CompTIA A+ Core 1 220-1201 (220-1201) — Questions 76–150

The Domain Name System (DNS) is crucial for translating human-readable domain names (like "google.com") into numerical IP addresses that computers use to locate resources on the internet. If DNS resolution fails, the web browser cannot determine the IP address of the website's server, preventing it from initiating a connection. This explains why a user might be able to ping local IP addresses (which don't require DNS) but cannot access websites by their domain names.

This adapter converts the drive's USB-C plug to fit into a USB-A port, enabling connection to the laptop.

Older or lower-specification HDMI cables (e.g., HDMI 1.4 or 'High Speed' without specific 4K@60Hz support) lack the necessary bandwidth to transmit a full 4K (3840x2160) signal at standard refresh rates with full RGB (4:4:4) color. When bandwidth is insufficient, the display source or monitor may resort to chroma subsampling (e.g., 4:2:0 or 4:2:2) or reduced color depth to fit the signal, which significantly compromises text clarity and image sharpness, making it appear blurry.

The cartridge's integrated chip is crucial for electronic communication with the printer, relaying vital information such as cartridge type, toner levels, and regional coding. If this chip is misaligned, dirty, or physically damaged, it cannot establish proper electrical contact with the printer's corresponding sensors. This lack of communication prevents the printer from authenticating the cartridge, leading directly to a 'not recognized' error message. Ensuring proper contact is often the first troubleshooting step for this specific issue.

A plastic spudger is the appropriate tool for safely disassembling electronic devices, including All-in-One (AIO) PCs, after all visible screws have been removed. Its non-marring material prevents cosmetic damage to the casing, while its wedge-shaped tip is designed to gently separate the cover along the seam. This action precisely targets and releases the internal plastic clips that secure the back panel without breaking them, allowing for non-destructive access to internal components.

This is the most effective solution for a dual-monitor setup. An HDMI to HDMI cable provides a direct, high-quality digital connection for the monitor with an HDMI input. For the DVI monitor, a DisplayPort to DVI passive adapter is reliable because DisplayPort is a multi-mode output (DP++) that can natively transmit DVI (and HDMI) signals without requiring an active conversion, ensuring a straightforward and stable digital display.

RAID 1, also known as mirroring, stores identical copies of data across two drives to provide redundancy. When two 500 GB SSDs are configured in RAID 1, the usable storage capacity is limited to that of a single drive, resulting in 500 GB. This outcome perfectly aligns with the technician's observation of 500 GB usable space instead of the expected 1 TB from RAID 0.

Replacing the entire all-in-one unit is typically the most cost-effective and practical solution when the integrated display panel is severely damaged. The high cost of a specialized replacement LCD panel, coupled with the labor intensity of disassembling and reassembling an AIO, often makes repair financially prohibitive. A new unit offers a fresh warranty, updated components, and a better overall value proposition compared to an expensive repair on an older system.

When a DHCP server cannot be contacted, Windows automatically assigns an APIPA address in the 169.254.x.x range.

A Local Area Network (LAN) is specifically engineered to connect devices within a confined geographical area, such as a single building, a campus, or a small group of adjacent buildings. It provides high-speed data transfer and resource sharing capabilities among local devices, commonly utilizing Ethernet cabling or Wi-Fi for connectivity. For a warehouse, a LAN is the ideal solution, offering the necessary coverage, speed, and manageability to support all internal network communication and device interconnections efficiently and cost-effectively.

The address 192.168.1.50 falls squarely within the usable host range of 192.168.1.1 through 192.168.1.254 for a standard /24 subnet. This makes it a perfectly valid IP address that can be assigned to a device. For a file server, assigning a static IP address like this is crucial for consistent accessibility and reliable service provision, ensuring clients can always locate it without relying on dynamic assignments.

The cleaning blade is a critical component responsible for removing any residual toner from the photosensitive drum after the image has been transferred to the paper. If this blade becomes worn, damaged, or loses its effectiveness, it will fail to completely scrape off all leftover toner particles. These unremoved toner particles will then be picked up during the subsequent print cycle, leading to a faint, repeating "ghost" image of the previous page appearing on the current printout.

An incorrect Wi-Fi password (pre-shared key) or a mismatch in the security protocol (e.g., the smartphone is configured for WPA2 while the access point expects WPA3, or vice-versa) will prevent the smartphone from successfully authenticating with the office network. This is a device-specific configuration error that would explain why other devices can connect while this particular smartphone cannot establish a connection.

