation)?

Question 151mediummultiple choice
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Which of the following best describes the 12-factor app methodology's approach to configuration?

Question 152hardmultiple choice
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In a serverless architecture using Knative, what happens to a service that has not received traffic for an extended period?

Question 153mediummultiple choice
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What is the primary function of a service mesh like Istio?

Question 154mediummultiple choice
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In GitOps, what is the role of a tool like ArgoCD?

Question 155hardmultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes resource is commonly used to implement the sidecar pattern for injecting a service mesh proxy?

Question 156mediummultiple choice
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What is the purpose of the circuit breaker pattern in a microservices architecture?

Question 157easymultiple choice
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Which CNCF project is a graduated project for service discovery and configuration management?

Question 158hardmultiple choice
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A team wants to deploy a multi-cloud application that uses cloud-specific services. Which pattern is most appropriate?

Question 159mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are core principles of cloud native architecture? (Choose two.)

Question 160mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are common characteristics of serverless computing? (Choose two.)

Question 161mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are benefits of using a service mesh? (Choose two.)

Question 162hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are components of the GitOps workflow? (Choose three.)

Question 163hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are resiliency patterns commonly used in cloud native applications? (Choose three.)

Question 164easymulti select
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Which TWO of the following are examples of Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tools? (Choose two.)

Question 165mediummultiple choice
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of the CNCF (Cloud Native Computing Foundation)?

Question 166mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are core principles of cloud native architecture according to the CNCF?

Question 167hardmultiple choice
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A company wants to implement a serverless function that processes events from an Amazon S3 bucket. The function should scale to zero when idle and only incur costs during execution. Which technology is BEST suited for this requirement?

Question 168easymulti select
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Which THREE of the following are benefits of using a service mesh in a cloud native architecture?

Question 169mediummultiple choice
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An organization uses GitOps with ArgoCD to manage Kubernetes deployments. What is the PRIMARY advantage of this approach over traditional imperative deployment methods?

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