CCNA Routing Fundamentals Questions

The 'monitor traffic' command captures packets on an interface and allows analysis of routing updates. Option D is correct. Option A shows the forwarding table, not captures.

Option B shows log files but not real-time capture. Option C shows OSPF neighbor state, not packet contents.

The correct answer is C. Junos supports equal-cost multipath (ECMP) by default for static routes with the same preference and metric. Traffic is load-balanced across both next-hops.

Option A is incorrect because active/passive is not default. Option B is incorrect because both routes are considered. Option D is incorrect because traffic is forwarded.

When both static default routes have the same preference and metric, Junos installs both in the routing table. However, ECMP load-balancing requires that each route resolve to a single next hop. If one static route resolves to multiple next hops (e.g., through a recursive lookup to a prefix with multiple paths), the route with a single next hop (ISP-A) becomes the sole active path for forwarding, while the multi-next-hop route (ISP-B) is not used for load balancing.

This explains why all traffic goes to ISP-A despite both routes being present.

Option A is correct because the static route may be configured with a qualified-next-hop that is not satisfied. Option B is wrong because static route preference (5) is lower than OSPF (10), so static should be active. Option C is wrong because next-hop reachable via OSPF should allow static route to be active.

Option D is wrong because metric is not compared across protocols.

A hidden static route typically means the next-hop is not reachable. Option D correctly identifies this. Option A is incorrect because high preference does not cause hidden; it may not be active but still visible.

Option B is incorrect because a discard route would be flagged as 'discard'. Option C is incorrect because the route is committed if it appears in the configuration.

The correct answer is B. The active route has preference 10, while the alternative has preference 150. In Junos, the route with the lower preference is preferred.

Option A is incorrect because metric (1 vs 20) is not considered since preferences differ. Option C is incorrect because cost is not a separate factor; metric is the OSPF cost. Option D is incorrect because route age is not a tie-breaker when preferences differ.

Option C is correct because the static route has a preference of 15, which is higher than OSPF's preference of 10, making OSPF the active route. Option A is wrong because metric is not compared across protocols. Option B is wrong because the next-hop is reachable (via ge-0/0/0.0).

Option D is wrong because the route is present in the table, so it is committed.

The correct answer is A. An aggregate route requires at least one contributing route (a more specific route within the aggregate's range) to become active. Without a contributing route, the aggregate remains inactive.

Option B is not required, though a static route can serve as contributor. Option C is not required. Option D is false; a contributing route must exist.

Option D is correct because the 'area range' command requires an active inter-area route to exist in the routing table; if the ABR does not have a route to the individual prefixes in the inet.0 table (perhaps due to filtering or no OSPF adjacency), the summary is not generated. Option A is incorrect; the area range command itself works, but a restart is not required. Option B is incorrect; the area range does not need a matching interface; it summarizes routes learned from the area.

Option C is incorrect; the summary LSA is type 3, not type 5.

A route is active if it is the best route (lowest preference), its next-hop is reachable, and it is installed in the forwarding table. Options A, B, and D are correct. Option C is incorrect because multiple routes can exist for the same prefix (only one active).

Option E is incorrect because 'trusted protocol' is not a condition.

Options B and E are correct. Option A is false because a static route with a next-hop of an interface is not active if the interface is down. Option C is false because static routes can be used for load balancing.

Option D is false because a lower preference number indicates a more preferred route.

The static route with preference 10 is preferred over the OSPF route with preference 150 because JunOS selects the route with the lowest preference value. Option A is correct. Option B is incorrect because higher preference is less preferred.

Option C is incorrect because ECMP requires equal cost routes, not different preference. Option D is incorrect because the static route is valid.