SOA-C02 Practice Questions 1 — 50 Questions

Question 1

A company uses an Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity mode. The table handles a workload with a steady baseline of 500 writes per second but spikes to 2,000 writes per second for a few hours each day. The SysOps administrator wants to reduce costs without affecting application performance during spikes. Which action should the administrator take?

Accepted Answer

Switch to provisioned capacity with auto scaling to handle the spikes.. On-demand capacity mode is ideal for unpredictable workloads but costs more per write than provisioned capacity. Since this workload has a predictable baseline and spikes, switching to provisioned capacity with auto scaling allows you to pay a lower rate for the steady 500 writes per second while auto scaling automatically adds capacity to handle the 2,000 writes per second spikes, reducing overall cost without impacting performance.

Answer

Enable DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) to cache reads.

Answer

Create a global table to distribute write traffic.

Answer

Use Amazon ElastiCache to buffer write requests.

Question 2

A company uses Amazon CloudWatch Logs to store application logs. The SysOps administrator needs to count the occurrences of the string 'ERROR' in the logs and trigger an Amazon SNS notification when more than 10 errors occur within a 5-minute window. Which steps should the administrator take?

Accepted Answer

Create a metric filter on the log group and then create a CloudWatch alarm on the resulting metric. A metric filter on a CloudWatch Logs log group extracts a numeric metric (e.g., count of 'ERROR' occurrences) and publishes it to a CloudWatch custom metric. A CloudWatch alarm can then be configured on that metric to evaluate a threshold (e.g., >10) over a specified period (e.g., 5 minutes) and trigger an SNS notification when breached. This is the native, serverless, and cost-effective approach for counting log patterns and alerting.

Answer

Create a CloudWatch alarm directly on the log group

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Create an AWS Lambda function to parse the logs and send a notification to Amazon SNS

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Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to filter log events and send to SNS

Question 3

A SysOps administrator needs to monitor the CPU utilization of an Amazon EC2 instance and send an alert when it exceeds 90% for 5 consecutive minutes. Which combination of AWS services should the administrator use to meet this requirement?

Accepted Answer

Amazon CloudWatch metric (CPUUtilization), a CloudWatch alarm, and an Amazon SNS topic.. The correct approach is to use a CloudWatch metric for CPUUtilization, which is automatically published by EC2 instances. A CloudWatch alarm can be configured to evaluate this metric over a period of 5 consecutive minutes with a threshold of 90%, and when the alarm state is triggered, it publishes to an SNS topic to send notifications. This is the native, efficient, and recommended method for monitoring and alerting on EC2 CPU utilization.

Answer

Amazon CloudWatch Logs, a metric filter to extract CPU utilization from logs, and an alarm on that metric.

Answer

A CloudWatch dashboard and an AWS Lambda function that checks the dashboard periodically.

Answer

Amazon EventBridge (CloudWatch Events) and a Lambda function that calls the EC2 DescribeInstances API.

Question 4

A SysOps administrator needs to monitor the CPU utilization of an Amazon EC2 instance fleet and send an alert when the average CPU utilization exceeds 80% for 10 consecutive minutes. The administrator also wants to automatically stop the instance if the CPU utilization remains above 90% for 30 minutes to prevent runaway costs. Which combination of AWS services should be used?

Accepted Answer

Amazon CloudWatch alarm + Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS) + AWS Lambda. Option B is correct because it uses Amazon CloudWatch alarms to monitor CPU utilization metrics and trigger an SNS topic, which then invokes an AWS Lambda function. The Lambda function can execute the logic to stop the EC2 instance when the alarm state indicates CPU utilization above 90% for 30 minutes, providing automated cost control without manual intervention.

Answer

Amazon CloudWatch alarm + AWS Lambda + AWS Systems Manager Automation

Answer

Amazon CloudWatch Logs + Amazon EventBridge + AWS Step Functions

Answer

AWS CloudTrail + Amazon EventBridge + AWS CodePipeline

Question 5

A company's security policy requires that all Amazon S3 buckets must have server-side encryption enabled. The SysOps administrator needs to automatically detect any bucket that does not have encryption enabled and notify the security team. Which AWS service should be used to detect non-compliant buckets?