Mesh networks use multiple access points to blanket an area with seamless coverage, perfect for extending Wi-Fi to a separate building.

Port 53 is the standard port for DNS queries and zone transfers.

Many third-party applications, particularly those designed for specific media consumption or gaming, can programmatically lock the device's screen orientation to portrait or landscape, overriding the system's auto-rotate setting. When such an app is running in the background or has persistent permissions, it can interfere with the global rotation functionality. Booting the tablet into safe mode temporarily disables all non-essential third-party applications and services, allowing the core Android system to function without interference. The fact that screen rotation works correctly in safe mode strongly indicates that a user-installed application is the root cause of the issue.

A DisplayPort to DVI-D cable is the correct choice as it directly connects the thin client's DisplayPort output to the monitor's DVI-D input. DisplayPort is designed to be backward compatible with DVI and HDMI through passive adapter cables, allowing for a straightforward digital-to-digital video signal transmission. This cable provides a compatible and efficient solution for displaying the thin client's output on the DVI-D monitor.

The printer will not be able to communicate on the network because 192.168.1.256 is an invalid IP address. In IPv4 addressing, each octet (the numbers separated by dots) must be within the range of 0 to 255, inclusive. The value '256' in the last octet falls outside this permissible range, making the entire address non-routable and unusable for network communication. Consequently, the printer's network interface cannot properly bind to this address, preventing any data transmission or reception.

5 GHz Wi-Fi signals have a significantly shorter range and are more susceptible to attenuation by walls and other obstacles compared to 2.4 GHz. Being at the edge of the 5 GHz coverage area means the signal strength (RSSI) is weak and prone to fluctuations, causing the laptop to periodically lose connection and re-associate as the signal briefly drops below a usable threshold.

A RAID 6 array can tolerate the failure of any two drives because it stores two independent parity blocks. However, during a rebuild operation, the RAID controller must read data from all remaining healthy drives to reconstruct the missing data onto the new replacement drives. If a third drive, beyond the initial two that failed, develops unreadable bad sectors, the controller cannot access the necessary data or parity information to complete the reconstruction process, leading to an unrecoverable rebuild failure. This scenario highlights the critical vulnerability during rebuilds.

A scratch or defect on the drum unit's photosensitive surface prevents it from holding an electrostatic charge or accepting toner correctly in that specific area. As the drum rotates during the printing process, this damaged spot will consistently fail to transfer toner to the paper, resulting in a repeating missing band on the printed output. The interval of the repeating defect directly corresponds to the circumference of the drum, making this a definitive diagnostic indicator.

Enabling UEFI boot mode and disabling the Compatibility Support Module (CSM) is the correct solution. UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) natively supports NVMe drives through its integrated NVM Express driver and the GPT (GUID Partition Table) partitioning scheme. Disabling CSM ensures the system operates in pure UEFI mode, preventing it from attempting to emulate a legacy BIOS environment that would fail to recognize the NVMe SSD.

For a laptop that supports USB-C Power Delivery (PD) to charge efficiently, the power source, such as a power bank, must also explicitly support USB-C PD *output*. This capability allows the power bank to negotiate and supply the higher voltages and currents (e.g., 20V at 3A or 5A) that modern laptops require for proper charging. The existing power bank, presumably lacking a USB-C PD output port, cannot meet these power demands, thus necessitating a new, PD-enabled power bank.

DisplayPort cables are manufactured to different specifications, corresponding to various DisplayPort versions (e.g., DP 1.0, 1.2, 1.4). Older or generic cables may not be certified for the higher bandwidth required to transmit uncompressed 4K resolution (3840x2160) at standard refresh rates like 60Hz. A cable rated for DisplayPort 1.2 or higher is essential to ensure sufficient data throughput for a stable 4K signal, as lower-rated cables will simply fail to pass the necessary data.

This is the most common cause of 'No SIM' on a new device. The SIM tray may not be pushed in all the way, or the SIM is upside down. Re-seating the SIM correctly is the first step.

