Storage

A DevOps team needs to deploy a stateful application that requires persistent storage with ReadWriteMany access mode across multiple pods running on different nodes. Which Kubernetes resource should they use to provision the storage?

Which of the following volume types is designed to store sensitive information such as passwords or tokens?

An administrator needs to expand an existing PersistentVolumeClaim. Which TWO conditions must be met?

You create a StorageClass with volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer. A PVC using this StorageClass is created but remains in 'Pending' state. The PVC expects a node with label 'disktype=ssd'. A suitable node exists. What is the MOST likely reason the PVC is still Pending?

Which TWO of the following are valid reclaim policies for a PersistentVolume? (Select TWO)

A developer creates a YAML manifest for a pod that uses a PersistentVolumeClaim. The PVC requests 5Gi of storage but the only available PV has 10Gi. What will happen when the pod is created?

Which TWO statements about emptyDir volumes are correct?

Which TWO of the following are valid reclaim policies for a PersistentVolume?

Which TWO statements about PersistentVolume (PV) reclaim policies are correct?

An application requires a persistent volume that can be shared across multiple Pods running on different nodes, with read-write access from all Pods simultaneously. Which access mode should be specified in the PersistentVolumeClaim?

A user creates a PersistentVolumeClaim with a storage class 'ssd' that does not exist in the cluster. What will happen when the PVC is created?

A StorageClass named 'fast-ssd' uses the provisioner 'kubernetes.io/gce-pd' and has volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer. A PVC 'my-pvc' requests 100Gi storage from this StorageClass. A pod using the PVC is scheduled to a node in zone 'us-central1-a'. When is the PV provisioned?

A pod needs to share data between two containers during their lifecycle, but the data does not need to persist after the pod is deleted. Which volume type is most appropriate?

Which of the following volume types provides ephemeral storage that shares the pod's lifecycle and is initially empty?

You are a cluster administrator managing a production Kubernetes cluster that hosts a stateful application using StatefulSets with PersistentVolumeClaims (PVCs) backed by a cloud provider's persistent disk. A developer reports that a new pod in the StatefulSet is stuck in 'Pending' state. You describe the StatefulSet and see that it has 3 replicas. Two pods are Running, but the third pod (pod-2) is Pending. You check the PVC for pod-2 and see it is 'Pending'. The StorageClass uses 'WaitForFirstConsumer' volume binding mode. The node where pod-2 should run has sufficient resources. Other PVCs in the same namespace bound successfully. What is the most likely cause of the pending PVC and pod?

Which reclaim policy will cause the underlying storage to be deleted when the associated PersistentVolume is released from a PersistentVolumeClaim?

Which of the following commands will list all PersistentVolumeClaims in a cluster?

A cluster administrator wants to expand an existing PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) that is bound to a PersistentVolume (PV) with reclaim policy Delete and storage class 'fast'. The PV was dynamically provisioned. Which condition is required for the PVC expansion to succeed?

Which access mode allows multiple pods to read and write to a PersistentVolume simultaneously when all pods are on the same node?

Which volume type in Kubernetes allows a Pod to share data between its containers, with the data being deleted when the Pod is removed?

A cluster has a PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) named 'data-claim' bound to a PersistentVolume (PV) with reclaim policy 'Retain'. The PVC is deleted. The PV now shows status 'Released'. What must be done so that the PV can be reused by a new PVC?

Which access mode allows a PersistentVolume to be mounted as read-write by multiple pods across different nodes?

A cluster administrator needs to create a PersistentVolume that can be mounted as a block device (not a filesystem) by a Pod. Which field in the PersistentVolume spec must be set to enable this?

A cluster uses a CSI driver for dynamic provisioning. An administrator creates a StorageClass with 'volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer' and a PVC. The pod using the PVC is scheduled to a node. However, the PV is never provisioned. What is the most likely cause?

A developer accidentally runs 'kubectl delete pvc data-claim'. What is the immediate effect on the PersistentVolume pv-data?

A cluster administrator is configuring a Pod to use a PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) that is dynamically provisioned using a StorageClass with volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer. The PVC is created before the Pod. When the Pod is created, which node will the PV be provisioned on?

You need to allow a pod to use a specific device from the host node (e.g., /dev/sdb) as a raw block device. Which volume mode should you set in the PVC?

A cluster administrator creates a StorageClass with the following YAML: apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: StorageClass metadata: name: fast provisioner: kubernetes.io/aws-ebs parameters: type: gp2 reclaimPolicy: Delete volumeBindingMode: Immediate A developer creates a PVC using this StorageClass. The PVC is created and remains in Pending state. What is the most likely cause?

You want to dynamically provision storage for a PVC using a StorageClass named 'fast-ssd'. Which field in the PVC YAML specifies the StorageClass?

A developer wants to mount a ConfigMap as a volume in a pod. However, the pod should only see specific keys from the ConfigMap, not all keys. What is the best approach?

Which access mode allows multiple pods on different nodes to mount a PersistentVolume as read-write?