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← Building and implementing CI/CD pipelines practice sets

PCDOE Building and implementing CI/CD pipelines • Complete Question Bank

PCDOE Building and implementing CI/CD pipelines — All Questions With Answers

Complete PCDOE Building and implementing CI/CD pipelines question bank — all 0 questions with answers and detailed explanations.

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Certifications/PCDOE/Practice Test/Building and implementing CI/CD pipelines/All Questions
Question 1easymultiple choice
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A development team wants to automatically run unit tests and static code analysis on every push to a Cloud Source Repository, but only run integration tests on merges to the main branch. Which Cloud Build trigger configuration should they use?

Question 2mediummultiple choice
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A team uses Cloud Build with a Kaniko builder to containerize their application. The build fails with the error: 'failed to push to destination: failed to get credentials: failed to get credential from metadata service: failed to fetch metadata...' What is the most likely cause?

Question 3hardmultiple choice
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A company uses Spinnaker for continuous delivery across multiple GKE clusters. After a recent infrastructure change, the 'Canary' deployment strategy fails during the 'disable' phase of the old version. The error log shows: 'Unable to disable server group: Not authorized to perform compute.instanceGroups.update.' What is the most likely root cause?

Question 4easymultiple choice
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A team uses Cloud Build to deploy a Cloud Run service. The build fails with: 'ERROR: (gcloud.run.services.update) PERMISSION_DENIED: Permission 'run.services.update' denied on resource.' The Cloud Build service account has the Cloud Run Admin role. What is missing?

Question 5mediummultiple choice
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An organization uses Cloud Build with a private pool to build container images that require access to on-premises Artifactory. After moving to a new VPC, builds fail with 'Connection refused' when fetching dependencies. What is the best step to troubleshoot?

Question 6hardmulti select
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A team uses Cloud Build with a cloudbuild.yaml that deploys to multiple environments. They want to ensure that the production deployment step only runs when the build is triggered by a tag matching 'v*.*.*'. Which TWO configurations achieve this? (Choose two.)

Question 7mediummulti select
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A company uses Cloud Deploy to manage rollouts to GKE. They need to implement a deployment strategy where a new version receives 10% of traffic for 30 minutes, then automatically rolls forward to 100% if no issues are detected. Which THREE Cloud Deploy features are required? (Choose three.)

Question 8mediummultiple choice
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A Cloud Build pipeline uses the above cloudbuild.yaml. When triggered, the deploy step fails with: 'ERROR: (gcloud.run.deploy) PERMISSION_DENIED: Permission 'run.services.update' denied on resource.' The Cloud Build service account has the 'Cloud Run Admin' role. What is the most likely cause?

Network Topology
gcloud builds submitconfig=deploy.yamlsubstitutions=_ENV=${_ENV}gcloud run deploy my-serviceimage gcr.io/my-project/my-imageregion us-central1Refer to the exhibit.```steps:- name: 'gcr.io/cloud-builders/gcloud'entrypoint: 'bash'args:- '-c'- |substitutions:_ENV: staging
Question 9hardmultiple choice
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A Cloud Deploy pipeline fails during a rollout with: 'FAILED_PRECONDITION: The release is not in a state that can be promoted.' The Cloud Build service account has the IAM roles shown in the exhibit. What is the missing role or permission?

Exhibit

Refer to the exhibit.

```
{
  "bindings": [
    {
      "role": "roles/cloudbuild.builds.builder",
      "members": [
        "serviceAccount:my-project@cloudbuild.gserviceaccount.com"
      ]
    },
    {
      "role": "roles/clouddeploy.jobRunner",
      "members": [
        "serviceAccount:my-project@cloudbuild.gserviceaccount.com"
      ]
    },
    {
      "role": "roles/clouddeploy.operator",
      "members": [
        "serviceAccount:my-project@cloudbuild.gserviceaccount.com"
      ]
    }
  ]
}
```
Question 10mediummultiple choice
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A company is implementing CI/CD for a microservices application on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). The team wants to ensure that each service can be built and deployed independently without affecting other services. They also need to enforce that only successfully tested builds are deployed to production. Which CI/CD approach should they use?