For a laptop to successfully utilize Miracast for wireless screen mirroring, two fundamental conditions must be met. First, the laptop's hardware and operating system must natively support the Miracast standard, which typically involves a compatible wireless display adapter and drivers. Second, the laptop's Wi-Fi radio must be enabled and active, as Miracast exclusively leverages Wi-Fi Direct technology to create the necessary peer-to-peer connection for streaming audio and video.

The new RAM module is not compatible with the motherboard, which is a very common cause for a DRAM LED to illuminate after a memory upgrade. Motherboards and their integrated memory controllers have specific requirements for RAM type (e.g., DDR4 vs. DDR5), speed, voltage, and capacity. If the newly installed module does not meet these specifications, the motherboard's Power-On Self-Test (POST) will fail during memory initialization, triggering the DRAM diagnostic light.

A WAN is specifically built to connect networks across long distances, such as between cities, and supports secure connections.

Enabling band steering is an effective solution as it intelligently encourages dual-band client devices to connect to the less congested 5 GHz frequency band. This technology actively monitors client capabilities and signal strength, guiding compatible devices away from the often crowded 2.4 GHz band. This improves overall network performance, reduces interference, and optimizes throughput for all connected devices by balancing client distribution.

Running netstat on the server is the most direct method to verify if the new application is actively listening for incoming connections on its designated port. This command displays active network connections, listening ports, and routing tables, allowing an administrator to confirm that the application process has successfully bound to the expected TCP or UDP port. If netstat does not show the application listening, it indicates a server-side configuration issue or that the application failed to start correctly, preventing client connections.

1000Base-T (Gigabit Ethernet) uniquely requires all four twisted pairs within a Category 5e or higher cable to transmit and receive data simultaneously, unlike 100Base-TX which only uses two pairs. If one or more pairs have poor contact due to improper termination (e.g., a partially seated RJ-45 connector or poorly punched down keystone jack), the connection will struggle to establish or maintain a stable 1000 Mbps link, often falling back to 100 Mbps or experiencing intermittent disconnections as the system attempts to negotiate the higher speed.

Debris, such as lint, dust, or small particles, can accumulate at the bottom of the Lightning port, physically obstructing the connection between the cable's pins and the port's internal contacts. This physical barrier prevents the Lightning cable from fully seating and establishing the necessary electrical connection for power delivery. Consequently, the phone will not detect the charger, preventing any charging indicator from appearing and stopping power from reaching the battery.

A failing hard drive is the most probable cause for persistent 100% disk activity, even at idle, combined with system slowness. The drive's firmware repeatedly attempts to read or write to bad sectors, leading to numerous retries and sector remapping operations. This constant, unsuccessful effort to access data keeps the disk busy, causing the activity LED to stay lit and diagnostic tools to report maximum utilization, often without any specific application actively using the disk. S.M.A.R.T. data can often confirm impending failure.

A 2.5-inch SATA SSD is the ideal upgrade because its physical form factor perfectly matches the existing 2.5-inch hard drive bay in the laptop. It connects to the identical SATA data and power connectors already present, ensuring seamless compatibility with the laptop's internal infrastructure. This allows for a straightforward, plug-and-play replacement, significantly boosting performance over an HDD.

Checking the Ethernet cable between the switch and router is the correct first step because a 'dead link light' is a direct indicator of a physical layer (Layer 1) issue. The cable is the most common and simplest point of failure in a network connection. Verifying its integrity, ensuring it is properly seated, or replacing it can quickly resolve many connectivity problems before moving to more complex diagnostics.

RADIUS authenticates users for network access, commonly used with 802.1X.

A thermal printhead contains an array of tiny heating elements that selectively apply heat to the thermal label stock. If these elements are dirty, accumulated debris can insulate them, preventing efficient heat transfer and resulting in faded or unprinted areas. Conversely, a 'dead' element is permanently non-functional, consistently failing to heat the paper in its specific location. Both conditions directly cause distinct missing sections, streaks, or uneven darkness in the printed output.

Major iOS updates frequently introduce significant changes to system frameworks, deprecate older APIs, and modify security protocols. An older banking application, not yet updated by its developer, may attempt to call functions or interact with the operating system in a way that is no longer supported or has changed behavior in the new iOS version. This incompatibility often results in the application crashing immediately upon attempting a critical function like logging in, as it encounters unexpected system responses.

