KCNA Container Orchestration Practice Question
Which of the following is an example of immutable infrastructure?
⚠ Common exam trap
CNCF often tests the misconception that configuration management tools (like Ansible or Puppet) are inherently immutable, but they are actually used for mutable infrastructure because they apply changes to running systems rather than replacing them entirely.
Answer choices
Why each option matters
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
✓
Rebuilding a server from a pre-baked image and replacing the old one
Immutable infrastructure means that once a server or container is deployed, it is never modified in place. Instead, any change requires building a new image and redeploying. Option D describes exactly this: rebuilding from a pre-baked image and replacing the old server, which is the core pattern of immutability in container orchestration (e.g., Kubernetes rolling updates or Recreate deployments).
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
- ✗
SSH into a server to apply patches
Why it's wrong here
This mutates the server, which is mutable infrastructure.
- ✗
Manually installing packages on a running container
Why it's wrong here
This mutates the container, violating immutability.
- ✗
Using configuration management tools to update software on running servers
Why it's wrong here
This also mutates existing servers.
- ✓
Rebuilding a server from a pre-baked image and replacing the old one
Why this is correct
This is the essence of immutable infrastructure.
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Written by Johnson Ajibi, MSc IT Security
Senior Network & Security Engineer · founder of Courseiva
This KCNA practice question is part of Courseiva's free CNCF certification practice question bank. Courseiva provides original exam-style practice questions with explanations, topic-based practice, mock exams, readiness tracking, and study analytics to help learners prepare for the KCNA exam.