Question 11hardmultiple choice
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A DevOps team is troubleshooting a Cloud Build pipeline that fails intermittently when building a container image. The build step uses a custom build step that runs a vulnerability scan. The error log shows: 'Step #1: Error: failed to scan image: context deadline exceeded'. The build configuration includes 'timeout: 600s'. Which is the most likely cause and solution?

Question 12easymultiple choice
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An organization wants to implement a CI/CD pipeline that automatically deploys to a staging environment on every push to the main branch, and deploys to production only after a manual approval. They use Cloud Build and Cloud Deploy. What is the best way to configure this?

Question 13mediummulti select
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Which TWO practices are recommended for implementing CI/CD pipelines on Google Cloud?

Question 14hardmultiple choice
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You are a DevOps engineer for a large e-commerce platform running on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). The platform consists of 15 microservices, each with its own code repository. Your team uses Cloud Build for CI and Cloud Deploy for CD. Recently, the deployment to production has been failing intermittently because the new version of the 'payment' service is not compatible with the current version of the 'order' service. This causes a production outage every few weeks. The team wants to implement a strategy to catch such incompatibilities before promoting to production, without slowing down development velocity. Currently, the pipeline builds each service independently, runs unit tests, deploys to a shared staging environment, runs integration tests, and then promotes to production after manual approval. What should you do?

Question 15easymulti select
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Which TWO are benefits of using Cloud Build triggers to implement CI/CD pipelines?

Question 16mediummultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. A team uses this cloudbuild.yaml to deploy a service to Cloud Run. They notice that the deployment fails intermittently with a 'permission denied' error. Which is the most likely cause?

Network Topology
args: ['run'image'region'Refer to the exhibit.```yaml# cloudbuild.yamlsteps:- name: 'gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker'args: ['build', '-t', 'us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/my-project/my-repo/my-image:$SHORT_SHA', '.']args: ['push', 'us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/my-project/my-repo/my-image:$SHORT_SHA']- name: 'gcr.io/google.com/cloudsdktool/cloud-sdk'entrypoint: 'gcloud'images:- 'us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/my-project/my-repo/my-image:$SHORT_SHA'```
Question 17hardmultiple choice
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Your team manages a CI/CD pipeline for a microservices application deployed on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). The pipeline uses Cloud Build to build container images and push them to Artifact Registry, then uses a Cloud Build step with kubectl to apply Kubernetes manifests stored in a separate 'manifests' repository. Recently, the team has experienced issues: sometimes a new image is deployed to production even though the corresponding pull request (PR) has not been merged into the main branch of the manifests repository. Also, rollbacks are slow because the previous image tag is overwritten. The team wants to ensure that only code that passes all tests and is merged to main is deployed, and that each deployment uses a unique immutable image tag. What should the team do?

Question 18mediumdrag order
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Arrange the steps to recover a Google Cloud SQL instance from a point-in-time backup.

Drag steps to the numbered slots on the right, or tap a step then tap a slot.

Steps
Order
1Step 1
2Step 2
3Step 3
4Step 4
5Step 5
Question 19mediummatching
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Match each Google Cloud deployment strategy to its description.

Drag a concept onto its matching description — or click a concept then click the description.

Concepts
Matches

Two identical environments; switch traffic

Gradually replace instances with new version

Route small traffic percentage to new version

Compare two versions based on user metrics

New version receives mirrored traffic without impact

Question 20easymultiple choice
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A team is using Cloud Build to build a Docker image and push to Artifact Registry. After each build, they want to automatically trigger a deployment to Cloud Run. What is the best way to achieve this?

Question 21mediummultiple choice
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A company has a monorepo with multiple microservices. They want to only build and deploy the service that changed. What CI/CD practice should they implement?

Question 22hardmultiple choice
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A team is implementing a CI/CD pipeline for a Kubernetes application. They want to use canary deployments with traffic splitting. Which tool or service is best suited for this?