An incorrect paper type setting is a common cause of smudged prints from an inkjet printer. Printers adjust the amount of ink applied and the printhead's movement speed based on the selected media type to optimize absorption and drying. For instance, if the printer is set to "plain paper" but glossy photo paper is used, the printer will apply an ink volume suitable for highly absorbent plain paper, which is excessive for less absorbent glossy paper. This over-application of ink prevents proper drying, resulting in wet, smudged prints.

When Windows is installed with the SATA controller configured in AHCI mode, it installs specific AHCI drivers to communicate with the storage device. If the BIOS SATA mode is subsequently changed to IDE (or Legacy) mode, the operating system's existing AHCI drivers will be incompatible with the controller's new operational state. This driver mismatch prevents the OS from accessing the boot drive, leading directly to a "boot device not found" error, even if the drive is physically healthy.

Enabling Optical Character Recognition (OCR) in the scanner's settings is the correct approach to achieve selectable text. OCR technology analyzes the scanned image, identifies text characters, and converts them into machine-readable text. When combined with the 'Searchable PDF' output format, this extracted text is embedded as an invisible layer beneath the image, allowing users to select, copy, and search the document's content effectively.

Due to Bluetooth's robust backward compatibility, the tablet and printer will successfully establish a connection. However, the operational capabilities of this link, such as data transfer rates, effective range, and available profiles, will be constrained by the older Bluetooth 2.1 standard. The connection will function, but only at the performance level supported by the least capable device involved.

Installing an Ethernet switch at the 60-meter midpoint effectively breaks the 120-meter run into two separate 60-meter segments. Each segment then falls well within the 100-meter maximum distance specified for Cat6 cables under IEEE 802.3 standards. The switch actively regenerates the electrical signal before forwarding it, counteracting signal attenuation and ensuring reliable, high-speed data transmission across the entire 120-meter distance without exceeding any segment limitations.

This is the correct approach because 64-bit versions of Windows are designed with backward compatibility for 32-bit applications. The Windows on Windows 64-bit (WOW64) subsystem provides an emulation layer that allows 32-bit applications to run seamlessly on a 64-bit operating system. This subsystem handles necessary file and registry redirection, enabling the application to install and execute without requiring any special configuration or virtualized environments.

NAT (Network Address Translation) is a fundamental networking service that modifies the network address information in the IP header of packets as they traverse a router. It specifically translates private, non-routable IP addresses used within a local network into a single, routable public IP address assigned to the router's external interface. This process enables multiple devices on a private network to simultaneously share one public IP address for outbound internet access, conserving public IPv4 addresses and enhancing security by obscuring the internal network topology.

In densely populated areas, numerous Wi-Fi networks often operate within close proximity, frequently sharing the same limited number of non-overlapping channels (e.g., 1, 6, 11 for 2.4 GHz). When multiple access points transmit on the same channel, they create co-channel interference, forcing devices to retransmit data and contend for airtime. This contention significantly reduces effective throughput and leads to a perception of a "slow" network, as devices spend more time waiting or re-sending packets.

In a peer-to-peer network, devices directly share resources without a central server, which is common for local media streaming between a smart TV and a PC. If the TV and PC are configured in different workgroups or domains, or if file and media sharing services are disabled on either device, they will be unable to discover and access each other's local content. This specific configuration issue explains why internet streaming works (as it's an external service) but local network discovery and sharing fail.

The embedded web server (EWS) on a network printer operates as a distinct service, typically listening on standard HTTP/HTTPS ports for browser-based management. For security reasons or administrative preferences, this specific service can be intentionally disabled while other printer services, such as those handling print job queues (e.g., LPR, IPP), remain active. Therefore, printing can function normally even if the EWS is turned off, making its web interface unreachable.

A "replace fuser" message signifies that the fuser assembly, a critical component responsible for bonding toner to paper using heat and pressure, has reached its manufacturer-specified end-of-life. Replacing the fuser with a new unit from a printer-specific maintenance kit ensures optimal print quality and prevents potential failures. This action directly addresses the hardware wear, restores the printer's reliability, and typically resets the internal counter, clearing the error message.

The RAM modules are a highly probable cause for intermittent boot failures accompanied by long beeps. Most BIOS/UEFI implementations utilize specific beep patterns during the Power-On Self-Test (POST) to signal memory-related issues, with long beeps frequently indicating a problem with RAM detection, integrity, or improper seating. Intermittent failures suggest a loose, partially failing, or incompatible RAM module that sometimes passes initial checks but fails under specific conditions or due to poor contact.

