CKAD Practice Test 2 — 10 Questions

Question 1

Which THREE of the following are correct about the .dockerignore file? (Select 3)

Accepted Answer

It supports wildcard patterns to exclude files. The .dockerignore file supports wildcard patterns (e.g., *, ?, []) to exclude files and directories from the build context, similar to .gitignore. This allows you to define patterns like *.log or temp/* to skip unwanted files during the Docker build process.

Answer

It is a replacement for .gitignore

Answer

It affects the files available in the running container

Question 2

A NetworkPolicy allows egress traffic to pods with label 'db: mysql' in the same namespace. Which egress rule is correct?

Accepted Answer

egress:
  - to:
    - podSelector:
        matchLabels:
          db: mysql. A NetworkPolicy egress rule uses the `to` field to specify destination pods, and a `podSelector` within the same namespace selects pods with the label `db: mysql`. This allows outbound traffic from any pod in the namespace to pods matching that label, which directly satisfies the requirement.

Answer

egress:
  - to:
    - namespaceSelector:
        matchLabels:
          db: mysql

Answer

egress:
  - from:
    - podSelector:
        matchLabels:
          db: mysql

Answer

egress:
  - to:
    - ipBlock:
        cidr: 10.0.0.0/8

Question 3

Which instruction in a Dockerfile sets the default command to run when the container starts, but allows overriding?

Accepted Answer

CMD. The CMD instruction in a Dockerfile defines the default command to execute when a container starts from the image. It can be overridden by providing a command at the end of the `docker run` command, making it the correct choice for a default command that allows user override.

Answer

START

Answer

RUN

Answer

ENTRYPOINT

Question 4

You need to create a NetworkPolicy that denies all ingress traffic to pods with label 'app: db' in namespace 'prod'. Which YAML snippet correctly implements this?

Accepted Answer

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: deny-db
  namespace: prod
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: db
  policyTypes:
  - Ingress
  ingress: []. It defines a NetworkPolicy that selects pods with label 'app: db' in namespace 'prod', specifies 'policyTypes: [Ingress]', and sets 'ingress: []'. An empty ingress rule list means no ingress traffic is allowed, effectively denying all ingress to the selected pods. This is the standard Kubernetes pattern for creating a deny-all ingress policy for a specific set of pods.

Answer

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: deny-db
  namespace: prod
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: db
  policyTypes:
  - Ingress
  ingress:
  - from:
    - ipBlock:
        cidr: 0.0.0.0/0

Answer

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: deny-all
  namespace: prod
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  policyTypes:
  - Ingress
  ingress:
  - from: []

Answer

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: deny-all
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  policyTypes:
  - Ingress
  ingress: []

Question 5

An Ingress resource has the following spec. What is the effect?

spec:
  tls:
  - hosts:
    - myapp.example.com
    secretName: myapp-tls
  rules:
  - host: myapp.example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /
        pathType: Prefix
        backend:
          service:
            name: myapp
            port:
              number: 80

Accepted Answer

Ingress terminates TLS using the secret and routes to the service.. The Ingress spec defines TLS termination at the ingress controller using the secret `myapp-tls` for the host `myapp.example.com`. The `tls` block configures the ingress to decrypt HTTPS traffic using the certificate and key stored in that secret, and then forward the decrypted HTTP traffic to the backend service `myapp` on port 80. This is the standard behavior for securing traffic with TLS in Kubernetes Ingress.

Answer

Ingress uses the secret for client authentication.

Answer

Ingress redirects HTTP to HTTPS automatically.

Answer

Ingress passes the TLS connection through to the service.

Question 6

You need to scale a Deployment named 'api' to 10 replicas instantly. Which command should you use?

Accepted Answer

kubectl scale deployment api --replicas=10. `kubectl scale` is the dedicated imperative command to change the replica count of a Deployment instantly. It directly updates the `spec.replicas` field in the Deployment's desired state, causing the controller to immediately create or terminate Pods to match the new count.

Answer

kubectl autoscale deployment api --min=10 --max=10

Answer

kubectl patch deployment api -p '{"spec":{"replicas":10}}'

Answer

kubectl resize deployment api --replicas=10

Question 7

A CronJob is configured with concurrencyPolicy: Replace and a job execution takes 10 minutes. The schedule is */5 * * * *. Which statement is true about job executions?

Accepted Answer

Every 5 minutes, a new job is created, and if the previous job is still running, it is killed. With `concurrencyPolicy: Replace`, if a new job is triggered by the schedule (every 5 minutes) while the previous job is still running (it takes 10 minutes), the running job is terminated and replaced by the new one. This ensures only one job runs at a time, and the new job starts immediately, even if the previous one hasn't finished.

Answer

Jobs will never overlap because the schedule is too frequent

Answer

The job will be skipped if the previous one hasn't finished

Answer

Jobs will overlap, with up to two jobs running concurrently

Question 8

A developer wants to ensure a container runs as a non-root user with user ID 1000 and group ID 2000. Which SecurityContext fields should be set?

Accepted Answer

runAsUser: 1000, runAsGroup: 2000, runAsNonRoot: true. Setting `runAsUser: 1000` and `runAsGroup: 2000` ensures the container's processes run with user ID 1000 and group ID 2000, while `runAsNonRoot: true` enforces that the container cannot run as root (UID 0), providing a security best practice for non-root execution.

Answer

runAsUser: 1000, runAsGroup: 2000, runAsNonRoot: false

Answer

runAsUser: 1000, runAsGroup: 2000, allowPrivilegeEscalation: false

Answer

runAsUser: 1000, fsGroup: 2000, runAsNonRoot: true

Question 9

You need to create a Secret of type 'kubernetes.io/tls' for ingress. Which command is correct?

Accepted Answer

kubectl create secret tls my-tls --cert=cert.pem --key=key.pem. `kubectl create secret tls` is the dedicated command for creating a TLS secret, and it uses the `--cert` and `--key` flags to specify the certificate and private key files respectively. This creates a Secret of type `kubernetes.io/tls`, which is required for Ingress resources to terminate HTTPS traffic.

Answer

kubectl create secret generic my-tls --from-file=cert.pem --from-file=key.pem

Answer

kubectl create secret tls my-tls --certificate=cert.pem --private-key=key.pem

Answer

kubectl create secret tls my-tls --from-file=tls.crt=cert.pem --from-file=tls.key=key.pem

Question 10

Which command lists all Helm releases in the current namespace?

Accepted Answer

helm list. The `helm list` command is the correct way to list all Helm releases in the current namespace. It queries the Helm release storage (typically Secrets in the cluster) and returns the release names, status, chart versions, and other metadata for the namespace set in the current kubeconfig context.

Answer

helm get all

Answer

helm status

Answer

helm show