Fundamentals of AI and ML

A data scientist is using SageMaker to train a model on a dataset with many features. They suspect some features are redundant. Which feature engineering technique would help?

Which TWO are best practices for model monitoring in production on AWS?

Refer to the exhibit. A data scientist ran a training job on Amazon SageMaker. The job failed with the error shown. What is the most likely cause?

Which TWO factors should be considered when choosing between a CPU-based instance and a GPU-based instance for training a machine learning model on Amazon SageMaker? (Choose two.)

A company is training a large language model using Amazon SageMaker. The training job fails with the error 'OutOfMemory'. They are using a single ml.p3.2xlarge instance. The dataset is 50GB and the model is 2GB. The training script uses standard data loading. Which action should they take to resolve the issue?

A data scientist wants to deploy a custom model built with TensorFlow to Amazon SageMaker for real-time inference. Which TWO steps are required? (Choose two.)

A startup wants to build a product recommendation engine for their e-commerce platform. They have user purchase history and item metadata. They want a fully managed solution that can automatically train and deploy a recommendation model without needing to manage the underlying ML lifecycle. The solution should provide personalized recommendations based on collaborative filtering. Which AWS service should they use?

A data scientist is training a binary classification model to predict customer churn. The dataset has 10,000 records with 9,500 non-churners and 500 churners. After training a logistic regression model, the model achieves 95% accuracy on the test set. However, the business team reports that the model is not useful because it predicts almost all customers as non-churners. Which metric should the data scientist use to evaluate the model's performance in this scenario?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer wants to ensure the notebook instance can access the internet to download packages. Which property configuration ensures this?

A data scientist is training a model using Amazon SageMaker and notices the training loss is decreasing but validation loss starts increasing after a few epochs. Which technique should they apply to address this?

An e-commerce company stores user interaction logs in Amazon S3. They want to use machine learning to segment users based on purchasing behavior. Which unsupervised learning algorithm is most appropriate?

A team trains a model using Amazon SageMaker built-in XGBoost. After training, they want to evaluate feature importance. Which SageMaker feature allows them to view this?

A financial services company needs to ensure that the machine learning models used for loan approval are explainable and meet regulatory compliance. Which AWS feature can help explain model predictions?

A company wants to build a model to forecast monthly sales. The data is a time series with trend and seasonality. Which SageMaker algorithm is most appropriate?

A company is deploying a machine learning model for real-time fraud detection. The model must make predictions with latency under 10 milliseconds. The data scientist trained a gradient boosting model that achieves high accuracy but has inference latency of 50 milliseconds. The team has access to a larger instance type with more CPU cores. Which approach should the data scientist take to reduce inference latency while maintaining accuracy?

A team is training a binary classification model using Amazon SageMaker. They notice that the training accuracy is 99% but the test accuracy is only 70%. Which technique should they apply first to address this?

A company wants to use Amazon SageMaker to train a model using a custom Docker container that has specific dependencies. The training code is stored in an S3 bucket. Which steps must be taken to run the training job?

A data scientist is evaluating different AWS services for building a machine learning pipeline. Which THREE components are part of Amazon SageMaker? (Select THREE.)

A company is using Amazon Comprehend for sentiment analysis on customer reviews. They notice that the sentiment is often incorrect for negative reviews with sarcasm. What is the likely cause?

An organization wants to detect anomalies in real-time streaming data from IoT devices. The data includes sensor readings, and the team plans to use a machine learning model. Which AWS service should be used to build and deploy the model with minimal operational overhead?

A data scientist is using Amazon SageMaker to train a deep learning model for image classification. The training job is taking too long. The dataset consists of 100,000 images stored in Amazon S3. Which action can the data scientist take to reduce training time without modifying the model architecture?

A data scientist at a retail company is tasked with building a model to predict customer churn. The dataset contains 100,000 records with features such as age, purchase history, customer support interactions, and a binary label indicating whether the customer churned in the past. The team needs a model that can be deployed for real-time inference with low latency. They have limited time and want to use a built-in algorithm from Amazon SageMaker that is optimized for classification tasks. Which approach should they take?

Which TWO of the following are examples of supervised learning tasks that can be performed using Amazon SageMaker built-in algorithms?