An unstable CPU overclock or insufficient voltage supply to the processor is a primary cause of WHEA-Logger errors, particularly those related to corrected or uncorrected hardware errors. When a CPU is pushed beyond its stable operating parameters or not provided with adequate power, it can lead to transient calculation errors, data corruption within the CPU's registers, or communication failures with other components, resulting in system freezes and the logging of these critical hardware events.

The bootloader is a critical piece of software responsible for initiating the operating system after the BIOS/UEFI POST completes. If the bootloader, such as GRUB or Windows Boot Manager, becomes corrupted or is missing from the boot sector or EFI System Partition, the system will successfully complete POST and find the boot device, but it will then fail to load the OS kernel. This often manifests as a blinking cursor on a black screen, indicating the system is stuck trying to execute corrupted boot instructions.

Improperly seated RAM modules are a very common cause of memory-related beep codes during system startup. If a module is not fully pushed into its slot until the side retention clips audibly click into place, some of its electrical contacts may not connect properly with the motherboard. This incomplete connection prevents the Power-On Self-Test (POST) from successfully initializing the memory, triggering the diagnostic beep sequence.

When a dedicated graphics card is installed, the system's BIOS/UEFI typically disables the integrated graphics chipset on the motherboard to prevent resource conflicts and optimize performance. Consequently, if the monitor cable remains connected to the motherboard's video output port instead of the new dedicated graphics card, no display signal will be transmitted, even if the dedicated card is fully functional and its cooling fans are operating.

A touchscreen, like most peripheral devices, requires a specific device driver to function properly. This driver acts as a crucial software interface, allowing the operating system to communicate with the hardware, interpret raw touch input signals received via the USB data connection, and translate them into actionable commands. Without the correct driver installed, the system cannot recognize or process the touch data, rendering the touchscreen unresponsive to user input.

A Personal Area Network (PAN) is specifically designed for short-range communication among personal devices within an individual's immediate workspace, typically extending only a few meters. Bluetooth is the quintessential technology for establishing a PAN, enabling direct wireless connections between devices like smartphones, wireless headphones, smartwatches, and portable speakers for tasks such as audio streaming or data synchronization. This direct, low-power link is ideal for wirelessly connecting a phone to a speaker.

A laser printer's duplex unit is a specialized mechanism responsible for flipping the paper after the first side is printed and accurately refeeding it into the paper path for the second side. If this unit is misaligned, has worn gears, or a faulty sensor, it can cause the paper to buckle, snag, or fail to feed correctly during the reversal process. This specific fault would only manifest as frequent jams when attempting double-sided prints, leaving simplex (single-sided) printing unaffected, which aligns perfectly with the user's reported symptoms.

Rapid elasticity is the capability of cloud computing resources to be provisioned and released quickly and automatically to scale both outward (up) and inward (down) commensurate with demand. This characteristic ensures that computing capabilities can be elastically expanded or contracted, often within minutes, to handle sudden spikes or drops in workload without manual intervention. It directly addresses the need for systems to adapt dynamically to changing requirements, preventing over-provisioning and ensuring optimal performance during peak loads.

The Organic Photo-Conductive (OPC) drum is the primary image-forming component in a laser printer, where the latent image is created and then attracts toner. A scratch or defect on the drum's surface will consistently pick up or repel toner incorrectly at that specific point during each rotation. Given that the OPC drum typically has a circumference of approximately 3.75 inches, this defect will reliably appear as a repeating horizontal line on the printed page at that precise interval.

Incorrect printhead alignment is a common cause for colors appearing offset, blurry, or misregistered on an inkjet printer. When the printhead's individual nozzles are not precisely positioned relative to each other or the paper's movement, the different color inks (CMYK) will not be laid down in their correct overlapping positions, leading to visible color fringing, ghosting, or a general lack of sharpness in the printed image. Performing a printhead calibration or alignment utility typically resolves this issue.

The 5VSB is present and PS_ON goes low when the button is pressed, showing the motherboard is sending the correct signal. The PSU fails to start, indicating an internal fault. Replacement is the appropriate action.

Enabling user authentication directly on the printer or through a centralized print server allows for identity-based access control. By requiring users to authenticate before printing, an administrator can then assign specific permissions, such as the ability to print in color, only to authorized individuals or groups. This method provides the most granular and secure control, ensuring that only designated users can utilize the color printing functionality.