Question 23easymultiple choice
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During a Cloud Build execution, a step fails due to timeout. What is the first thing to check?

Question 24mediummultiple choice
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A company uses Cloud Source Repositories and wants automatic builds on pull requests to the main branch. Which Cloud Build trigger type should they configure?

Question 25hardmultiple choice
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A CI/CD pipeline must deploy to multiple environments (dev, staging, prod) with manual approval required before prod deployment. Which Google Cloud service is best for orchestrating this?

Question 26easymultiple choice
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A build step needs to access a secret stored in Secret Manager. How should the secret be passed to the build step?

Question 27hardmultiple choice
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A team wants to ensure zero-downtime deployments for a Cloud Run service. They plan to gradually shift traffic from the current revision to the new one. What should they configure?

Question 28mediummultiple choice
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A company is using Cloud Build to build a Go application. The build fails with an error 'no Go files in /workspace'. What is the most likely cause?

Question 29mediummulti select
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Which TWO are benefits of using Cloud Build private pools?

Question 30hardmulti select
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Which TWO are best practices for implementing CI/CD on Google Cloud?

Question 31mediummulti select
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Which THREE are benefits of migrating from Jenkins to Cloud Build?

Question 32easymultiple choice
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A company uses Cloud Source Repositories and Cloud Build to build and deploy a Node.js application to Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). The build step fails intermittently with an error 'npm ERR! network timeout'. What is the most efficient way to reduce build failures?

Question 33easymultiple choice
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A DevOps team wants to automate the deployment of a containerized application to multiple GKE clusters across different regions. They are using Cloud Build to build the container and Cloud Deploy for deployment. Which Cloud Deploy resource should they configure to define the deployment order and target clusters?

Question 34easymultiple choice
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During a Cloud Build pipeline, a build step fails because the Docker image tag already exists in Container Registry. The team wants to avoid overwriting tags. What is the best practice to resolve this?

Question 35mediummultiple choice
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A company uses Cloud Build to deploy a microservices application to Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). They want to integrate Container Analysis to scan images for vulnerabilities before deployment. What is the minimal set of changes needed to achieve this?

Question 36mediummultiple choice
Study the full Python automation breakdown →

A DevOps engineer is setting up a CI/CD pipeline for a Python application using Cloud Build. The build takes too long because pip install is downloading packages every time. What is the best approach to speed up the build?

Question 37mediummultiple choice
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A team is using Cloud Build to build and deploy to multiple environments (dev, staging, prod) using Cloud Deploy. They want to ensure that only builds from the main branch are promoted to prod. How should they configure this?

Question 38hardmultiple choice
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A company uses Cloud Build with a private pool in a shared VPC to access on-premises resources. Several builds fail intermittently with 'failed to connect to backend' errors when trying to pull from a private npm registry hosted on-premises. The error occurs only during peak hours. What is the most likely cause?

Question 39hardmultiple choice
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A team implements canary deployments using Cloud Deploy and deploys to GKE. They want to automatically roll back if the canary release's error rate exceeds 5% within 10 minutes. Which approach should they use?

Question 40hardmultiple choice
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A large enterprise uses Cloud Build across multiple projects for different microservices. They want to create a centralized CI/CD governance where a single trigger can initiate builds across multiple projects, but each project's artifacts must be stored in a shared Artifact Registry. What is the best way to achieve this?

Question 41easymulti select
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Which TWO options are valid methods to trigger a Cloud Build build when code is pushed to a Cloud Source Repository?

Question 42mediummulti select
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Which TWO deployment strategies are directly supported by Cloud Deploy for GKE?

Question 43hardmulti select
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Which THREE are best practices for securing a CI/CD pipeline on Google Cloud?

Question 44mediummultiple choice
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A team uses Cloud Build with a trigger on Cloud Source Repository. The build fails intermittently with error 'Failed to pull builder image 'gcr.io/cloud-builders/gcloud'' but sometimes succeeds. What is the most likely cause?

