- A
Add an IAM policy to the Lambda execution role that allows s3:GetObject on the bucket
The Lambda execution role must have the necessary S3 permissions to access the bucket.
- B
Remove the bucket policy that denies all principals
Why wrong: The bucket policy can be modified to allow the Lambda role, but removing it entirely may weaken security.
- C
Attach an internet gateway to the VPC and a public IP to the Lambda function
Why wrong: Lambda functions in a VPC can access S3 via a VPC endpoint or NAT gateway, not directly via internet gateway.
- D
Create a VPC endpoint for S3 and attach it to the Lambda function's VPC
Why wrong: A VPC endpoint provides private connectivity but does not grant permissions.
Question 1,485 of 1,705
ANS-C01 Network Security, Compliance and Governance Practice Question
This ANS-C01 practice question tests your understanding of network security, compliance and governance. The scenario asks you to isolate a root cause — eliminate options that address a different problem before choosing. After answering, compare your reasoning against the explanation and wrong-answer breakdown below. Once you have made your selection, read the full explanation to reinforce the concept and understand why each distractor is designed to mislead on exam day.
A company has an AWS Lambda function that needs to access an S3 bucket in the same AWS account. The Lambda function is configured to use the VPC default execution role. The S3 bucket policy denies all principals except those explicitly allowed. The Lambda function cannot access the bucket. What should be done to resolve this issue?
Answer choices
Why each option matters
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
✓
Add an IAM policy to the Lambda execution role that allows s3:GetObject on the bucket
Option A is correct because the Lambda execution role needs an IAM policy that allows s3:GetObject (or appropriate actions) on the S3 bucket. Additionally, the bucket policy must explicitly grant access to that IAM role (or the account). Option B is wrong because simply removing the bucket policy would allow all principals, which is not a secure solution and does not align with the company's intent to deny all except explicitly allowed. The proper fix is to update the bucket policy to allow the Lambda role, not remove it entirely. Option C is wrong because attaching an internet gateway and assigning a public IP to the Lambda function does not resolve the IAM authorization issue; furthermore, Lambda functions in a VPC do not require internet access to reach S3 in the same account. Option D is wrong because creating a VPC endpoint for S3 provides private network connectivity but does not grant IAM permissions; the Lambda execution role still needs an IAM policy allowing access, and the bucket policy must allow that role.
Key principle: Authentication proves identity; authorization controls what that identity can do after login. Both must work for full privileged access.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
- ✓
Add an IAM policy to the Lambda execution role that allows s3:GetObject on the bucket
Why this is correct
The Lambda execution role must have the necessary S3 permissions to access the bucket.
Related concept
Authentication checks who the user is.
- ✗
Remove the bucket policy that denies all principals
Why it's wrong here
The bucket policy can be modified to allow the Lambda role, but removing it entirely may weaken security.
- ✗
Attach an internet gateway to the VPC and a public IP to the Lambda function
- ✗
Create a VPC endpoint for S3 and attach it to the Lambda function's VPC
Why it's wrong here
A VPC endpoint provides private connectivity but does not grant permissions.
Common exam traps
Common exam trap: authentication is not authorization
Logging in proves the user can authenticate. It does not automatically mean the user is allowed to enter privileged or configuration mode. Watch for AAA authorization, privilege level and command authorization details.
Detailed technical explanation
How to think about this question
This kind of question is testing the difference between identity and permission. A user may successfully log in to a router because authentication is working, but still fail to enter configuration mode because authorization is missing, misconfigured or mapped to a lower privilege level.
KKey Concepts to Remember
- Authentication checks who the user is.
- Authorization controls what the user is allowed to do after login.
- Privilege levels affect access to EXEC and configuration commands.
- AAA, TACACS+ and RADIUS can separate login success from command access.
TExam Day Tips
- Do not assume successful login means full administrative access.
- Look for words such as cannot enter configuration mode, privilege level, authorization or command access.
- Separate login problems from permission problems before choosing the answer.
Key takeaway
Authentication proves identity; authorization controls what that identity can do after login. Both must work for full privileged access.
Real-world example
How this comes up in practice
A media company stores terabytes of video archives that are accessed once a year for audit purposes. Moving these objects to a cold storage tier (Azure Archive, S3 Glacier, or Google Nearline) costs a fraction of hot storage. Questions like this test whether you understand storage tiers, access frequency tradeoffs, and retrieval latency requirements.
Visual reference
Quick reference
AWS S3 Storage Class Comparison
| Storage Class | Min Duration | Retrieval | Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|
| S3 Standard | None | Immediate | Frequently accessed data |
| S3 Standard-IA | 30 days | Immediate | Infrequent access, rapid retrieval |
| S3 One Zone-IA | 30 days | Immediate | Non-critical infrequent data |
| S3 Intelligent-Tiering | None | Immediate–hours | Unknown or changing access patterns |
| S3 Glacier Instant | 90 days | Milliseconds | Archive with instant retrieval |
| S3 Glacier Flexible | 90 days | Minutes–hours | Archive, flexible retrieval |
| S3 Glacier Deep Archive | 180 days | Hours | Long-term compliance archive |
What to study next
Got this wrong? Here's your next step.
Review Cisco AAA concepts — authentication, authorization, and accounting. Study privilege levels (0–15), command authorization under TACACS+, and how RADIUS differs. Then practise related ANS-C01 questions on access control and AAA configuration.
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FAQ
Questions learners often ask
What does this ANS-C01 question test?
Network Security, Compliance and Governance — This question tests Network Security, Compliance and Governance — Authentication checks who the user is..
What is the correct answer to this question?
The correct answer is: Add an IAM policy to the Lambda execution role that allows s3:GetObject on the bucket — Option A is correct because the Lambda execution role needs an IAM policy that allows s3:GetObject (or appropriate actions) on the S3 bucket. Additionally, the bucket policy must explicitly grant access to that IAM role (or the account). Option B is wrong because simply removing the bucket policy would allow all principals, which is not a secure solution and does not align with the company's intent to deny all except explicitly allowed. The proper fix is to update the bucket policy to allow the Lambda role, not remove it entirely. Option C is wrong because attaching an internet gateway and assigning a public IP to the Lambda function does not resolve the IAM authorization issue; furthermore, Lambda functions in a VPC do not require internet access to reach S3 in the same account. Option D is wrong because creating a VPC endpoint for S3 provides private network connectivity but does not grant IAM permissions; the Lambda execution role still needs an IAM policy allowing access, and the bucket policy must allow that role.
What should I do if I get this ANS-C01 question wrong?
Review Cisco AAA concepts — authentication, authorization, and accounting. Study privilege levels (0–15), command authorization under TACACS+, and how RADIUS differs. Then practise related ANS-C01 questions on access control and AAA configuration.
What is the key concept behind this question?
Authentication checks who the user is.
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Last reviewed: Jun 20, 2026
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