Modern Android smartphones often require a minimum current of 1 Ampere (A) or more to initiate and sustain charging, especially while the device is in use. Many older or standard car USB ports are designed primarily for data transfer or low-power accessories, typically supplying only 0.5A (500mA) at 5V. This insufficient current means the phone detects power but not enough to actively charge its battery, leading to the observed behavior where it appears not to charge.

Many smartphones incorporate a configurable 'hotspot timeout' setting, which is designed to automatically deactivate the mobile hotspot feature after a period of inactivity or a predetermined duration. This power-saving mechanism conserves battery life and mobile data by shutting down the Wi-Fi broadcast when no active data transfer is occurring, directly explaining why the hotspot connection would unexpectedly stop and require re-activation.

Session persistence ensures a user is directed to the same server for the duration of their session, preventing login and data inconsistencies.

If the smartphone's DNS settings are misconfigured or pointing to a non-functional server, the device can successfully connect to the Wi-Fi network and obtain an IP address. However, it will be unable to translate human-readable domain names (like google.com) into numerical IP addresses. This prevents the smartphone from reaching internet websites, even though its local network connectivity is otherwise functional, leading to the symptom of being connected but having no internet access.

2.4 GHz has better range and can penetrate obstacles like warehouse racks more effectively, reducing disconnects.

Modern Wi-Fi standards, such as 802.11ac and 802.11ax, utilize wider channel widths (e.g., 80 MHz or 160 MHz) to achieve significantly higher data throughput. Older Wi-Fi clients, often based on 802.11n or earlier, may only support narrower channels (20 MHz or 40 MHz). If the new access point is configured to exclusively use a wider channel that older clients cannot properly interpret or negotiate, these legacy devices will experience intermittent disconnections or an inability to connect, while newer, compatible devices operate normally.

The imaging drum, or photoconductive drum, is crucial for forming the electrostatic latent image that attracts toner particles. As the drum rotates, a laser writes the image onto its surface, which then picks up toner. Wear, scratches, or damage to the drum's sensitive surface can prevent proper charge retention or toner attraction, resulting in consistent faint areas, streaks, or distinct blank spots on the printed page, even if the toner cartridge is new.

A dedicated cable tester is the appropriate tool for verifying the physical integrity and proper wiring of an Ethernet cable, which is critical for VoIP deployment. It can perform comprehensive tests, including checking for pin-to-pin continuity across all eight conductors, identifying open circuits, detecting short circuits between wires, and confirming the correct wiring scheme (e.g., T568A or T568B) and proper termination at both ends. This ensures the cable meets the necessary electrical and data transmission standards for reliable VoIP phone operation.

5 GHz has shorter range and lower penetration through obstacles. The customer may be in a location where the 5 GHz signal is too weak, while 2.4 GHz still works.

Installing an additional access point (AP) directly within the conference room, particularly in the ceiling, is the most effective solution for ensuring robust Wi-Fi coverage and achieving the required -67 dBm signal strength for high-bandwidth applications like video conferencing. This strategy creates a dedicated coverage cell, minimizing signal attenuation from walls and obstructions, and directly addresses the localized weak signal issue by bringing the signal source closer to the client devices. Proper placement in the ceiling also optimizes signal propagation and reduces potential interference.

When a virtual switch utilizes Network Address Translation (NAT), it typically operates within a specific private IP subnet and acts as the gateway, often assigning addresses via DHCP. If a virtual machine is manually configured with a static IP address that falls outside of this designated NAT subnet range, it will be unable to locate or communicate with the NAT gateway. This misconfiguration directly prevents the VM from accessing the internet or any external network resources, explaining the isolated connectivity failure.

When power saving mode is active on a laptop's wireless adapter, the adapter may periodically reduce its power output, enter a low-power state, or even briefly disable its radio to conserve battery life. This behavior is often triggered or exacerbated by fluctuating signal strength, such as when a user moves between rooms and the signal quality changes. The adapter might drop the connection as it attempts to save power, then struggle to re-establish it, leading directly to the observed intermittent disconnections.

Correct. Cat6a supports 10 Gbps, so only the switches need to be upgraded to 10 Gbps models. This is the most cost-effective solution.