The answer is digital signatures and audit logs. Digital signatures use asymmetric cryptography to bind a signer’s identity to a message, creating cryptographic proof of origin that the signer cannot later deny. Audit logs complement this by recording every action with timestamps and user identifiers, providing an immutable trail of events that proves what occurred and who performed it. On the ISC2 Certified in Cybersecurity CC exam, this question tests your understanding that non-repudiation relies on both proactive cryptographic evidence and retrospective logging; a common trap is selecting only one method or confusing integrity with non-repudiation. Remember that digital signatures prevent the sender from denying the message, while audit logs prevent users from denying their actions—together they close the denial loophole. A useful memory tip: “Sign the message, log the deed” ensures both proof of origin and proof of activity.
ISC2 CC Security Principles Practice Question
This CC practice question tests your understanding of security principles. The scenario asks you to isolate a root cause — eliminate options that address a different problem before choosing. After answering, compare your reasoning against the explanation and wrong-answer breakdown below. Once you have made your selection, read the full explanation to reinforce the concept and understand why each distractor is designed to mislead on exam day.
Which TWO of the following are methods to ensure non-repudiation? (Select two).
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
✓
Audit logs
Digital signatures provide cryptographic proof of origin, and audit logs provide a record of actions. Together they ensure that a party cannot deny involvement.
Key principle: NAT direction and interface roles matter as much as the IP address mapping. Inside/outside designation controls which traffic is translated.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
✓
Audit logs
Why this is correct
Correct. Audit logs provide evidence of actions, supporting non-repudiation.
Related concept
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
✗
Biometric authentication
Why it's wrong here
Biometrics authenticate identity but do not provide non-repudiation of specific actions.
✓
Digital signatures
Why this is correct
Correct. Digital signatures provide non-repudiation of origin.
Related concept
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
✗
Access control lists
Why it's wrong here
ACLs manage permissions, not non-repudiation.
✗
Encryption
Why it's wrong here
Encryption protects confidentiality but does not inherently provide non-repudiation.
Common exam traps
Common exam trap: NAT rules depend on direction and matching traffic
NAT is not only about the public address. The inside/outside interface roles and the ACL or rule that matches traffic are just as important.
Detailed technical explanation
How to think about this question
NAT questions usually test address translation, overload/PAT behaviour, static mappings and whether the right traffic is being translated. Read the interface direction and address terms carefully.
KKey Concepts to Remember
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
PAT allows many inside hosts to share one public address using ports.
Inside local and inside global describe the private and translated addresses.
NAT ACLs identify traffic for translation, not always security filtering.
TExam Day Tips
→Identify inside and outside interfaces first.
→Check whether the scenario needs static NAT, dynamic NAT or PAT.
→Do not confuse NAT matching ACLs with normal packet-filtering intent.
Key takeaway
NAT direction and interface roles matter as much as the IP address mapping. Inside/outside designation controls which traffic is translated.
Real-world example
How this comes up in practice
A developer is choosing between AES-256 (symmetric) and RSA-2048 (asymmetric) for encrypting a large file that will be sent to a partner. Symmetric encryption is fast but requires key exchange; asymmetric is slower but solves the key distribution problem. A hybrid approach — encrypt the file with AES, encrypt the AES key with RSA — is standard. Questions like this test whether you understand when each approach applies.
Related glossary terms
Concepts from this question explained
These glossary pages explain the core terms tested in this CC question in full detail.
Review the four NAT address types (inside local, inside global, outside local, outside global), PAT port overload, and static vs dynamic NAT use cases. Then practise related CC NAT questions on configuration and troubleshooting.
Security Principles — This question tests Security Principles — Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address..
What is the correct answer to this question?
The correct answer is: Audit logs — Digital signatures provide cryptographic proof of origin, and audit logs provide a record of actions. Together they ensure that a party cannot deny involvement.
What should I do if I get this CC question wrong?
Review the four NAT address types (inside local, inside global, outside local, outside global), PAT port overload, and static vs dynamic NAT use cases. Then practise related CC NAT questions on configuration and troubleshooting.
What is the key concept behind this question?
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
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Question Discussion
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