Accepted Answer

AWS Config. AWS Config is the correct service because it continuously monitors and evaluates the configuration of AWS resources against desired policies. By using an AWS Config managed rule such as `s3-bucket-server-side-encryption-enabled`, you can automatically detect any S3 bucket that lacks server-side encryption and trigger an SNS notification to the security team.

Answer

Amazon Inspector

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AWS CloudTrail

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Amazon GuardDuty

Question 6

A SysOps administrator uses AWS CloudFormation to deploy a stack that includes an Amazon EC2 instance. The administrator wants to ensure that if the stack is updated, the EC2 instance is not accidentally replaced if its properties change. The administrator wants the stack update to fail when a property change would require replacement. Which CloudFormation feature should the administrator use?

Accepted Answer

StackPolicy. Option C, StackPolicy, is correct because a stack policy is a JSON document that defines which stack resources can be updated or replaced during a stack update. By setting a Deny effect on update actions for the EC2 instance, the administrator can prevent any property change that would cause replacement, causing the update to fail instead of replacing the instance. This directly meets the requirement to block accidental replacement.

Answer

CreationPolicy

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DeletionPolicy

Answer

UpdateReplacePolicy

Question 7

A company runs a production web application on a single Amazon EC2 instance. The application experiences a predictable and steady workload 24/7. The SysOps administrator wants to minimize compute costs for this instance while ensuring it remains available during the expected workload. Which EC2 purchasing option should the administrator use?

Accepted Answer

Reserved Instances. Reserved Instances (RIs) are the most cost-effective option for a predictable, steady-state workload running 24/7. By committing to a 1- or 3-year term, you receive a significant discount (up to 72%) compared to On-Demand pricing, while still ensuring the instance remains available for the expected workload. This matches the requirement to minimize compute costs without sacrificing availability.

Answer

On-Demand Instances

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Spot Instances

Answer

Dedicated Hosts

Question 8

A company hosts a web application on Amazon EC2 instances in two AWS regions: us-east-1 and eu-west-1. The application is behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB) in each region. The SysOps administrator wants to direct users to the region that provides the lowest latency, automatically routing traffic away from a region if it becomes unhealthy. Which Amazon Route 53 routing policy should be used?

Accepted Answer

Latency routing. Latency routing (B) is correct because it directs users to the region with the lowest network latency based on real-time measurements between the user and the AWS endpoints. When a region becomes unhealthy, Route 53 automatically stops routing traffic to that region's ALB, ensuring failover to the next lowest-latency healthy region. This meets the requirement of both low-latency and automatic health-based rerouting.

Answer

Geolocation routing

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Weighted routing

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Failover routing

Question 9

A company has an AWS account that contains multiple Amazon S3 buckets with sensitive data. A SysOps administrator needs to ensure that all S3 buckets in the account have versioning enabled to protect against accidental deletions. The administrator wants to automatically remediate any bucket that is created without versioning enabled. Which solution should be used?

Accepted Answer

Use AWS Config with a managed rule (s3-bucket-versioning-enabled) and an automatic remediation action that uses an AWS Systems Manager Automation document to enable versioning. AWS Config with the managed rule `s3-bucket-versioning-enabled` continuously evaluates S3 buckets against the desired configuration. When a noncompliant bucket is detected, an automatic remediation action can be configured to invoke an AWS Systems Manager Automation document that enables versioning on the bucket. This provides a fully automated, event-driven remediation without manual intervention, ensuring all buckets—including those created outside of AWS Config's initial evaluation—are brought into compliance.

Answer

Use Amazon CloudWatch Events to detect CreateBucket API calls and trigger an AWS Lambda function to enable versioning

Answer

Use AWS CloudTrail to monitor CreateBucket events and send an alert to the SysOps administrator for manual action

Answer

Use AWS Service Catalog to enforce versioning on all buckets provisioned through it

Question 10

A company runs a critical application on Amazon EC2 instances across multiple Availability Zones. The application stores state data on a shared Amazon EFS file system. The SysOps administrator needs to ensure that the file system remains available if an entire Availability Zone fails. The file system must also provide low-latency access from all instances. Which configuration meets these requirements?