Question 45hardmultiple choice
Read the full NAT/PAT explanation →

A company uses Cloud Deploy for continuous delivery to GKE. They have a delivery pipeline with a rollout strategy: canary (25% for 30m) then full. The canary rollout fails because the new revision's health check errors. The team wants to automatically rollback the canary and notify. What native GCP feature can achieve this?

Question 46easymultiple choice
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A developer wants to trigger a Cloud Build execution whenever a pull request is created against the main branch in Cloud Source Repositories. Which Cloud Build trigger configuration should be used?

Question 47mediummultiple choice
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A team uses a monorepo with multiple microservices in separate directories. They want to build only the changed service(s) when a push occurs to the repo. How can they achieve this efficiently?

Question 48hardmultiple choice
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A company uses Cloud Build with a custom service account that has minimal permissions. The build needs to deploy to Cloud Run. After configuring the service account with roles/run.admin, the build fails with 'Permission denied' on gcloud run deploy. What is the most likely cause?

Question 49mediummultiple choice
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During a Cloud Build execution, the step fails with 'Error: could not find a valid 'Dockerfile' in context '.''. The build configuration file is located in a subdirectory called 'build/' and the Dockerfile is in the root of the repository. How should the team fix this?

Question 50hardmultiple choice
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A team uses Spinnaker on GKE for deployment. They notice that deployments are taking too long because of manual judgment gates. They want to automatically approve deployments if the canary analysis passes predefined thresholds. What Spinnaker feature should they use?

Question 51easymultiple choice
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Which GCP service is used to store build artifacts such as Docker images?

Question 52mediummultiple choice
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A company uses Cloud Build to compile a Java application. The build takes 15 minutes due to dependency downloads. They want to cache the Maven dependencies to speed up subsequent builds. What is the best approach?

Question 53hardmulti select
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A DevOps team uses Cloud Build and Cloud Deploy to deploy to GKE. They want to implement a gated deployment where a manual approval is required before promoting from staging to production. What two resources should they configure? (Select TWO)

Question 54mediummulti select
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A team is setting up CI/CD for a microservices architecture. They want to ensure each service is independently buildable and deployable. What practices should they adopt? (Select THREE)

Question 55easymulti select
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What security checks can be integrated into a Cloud Build CI/CD pipeline? (Select TWO)

Question 56mediummultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. The build fails with error: 'invalid tag format' for the image. What is the issue?

Exhibit

steps:
- name: 'gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker'
  args: ['build', '-t', 'gcr.io/myproject/myimage:$SHORT_SHA', '.']
images: ['gcr.io/myproject/myimage:$SHORT_SHA']
Question 57hardmultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. A rollout to dev succeeds, but when promoting to prod, it fails with 'Target 'prod' not found'. What is the issue?

Exhibit

deliveryPipeline:
  serialPipeline:
    stages:
    - targetId: dev
      profiles: []
    - targetId: prod
      profiles: []
Question 58hardmultiple choice
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A financial services firm is implementing a CI/CD pipeline with Cloud Build and Artifact Registry. Their security policy requires all data to remain within a VPC Service Controls perimeter. They have configured Cloud Build to use a private worker pool with no external IP addresses and have set up VPC-SC to allow traffic between Cloud Build and Artifact Registry within the perimeter. However, builds that push Docker images to Artifact Registry fail with the error: 'denied: Unauthenticated request. Push access to the repository is denied.' The build configuration includes the step: 'steps: - name: gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker args: [push, us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/myproject/my-repo/myimage]' The Cloud Build service account has been granted roles/artifactregistry.writer on the repository. What is the most likely cause?

Question 59mediummultiple choice
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A development team is using Cloud Build to build and push Docker images to Artifact Registry. The builds are taking longer than expected, and the team wants to reduce build time and cost. They use a Dockerfile that installs many dependencies. Which approach should they recommend?

Question 60hardmultiple choice
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An organization uses Cloud Deploy with Skaffold to manage progressive delivery on GKE. After a rollout, the new revision shows a higher error rate in Stackdriver, but the Cloud Deploy pipeline did not automatically roll back. What is the most likely cause?