A company wants to deploy a real-time inference endpoint for a custom model on SageMaker. The model has high latency (100ms) and they need to handle variable traffic with spikes. Which deployment strategy is most cost-effective?

During model training, the loss decreases rapidly for the first few epochs and then plateaus. The validation loss starts increasing after some epochs. What should the team do to improve generalization?

Which TWO of the following are best practices for data preprocessing in machine learning? (Select TWO.)

A data scientist wants to perform automatic model tuning (hyperparameter optimization) on SageMaker. They need to find the best hyperparameters for a gradient boosting model. Which strategy is BEST for this task?

A financial services company needs to deploy a real-time fraud detection model with sub-100ms inference latency. The model is a large ensemble requiring 8 GB of memory per request. The workload has bursty traffic. Which Amazon SageMaker deployment strategy best meets these requirements?

A startup is building a recommendation engine for their e-commerce platform. They need a fully managed service that can generate personalized product recommendations based on user behavior. Which AWS service should they use?

Which TWO services can be used to preprocess data for machine learning in AWS? (Choose two.)

A company is using Amazon Rekognition to detect objects in images. They need to detect custom objects that are specific to their domain. What should they do?

A company needs to store large amounts of unstructured training data (images, videos) in a cost-effective manner while ensuring low-latency retrieval for training jobs running on Amazon SageMaker. Which storage solution should be used?

A company wants to build a system that automatically categorizes customer support tickets into predefined categories (e.g., billing, technical, account). The team has a large dataset of historical tickets with their category labels. Which type of machine learning problem is this?

A healthcare company is using Amazon SageMaker to deploy a model that makes predictions on patient data. They need to ensure that the model's predictions are explainable to comply with regulations. Which approach should they take?

A marketing agency wants to analyze customer feedback from social media posts to gauge sentiment. They have no labeled data and limited ML expertise. The team needs a managed service that provides pre-trained models for sentiment analysis without requiring them to train or manage infrastructure. They also need to process text in multiple languages. Which AWS service should they use?

A company is using Amazon SageMaker to train a model. They want to automatically stop training if the model performance stops improving on a validation dataset. Which SageMaker feature should they enable?

Which THREE are SageMaker built-in algorithms suitable for regression tasks?

A data scientist wants to host a pre-trained model on Amazon SageMaker for real-time inference with minimal latency. Which approach should they use?

A data engineer is using Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler to prepare tabular data for ML. Which THREE data transformations are natively supported? (Choose three.)

Which AWS services can be used to build, train, and deploy custom machine learning models? (Choose two.)

Which TWO techniques are commonly used to prevent overfitting in machine learning models? (Select TWO.)

An ML engineer wants to store training data in a format optimized for linear data scanning and columnar access in SageMaker. Which format is most appropriate?

In a binary classification problem, the model predicts majority class for all inputs. What is this issue called?

Which metric is most appropriate for evaluating a classification model when false positives are costly?

Refer to the exhibit. A data scientist ran a training job on Amazon SageMaker and it failed. Which action should the data scientist take FIRST to resolve the issue?

A company wants to use AI to automatically transcribe customer service calls into text. Which AWS service is most suitable?

A company is using Amazon Fraud Detector to detect fraudulent transactions. Which TWO actions can be taken to improve model accuracy? (Select TWO.)

A company wants to automatically detect anomalies in their AWS CloudTrail logs to identify potential security threats. Which AWS service is specifically designed for this purpose?

Which TWO of the following are types of feature scaling?

A team trained a deep learning model that achieves 99% accuracy on training data but only 70% on validation data. What is the most likely issue?

Which THREE of the following are capabilities of Amazon SageMaker? (Select THREE.)

A company is using Amazon SageMaker to train a large language model with hundreds of billions of parameters. The model does not fit into the memory of a single GPU. Which approach should they use to train the model efficiently?

A SageMaker endpoint is configured with automatic scaling. The model's inference time is 50ms, and traffic increases gradually. What scaling metric should be used to add instances before latency increases?

A company wants to use Amazon SageMaker Ground Truth to build a labeled dataset for a custom object detection model. Which TWO labeling strategies are available? (Choose two.)