Accepted Answer

Create an EFS file system with the Standard storage class in the same Region, and mount it from all instances using the regional mount target.. Option C is correct because the EFS Standard storage class stores data redundantly across multiple Availability Zones (AZs) within a Region, ensuring high availability and durability even if an entire AZ fails. By mounting the file system using the regional mount target (which resolves to the EFS file system's regional DNS name), instances in any AZ can access the file system with low latency, as EFS automatically routes traffic to the most appropriate mount target in the same AZ. This configuration meets both the availability and low-latency requirements without additional replication or failover complexity.

Answer

Create an EFS file system with the One Zone storage class and mount it from all instances.

Answer

Create an EFS file system with the Standard storage class, enable replication to another Region, and use DNS failover.

Answer

Create an EFS file system with the Standard storage class, and enable Multi-AZ deployment.

Question 11

A company requires that all Amazon S3 buckets in its AWS account must be encrypted using AWS KMS (SSE-KMS). The SysOps administrator needs to detect any bucket that does not have KMS encryption enabled and automatically remediate it by enabling encryption. Which AWS service should be used to implement this automated compliance enforcement?

Accepted Answer

AWS Config. AWS Config is the correct service because it can continuously monitor S3 bucket configurations against a desired encryption state using managed rules like 's3-bucket-server-side-encryption-enabled' or custom Lambda rules. When a non-compliant bucket is detected, AWS Config can trigger an automatic remediation action via Systems Manager Automation to enable SSE-KMS encryption, enforcing compliance without manual intervention.

Answer

AWS CloudTrail

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Amazon GuardDuty

Answer

AWS Trusted Advisor

Question 12

A company manages multiple AWS accounts using AWS Organizations. The security team wants to restrict the use of Amazon EC2 instance types to only those that are approved for production workloads (e.g., m5.large, m5.xlarge). The policy should be applied to all member accounts in the organization, and it should prevent any non-approved instance type from being launched. The SysOps administrator should implement this with minimal operational overhead. Which solution should be used?

Accepted Answer

Create an AWS Organizations Service Control Policy (SCP) that denies ec2:RunInstances if the instance type is not in the approved list.. Option B is correct because AWS Organizations Service Control Policies (SCPs) can centrally enforce restrictions across all member accounts without requiring per-account configuration. By creating an SCP that denies ec2:RunInstances when the instance type is not in the approved list, the security team can prevent non-approved EC2 instance types from being launched with minimal operational overhead, as SCPs are applied at the organization, OU, or account level and do not require managing IAM policies in each account.

Answer

Create an IAM policy in each member account that denies ec2:RunInstances unless the instance type is in the approved list.

Answer

Use AWS Config with the managed rule 'ec2-instance-type-check' and an automatic remediation action that terminates non-compliant instances.

Answer

Use Amazon EventBridge to detect RunInstances API calls and invoke a Lambda function that terminates unapproved instances.

Question 13

A company runs a multi-tier application that uses an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database. The SysOps administrator needs to monitor the database for performance anomalies, such as sudden spikes in connections or query latencies. The administrator wants to receive alerts when metrics deviate from their expected baseline. The solution must automatically adjust to changes in normal behavior over time, such as seasonal patterns. Which AWS service or feature should the administrator use?

Accepted Answer

Configure Amazon CloudWatch Anomaly Detection on the relevant RDS metrics (e.g., DatabaseConnections, ReadLatency, WriteLatency) and set an alarm to notify when the metric breaches the anomaly band.. Amazon CloudWatch Anomaly Detection uses machine learning to continuously analyze metric patterns and establish a dynamic baseline that adapts to seasonal trends and gradual changes in normal behavior. By applying anomaly detection to RDS metrics like DatabaseConnections, ReadLatency, and WriteLatency, the administrator can set an alarm that triggers when a metric deviates outside the calculated anomaly band, automatically adjusting to evolving traffic patterns without manual threshold updates.

Answer

Use Amazon RDS Performance Insights to analyze database load and set CloudWatch alarms on the DBLoad metric with static thresholds.

Answer

Enable Amazon CloudWatch Metrics Explorer to create a dashboard that visualizes the metrics and manually review for anomalies.

Answer

Use AWS X-Ray to trace database queries and set alarms on trace segment durations.