Question 61easymulti select
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Which THREE of the following are best practices for securing a CI/CD pipeline using Cloud Build? (Choose 3.)

Question 62easymultiple choice
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A startup is building a CI/CD pipeline for their Cloud Run service. They use Cloud Build to build a Docker image, push it to Artifact Registry, and then deploy to Cloud Run with the 'gcloud run deploy' command in the build config. The initial deployment works, but subsequent builds fail at the deploy step with a permission error: 'Permission denied to deploy revision to Cloud Run service'. The Cloud Build service account has the Cloud Run Developer role. The developers can manually deploy from their workstations using their own accounts. What is the most likely cause?

Question 63mediummultiple choice
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A multinational corporation has multiple development teams working on microservices deployed to GKE clusters. They want to implement a CI/CD pipeline that ensures every container image is scanned for vulnerabilities, passes unit tests, and gets a security approval before deployment to production. They are using Cloud Build for CI and Cloud Deploy for CD. The current pipeline triggers on code push to any branch. The security team requires that all production deployments be reviewed and approved by the security team. Which set of actions best meets these requirements?

Question 64hardmultiple choice
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A company is migrating from Jenkins to Cloud Build for their CI/CD pipeline. They have a large Java monorepo with multiple modules that take over 2 hours to build and test sequentially. They want to reduce build time by running module builds in parallel. The current Jenkins pipeline uses a single Jenkinsfile that builds all modules. They have a Cloud Build config that runs 'mvn clean package' for the entire project, which is slow. They have a 2-hour Cloud Build timeout. The architecture requires that some modules depend on others. Which approach should they take to minimize build time while correctly handling dependencies?

Question 65mediummultiple choice
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A fintech company deploys a critical payment service on GKE using Cloud Deploy with a canary deployment strategy. They want to automatically roll back if the canary release causes an increase in error rates over 1%. They have set up Cloud Monitoring to expose a custom metric 'error_rate' from the service. They want Cloud Deploy to evaluate this metric during the canary phase and roll back if the threshold is exceeded. What is the minimal configuration needed?

Question 66mediummulti select
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A DevOps team wants to implement a CI/CD pipeline for a microservices application deployed on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). They need to ensure that each service is built, tested, and deployed independently with minimal manual intervention. Which TWO practices should they implement?

Question 67hardmultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. A DevOps engineer is debugging a Cloud Build pipeline that fails after the second step. The error indicates that the docker push fails with a permission denied error. The service account used by Cloud Build has the roles/storage.objectAdmin role on the project. What is the most likely cause of the failure?

Exhibit

steps:
- name: 'gcr.io/cloud-builders/gcloud'
  args: ['auth', 'configure-docker']
- name: 'gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker'
  args: ['build', '-t', 'us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/my-project/my-repo/my-image:${SHORT_SHA}', '.']
- name: 'gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker'
  args: ['push', 'us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/my-project/my-repo/my-image:${SHORT_SHA}']
- name: 'gcr.io/cloud-builders/kubectl'
  args: ['set', 'image', 'deployment/my-app', 'my-container=us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/my-project/my-repo/my-image:${SHORT_SHA}']
  env:
  - 'CLOUDSDK_COMPUTE_ZONE=us-central1-a'
  - 'CLOUDSDK_CONTAINER_CLUSTER=my-cluster'
Question 68easymultiple choice
Read the full NAT/PAT explanation →

A company runs a CI/CD pipeline using Cloud Build and Cloud Deploy for a web application. The pipeline builds a container image, pushes it to Artifact Registry, and then deploys it to a GKE cluster using Cloud Deploy. Recently, the deployment step started failing with the error: 'INVALID_ARGUMENT: The release contains one or more images that are not in the target project's Artifact Registry.' The container image is built in the same project as the target cluster. The Cloud Build service account has been granted the roles/cloudbuild.builds.builder and roles/artifactregistry.admin on the project. The DevOps engineer verified that the image exists in Artifact Registry and the path is correct. What should the DevOps engineer do to resolve the issue?

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