A data scientist wants to quickly build a supervised learning model for binary classification on a tabular dataset with 10,000 rows and 200 features. The dataset has some missing values and requires minimal code. Which AWS service should the data scientist use?

A company wants to automatically detect anomalies in server metrics. Which algorithm is most appropriate?

A company is using Amazon Rekognition to detect objects in images. They find that the service sometimes mislabels objects. What is the best way to improve accuracy for their specific use case?

A data science team is using Amazon SageMaker to train multiple models with different hyperparameters. They want to track metrics, compare runs, and reproduce the best result. Which SageMaker feature should they use?

A company is training a deep learning model on Amazon SageMaker using a large dataset stored in S3. Training jobs are frequently failing with 'OutOfMemoryError'. The training algorithm uses PyTorch. How should the data scientist solve this without reducing model accuracy?

During a SageMaker training job, the data scientist observes that the loss is not decreasing after the initial few epochs. The model is a deep neural network with ReLU activations. Which hyperparameter adjustment is most likely to help?

A data scientist is preparing data for a classification task. Which TWO techniques are commonly used for handling missing values? (Choose two.)

Refer to the exhibit. A SageMaker training job fails with an 'AccessDenied' error when trying to read files from the S3 bucket 'my-training-data'. The IAM role used by the training job has the policy shown. What is the most likely reason for the failure?

A data scientist is using Amazon SageMaker to train a model. The training job is taking longer than expected. Which change would most likely reduce training time?

A company uses Amazon SageMaker to train a model. The training job fails with 'InsufficientInstanceCapacity' error. What is the most likely cause?

A company is training a deep learning model for image classification. Which THREE practices help reduce overfitting? (Choose three.)

A developer needs to preprocess a dataset consisting of customer reviews for sentiment analysis. Which text preprocessing technique is most likely to improve model accuracy?

A company wants to predict customer churn. They have historical data with features like usage minutes, support tickets, contract length. The target is binary: churn/not churn. Which ML algorithm is best suited?

A startup needs to predict customer churn based on historical data containing labels (churned or not). Which type of machine learning should they use?

A deployed model on an Amazon SageMaker endpoint is experiencing high inference latency (average 500ms) during peak hours. The model is a deep neural network with 10 million parameters. The endpoint uses a single ml.c5.xlarge instance. The company wants to reduce latency to under 200ms without retraining or changing the model architecture. Which action should they take?

A social media company needs to automatically detect and flag toxic comments in multiple languages. They have a large stream of user comments and require real-time moderation. Which AWS service is best suited for this task?

An organization wants to use Amazon Rekognition to analyze images of people for a security application. They must comply with GDPR. What is the best practice?

A company is deploying a machine learning model for real-time fraud detection. The model must have latency under 100ms. Which infrastructure choice is most appropriate?

Refer to the exhibit. A SageMaker real-time endpoint is experiencing increasing latency and memory errors after running for a few hours. What is the most likely cause and recommended fix?

A financial institution is deploying a fraud detection model using Amazon SageMaker. The model must be able to handle sudden spikes in inference requests during promotional events while keeping costs low. The team wants to use a serverless architecture to avoid provisioning idle capacity and to scale automatically from zero. However, the inference latency requirement is under 5 seconds for each request. Which SageMaker inference option should they choose?

A team is evaluating a classification model. The confusion matrix shows: TP=80, FN=20, FP=10, TN=90. What is the precision?

A team is training a deep learning model using Horovod distributed training on SageMaker. They observe that the loss stops decreasing after a few epochs. Which technique should they implement to reduce overfitting?

A startup with limited ML expertise wants to quickly prototype a binary classification model using a small customer dataset. They need a managed environment to run Jupyter notebooks and access pre-built algorithms. Which AWS service should they choose?

A data scientist is building a binary classification model for fraud detection. The dataset is highly imbalanced (99% legitimate, 1% fraud). Which metric is most appropriate to evaluate model performance?

Which TWO of the following are best practices for preparing training data for a machine learning model?

A company wants to use AWS services to process natural language text. Which TWO AWS services provide natural language processing (NLP) capabilities? (Select TWO.)

Which THREE statements about Amazon SageMaker Ground Truth are correct? (Choose three.)