- A
Configure Conditional Access to require MFA only for external access, use Intune for mobile device management, deploy Always Encrypted for Azure SQL Database, and use Azure AD Application Proxy for VM access.
Why wrong: Always Encrypted may be overly complex; App Proxy is not for VM access.
- B
Configure Microsoft Entra PIM for MFA, use Intune for mobile devices, deploy Azure VPN Gateway for VM access, and enable Double Encryption for Azure SQL Database.
Why wrong: PIM is for JIT, not general MFA; VPN Gateway is not for VM access.
- C
Configure Conditional Access policies for MFA, use Intune compliance policies for mobile devices, deploy Azure Bastion for VM access with audit logging, and enable TDE and enforce TLS for Azure SQL Database.
Meets all requirements: MFA, device compliance, secure VM access, encryption.
- D
Use Azure AD Identity Protection for MFA, use Microsoft Endpoint Manager for device compliance, deploy Azure Firewall for VM access, and use Azure Key Vault for SQL encryption keys.
Why wrong: Identity Protection is not a direct MFA policy; Firewall is not for VM access.
Quick Answer
The correct answer is to configure Conditional Access policies for MFA, use Intune compliance policies for mobile devices, deploy Azure Bastion for VM access with audit logging, and enable TDE with enforced TLS for Azure SQL Database. This combination directly addresses HIPAA compliance in Microsoft 365 and Azure by layering identity-driven access controls, device management, secure administrative connectivity, and dual-layer encryption. Conditional Access enforces MFA for external network access, while Intune ensures mobile devices are compliant before email access, both critical for protecting ePHI. Azure Bastion provides secure, audited RDP/SSH access to Azure VMs without exposing public IPs, and Transparent Data Encryption combined with TLS satisfies encryption-at-rest and in-transit requirements for Azure SQL Database. On the Microsoft Cybersecurity Architect exam, this scenario tests your ability to map specific HIPAA controls to Azure security design services, with a common trap being the misuse of Always Encrypted for column-level encryption when TDE is the simpler, broader HIPAA-compliant choice. Remember the mnemonic: **C-I-B-T** — Conditional Access, Intune, Bastion, TDE/TLS.
SC-100 Design security solutions for infrastructure Practice Question
This SC-100 practice question tests your understanding of design security solutions for infrastructure. This is a configuration task: choose the command set that satisfies every stated requirement. Small differences — like 'secret' vs 'password' or 'transport input ssh' vs 'all' — change whether the answer is correct. After answering, compare your reasoning against the explanation and wrong-answer breakdown below. Once you have made your selection, read the full explanation to reinforce the concept and understand why each distractor is designed to mislead on exam day.
You are a security architect for a healthcare organization that is adopting Microsoft 365 and Azure. The organization must comply with HIPAA and has the following requirements: - All users must use multi-factor authentication (MFA) when accessing Microsoft 365 from outside the corporate network. - Mobile devices must be managed and must be compliant before accessing email. - Access to Azure virtual machines must be limited to specific admin users and must be audited. - All sensitive data stored in Azure SQL Database must be encrypted at rest and in transit. You have the following technologies: Microsoft Entra ID, Microsoft Intune, Azure SQL Database, Azure Policy, Azure Key Vault, Microsoft Defender for Cloud, and Azure Bastion. Which combination of services and configurations should you implement?
Answer choices
Why each option matters
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
Configure Conditional Access policies for MFA, use Intune compliance policies for mobile devices, deploy Azure Bastion for VM access with audit logging, and enable TDE and enforce TLS for Azure SQL Database.
Option B is correct: Conditional Access with MFA for external access; Intune compliance policies for mobile devices; Azure Bastion for secure VM access with audit; Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) for at-rest encryption and TLS for in-transit. Option A is incorrect: Always Encrypted is for column-level encryption, but TDE is simpler for HIPAA. Option C is incorrect: Azure AD Application Proxy is not for VM access. Option D is incorrect: Azure Firewall does not provide audit for VM access.
Key principle: NAT direction and interface roles matter as much as the IP address mapping. Inside/outside designation controls which traffic is translated.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
- ✗
Configure Conditional Access to require MFA only for external access, use Intune for mobile device management, deploy Always Encrypted for Azure SQL Database, and use Azure AD Application Proxy for VM access.
Why it's wrong here
Always Encrypted may be overly complex; App Proxy is not for VM access.
- ✗
Configure Microsoft Entra PIM for MFA, use Intune for mobile devices, deploy Azure VPN Gateway for VM access, and enable Double Encryption for Azure SQL Database.
- ✓
Configure Conditional Access policies for MFA, use Intune compliance policies for mobile devices, deploy Azure Bastion for VM access with audit logging, and enable TDE and enforce TLS for Azure SQL Database.
- ✗
Use Azure AD Identity Protection for MFA, use Microsoft Endpoint Manager for device compliance, deploy Azure Firewall for VM access, and use Azure Key Vault for SQL encryption keys.
Common exam traps
Common exam trap: NAT rules depend on direction and matching traffic
NAT is not only about the public address. The inside/outside interface roles and the ACL or rule that matches traffic are just as important.
Detailed technical explanation
How to think about this question
NAT questions usually test address translation, overload/PAT behaviour, static mappings and whether the right traffic is being translated. Read the interface direction and address terms carefully.
KKey Concepts to Remember
- Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
- PAT allows many inside hosts to share one public address using ports.
- Inside local and inside global describe the private and translated addresses.
- NAT ACLs identify traffic for translation, not always security filtering.
TExam Day Tips
- Identify inside and outside interfaces first.
- Check whether the scenario needs static NAT, dynamic NAT or PAT.
- Do not confuse NAT matching ACLs with normal packet-filtering intent.
Key takeaway
NAT direction and interface roles matter as much as the IP address mapping. Inside/outside designation controls which traffic is translated.
Real-world example
How this comes up in practice
A company's IT admin needs to give a contractor read-only access to production logs without sharing account credentials. Using role-based access control (RBAC) and temporary scoped permissions — not a permanent shared password — is the correct pattern. Questions like this test whether you can apply least-privilege access across cloud identity services.
What to study next
Got this wrong? Here's your next step.
Review the four NAT address types (inside local, inside global, outside local, outside global), PAT port overload, and static vs dynamic NAT use cases. Then practise related SC-100 NAT questions on configuration and troubleshooting.
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FAQ
Questions learners often ask
What does this SC-100 question test?
Design security solutions for infrastructure — This question tests Design security solutions for infrastructure — Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address..
What is the correct answer to this question?
The correct answer is: Configure Conditional Access policies for MFA, use Intune compliance policies for mobile devices, deploy Azure Bastion for VM access with audit logging, and enable TDE and enforce TLS for Azure SQL Database. — Option B is correct: Conditional Access with MFA for external access; Intune compliance policies for mobile devices; Azure Bastion for secure VM access with audit; Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) for at-rest encryption and TLS for in-transit. Option A is incorrect: Always Encrypted is for column-level encryption, but TDE is simpler for HIPAA. Option C is incorrect: Azure AD Application Proxy is not for VM access. Option D is incorrect: Azure Firewall does not provide audit for VM access.
What should I do if I get this SC-100 question wrong?
Review the four NAT address types (inside local, inside global, outside local, outside global), PAT port overload, and static vs dynamic NAT use cases. Then practise related SC-100 NAT questions on configuration and troubleshooting.
What is the key concept behind this question?
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
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Last reviewed: Jun 21, 2026
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