- A
NetworkPolicy and RoleBinding
Why wrong: These are for network and RBAC, not for security constraints.
- B
PodSecurityPolicy and ClusterRole
Why wrong: PodSecurityPolicy is deprecated and removed in v1.25, and is not part of Gatekeeper.
- C
ValidatingWebhookConfiguration and MutatingWebhookConfiguration
Why wrong: These are auto-configured by Gatekeeper when installed, not created by the admin for writing policies.
- D
ConstraintTemplate and Constraint
ConstraintTemplate contains the Rego policy; Constraint applies it to specific resources.
Question 957 of 997
OPA Gatekeeper Resources: ConstraintTemplate and Constraint
This CKS practice question tests your understanding of minimize microservice vulnerabilities. Match the stated requirement to the specific cloud service, access model, or configuration option — many options are valid in isolation but not for this scenario. After answering, compare your reasoning against the explanation and wrong-answer breakdown below. Once you have made your selection, read the full explanation to reinforce the concept and understand why each distractor is designed to mislead on exam day.
An administrator wants to enforce that all containers in a Kubernetes cluster run as non-root and have read-only root filesystems using OPA/Gatekeeper. Which two resources must be created?
Answer choices
Why each option matters
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
✓
ConstraintTemplate and Constraint
OPA/Gatekeeper enforces policies via the Constraint Framework, which requires two resources: a ConstraintTemplate (defining the policy logic in Rego) and a Constraint (applying the template to specific resources). Together, they allow you to require containers run as non-root and have read-only root filesystems by evaluating admission requests against the defined rules.
Key principle: Answer the scenario, not the keyword: identify the specific constraint before choosing the most familiar-sounding option.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
- ✗
NetworkPolicy and RoleBinding
Why it's wrong here
These are for network and RBAC, not for security constraints.
- ✗
PodSecurityPolicy and ClusterRole
Why it's wrong here
PodSecurityPolicy is deprecated and removed in v1.25, and is not part of Gatekeeper.
- ✗
ValidatingWebhookConfiguration and MutatingWebhookConfiguration
Why it's wrong here
These are auto-configured by Gatekeeper when installed, not created by the admin for writing policies.
- ✓
ConstraintTemplate and Constraint
Why this is correct
ConstraintTemplate contains the Rego policy; Constraint applies it to specific resources.
Related concept
Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
Common exam traps
Common exam trap: answer the scenario, not the keyword
CNCF/CKS often tests whether you understand that OPA/Gatekeeper uses ConstraintTemplates and Constraints as the policy resources, not the underlying webhook configurations or legacy PodSecurityPolicy objects.
Detailed technical explanation
How to think about this question
OPA/Gatekeeper works as an admission webhook that intercepts API requests; the ConstraintTemplate defines a Rego rule that checks container securityContext fields like runAsNonRoot: true and readOnlyRootFilesystem: true. The Constraint then applies that template to specific namespaces or cluster-wide, and violations are rejected at admission time. This approach replaces the deprecated PodSecurityPolicy with a more flexible, policy-as-code model.
KKey Concepts to Remember
- Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
- Find the constraint that changes the correct option.
- Eliminate answers that are true in general but not in this case.
TExam Day Tips
- Watch for words such as best, first, most likely and least administrative effort.
- Review why wrong options are wrong, not only why the correct option is correct.
Key takeaway
Answer the scenario, not the keyword: identify the specific constraint before choosing the most familiar-sounding option.
Real-world example
How this comes up in practice
A practitioner preparing for the CKS exam encounters this exact type of scenario on the job. The correct answer here is not the most general option — it is the best answer for the specific constraint described. Answer the scenario, not the keyword: identify the specific constraint before choosing the most familiar-sounding option. Real exam questions reward reading the full scenario before eliminating options, because the constraint defines which answer fits.
What to study next
Got this wrong? Here's your next step.
Identify which exam domain this question belongs to, review the core concept, then practise similar questions from the same domain.
- →
Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities — study guide chapter
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FAQ
Questions learners often ask
What does this CKS question test?
Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities — This question tests Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities — Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer..
What is the correct answer to this question?
The correct answer is: ConstraintTemplate and Constraint — OPA/Gatekeeper enforces policies via the Constraint Framework, which requires two resources: a ConstraintTemplate (defining the policy logic in Rego) and a Constraint (applying the template to specific resources). Together, they allow you to require containers run as non-root and have read-only root filesystems by evaluating admission requests against the defined rules.
What should I do if I get this CKS question wrong?
Identify which exam domain this question belongs to, review the core concept, then practise similar questions from the same domain.
What is the key concept behind this question?
Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
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Last reviewed: Jul 4, 2026
This CKS practice question is part of Courseiva's free CNCF certification practice question bank. Courseiva provides original exam-style practice questions with explanations, topic-based practice, mock exams, readiness tracking, and study analytics to help learners prepare for the CKS exam.
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