Object-Oriented Programming

A developer creates a Python class with a method that is intended to be overridden in subclasses. Which approach best ensures that the method is not accidentally called on the base class?

A Python class 'BankAccount' has a method 'withdraw(amount)' that deducts 'amount' from 'self.balance'. A developer writes a subclass 'SavingsAccount' that overrides 'withdraw' to add a penalty if balance drops below minimum. Which design pattern is being used?

A developer writes a class 'Logger' with a class method 'log(msg)' that writes to a file. Another class 'AppLogger' inherits from 'Logger'. The developer expects both classes to share the same file handle. However, after creating an instance of 'AppLogger', the file handle is different. What is the most likely cause?

A Python class 'Shape' defines an abstract method 'area'. Subclasses 'Circle' and 'Square' implement 'area'. A function 'calculate_area(shape)' expects a 'Shape' instance. Which principle ensures that the function works correctly without knowing the specific subclass?

Which TWO of the following are valid ways to define a class attribute that is shared by all instances?

A Python developer is implementing a class that should behave like a sequence and support indexing. Which pair of special methods must be defined to achieve this?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the output?

You are working on a legacy system that processes financial transactions. The system uses a class hierarchy: Transaction (base), Deposit, Withdrawal, Transfer. Each subclass overrides a method 'process()' to handle its specific logic. The code often runs in a multi-threaded environment and you notice intermittent errors where a transaction is processed twice. The logging shows that the same transaction object is being passed to the process method multiple times. The transaction objects are created from a factory function that caches recently used transactions. The errors seem to occur when two threads call the factory at the same time with the same parameters. After investigating, you find that the factory uses a class-level dictionary to cache objects. Which of the following is the most appropriate solution to prevent double processing?

Which of the following correctly uses an abstract base class to enforce that all subclasses implement a 'make_sound' method? (Assume ABC imported)

Given: class A: def method(self): print('A'); class B(A): def method(self): super().method(); print('B'); class C(A): def method(self): super().method(); print('C'); class D(B, C): pass. What is printed by D().method()?

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Python's descriptor protocol?

Which THREE statements about inheritance in Python are correct?

Which TWO statements about Python's name mangling are correct?

Refer to the exhibit. What is printed?

A developer creates classes `A`, `B(A)`, `C(A)`, and `D(B, C)`. When calling a method from `D` that is defined in `A`, which class's version is used according to Python's MRO?

A class has both `@classmethod` and `@staticmethod` decorators. What is a key difference between them?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the output? (Note: actual MRO may vary; choose the one that matches Python 3 C3 linearization.)

A programmer writes a class with a method that should be called on the class itself, not on instances. Which decorator is appropriate?

A class inherits from two parent classes that both have a method with the same name. When calling the method on the child, only one parent's version is executed. What Python mechanism determines which one?

You are designing a class that should behave like a sequence and support slicing. Which special methods must be implemented?

A programmer wants to create a class that cannot be instantiated directly, only through a factory method. Which approach should be used?

A class defines an __init__ method that takes optional arguments. What is the correct way to provide default values?

A company needs to model different types of employees. They have a base class `Employee` with a method `calculate_pay()`. For hourly employees, pay = hours * rate; for salaried employees, pay = salary. Which design approach is most appropriate?

A team is implementing a shape hierarchy with a base class `Shape` that should have an `area()` method. They want to ensure that every subclass must provide its own implementation of `area()`. Which approach should they use?

A class `ServerConfig` has a class attribute `port = 8080`. After deployment, a developer runs `ServerConfig.port = 9090` in one module, and unexpectedly all existing instances now use port 9090. What concept explains this behavior?

A developer wants to create a class that logs every attribute access on an instance. Which special method should they override?

A programmer uses a class method to create an alternative constructor for a `Point` class. The method should parse a string like "10,20" and return a `Point` instance with x=10, y=20. Which code snippet correctly implements this?

Consider a class `D` that inherits from multiple base classes `B` and `C`. The developer wants to call a method from a specific parent class while ensuring correct method resolution order (MRO). Which is the safest way?

A class has a class attribute that is a list. A developer modifies this list via one instance, and the change is reflected in all other instances. What is the best practice to avoid this unintended sharing?

Which of the following correctly uses `__slots__` to restrict attribute creation to only `x` and `y`?

Which TWO of the following are special methods in Python?

Which THREE of the following are true about the `__init__` method in Python?

Which THREE of the following are true about method overriding in Python?

A developer defines a class with an __init__ method that sets instance attributes. Which of the following is the correct way to call the parent class's __init__ from a child class?

Which of the following is a correct use of the @property decorator to create a getter and setter for an attribute named 'score' that ensures score stays between 0 and 100?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the output when this code is executed?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the output and why?

A developer creates a metaclass 'Meta' that modifies class creation by adding a class attribute 'created_by' set to 'Meta'. Which code snippet correctly defines and uses this metaclass?

A developer wants a class 'LoggedDict' that behaves like a dict but logs all attribute access in the console. Which method override correctly implements this for getting an attribute?

A development team is building a real-time chat application using Python. The application uses a class 'ChatRoom' that maintains a list of 'User' objects as active participants. Each User object holds a reference back to its ChatRoom to send messages. Over time, the application runs out of memory. Profiling reveals that User objects are not being garbage collected even after users disconnect. The team suspects circular references. Which solution would effectively resolve the memory leak without breaking the functionality?

A junior developer writes a class 'Logger' that should only ever have one instance (singleton). They attempt to implement it by overriding __new__ to always return the same instance. However, when multiple threads attempt to create a Logger, they sometimes get different instances. Which modification will make the singleton thread-safe?

Which three statements about the Method Resolution Order (MRO) in Python are true? (Choose three.)

A junior developer wrote a class representing a bank account with a private attribute balance. They used double underscore prefix (__balance) to make it private. However, in a test script, they are still able to access the attribute using the mangled name _Account__balance. The developer is confused about why encapsulation is not enforced. Which statement best explains this behavior?

A team is developing a data processing pipeline where each step is a class that implements a common interface. They have defined an abstract base class DataProcessor with an abstract method process(data). Several concrete subclasses implement process. Now they need to add a new step that logs the data before processing. They want to reuse the existing processing logic without modifying the original classes. Which design pattern should they apply?

An application uses a class to represent a configuration object that reads settings from a file. The class has a class attribute config_cache that holds a dictionary of loaded configurations to avoid repeated file reads. However, the developer notices that when they modify the dictionary for one instance, it affects all instances. They want to ensure that each instance has its own copy of the configuration data upon initialization. Which change should they make?

A developer is working on a class hierarchy for geometric shapes. They have a base class Shape with an abstract method area(). They also have a mixin class Drawable that provides a method draw(). They want to create a class Rectangle that inherits from both Shape and Drawable. However, they encounter a TypeError when trying to instantiate Rectangle because the abstract method area() is not implemented. Which action should they take to resolve this?

An application uses a heavy-weight class DatabaseConnection that establishes a network connection upon instantiation. The class is used in multiple places, and the developer wants to ensure that only one instance of DatabaseConnection exists throughout the application. They implement a Singleton pattern using a class attribute _instance and a class method get_instance(). However, they notice that the network connection is being established multiple times. After debugging, they find that the singleton is not being enforced because the __init__ method is called every time the class is instantiated, even if the same instance is returned. They want to fix this so that the connection is established only once. Which modification should they make?

Which TWO of the following statements about class attributes in Python are true?

Given that MyClass defines __private_attr in __init__, why does this error occur?

Refer to the exhibit. What is the output?

Refer to the exhibit. Which statement about the output is true?