Question 14

A company runs a critical MySQL database on an Amazon RDS DB instance in a single Availability Zone. The SysOps administrator needs to implement a disaster recovery solution with a Recovery Point Objective (RPO) of 5 minutes and a Recovery Time Objective (RTO) of 1 hour, while minimizing costs. Which solution meets these requirements?

Accepted Answer

Enable cross-Region automated backups to another Region. Option C is correct because cross-Region automated backups replicate transaction logs to another AWS Region with a typical lag of a few minutes, enabling point-in-time recovery (PITR) that can meet an RPO of 5 minutes. When a disaster occurs, you can restore the automated backup to a new DB instance in the destination Region, and the RTO depends on the restore time, which can be under 1 hour for a properly sized instance. This solution minimizes costs by avoiding the continuous compute and storage overhead of a standby replica or read replica.

Answer

Enable Multi-AZ deployment with a synchronous standby replica in another Availability Zone

Answer

Create a cross-Region read replica and promote it to a standalone DB instance during a disaster

Answer

Take daily automated snapshots and copy them to another Region manually

Question 15

A company runs a critical database on an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance. The SysOps administrator needs to ensure that the database can survive a single Availability Zone failure with minimal downtime. Which configuration should the administrator implement?

Accepted Answer

Enable Multi-AZ deployment.. Multi-AZ deployment for Amazon RDS automatically provisions and maintains a synchronous standby replica in a different Availability Zone. If the primary AZ fails, Amazon RDS automatically fails over to the standby, typically within 60–120 seconds, minimizing downtime without manual intervention. This meets the requirement for surviving a single AZ failure with minimal downtime.

Answer

Enable automatic backups.

Answer

Deploy a read replica in a different AZ.

Answer

Take a manual snapshot and copy it to another AZ.

Question 16

A company runs a web application on Amazon EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling group that spans two Availability Zones. The application uses an Application Load Balancer (ALB) that is deployed across the same Availability Zones. The SysOps administrator wants to ensure the application remains available if an entire Availability Zone fails. Which configuration is essential for this high availability?

Accepted Answer

Configure the Auto Scaling group with at least one instance in each Availability Zone.. Option A is correct because for high availability across an Availability Zone (AZ) failure, the Auto Scaling group must have at least one healthy instance in each AZ. This ensures that if one AZ becomes unavailable, the ALB can route traffic to instances in the remaining AZ. Without this minimum distribution, a single AZ failure could leave the application with zero healthy targets if all instances were in the failed AZ.

Answer

Enable cross-zone load balancing on the Application Load Balancer.

Answer

Use an Amazon Route 53 health check to route traffic away from a failed AZ.

Answer

Attach an Elastic IP address to each instance in the Auto Scaling group to ensure IP persistence.

Question 17

A company has multiple VPCs in the same AWS Region that need to communicate with each other. The SysOps administrator wants to avoid the complexity of a full mesh of VPC peering connections. Which AWS service should the administrator use to connect all VPCs with a central hub?

Accepted Answer

AWS Transit Gateway. AWS Transit Gateway acts as a central hub that allows you to connect multiple VPCs and on-premises networks through a single gateway, eliminating the need for a full mesh of VPC peering connections. It uses a star topology where each VPC attaches to the Transit Gateway, and routing is managed via route tables, simplifying network management and scaling.

Answer

AWS Direct Connect

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VPC peering

Answer

AWS PrivateLink

Question 18

A company runs a critical stateful web application on Amazon EC2 instances in a single AWS region. The application stores user session data in an Amazon ElastiCache for Redis cluster. The SysOps administrator must design a disaster recovery (DR) strategy that can survive a complete regional outage with a Recovery Point Objective (RPO) of 15 minutes and a Recovery Time Objective (RTO) of 1 hour. The application must be able to redirect users to the DR region with minimal manual effort. Which combination of actions meets these requirements?

Accepted Answer

Create a read replica of the ElastiCache Redis cluster in the DR region using the native cross-region replication feature. Use Route 53 with failover routing to point to the DR region ALB when the primary health check fails. Pre-configure EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling group in the DR region.. Option B is correct because ElastiCache for Redis supports cross-region replication via a read replica in the DR region, which can keep session data synchronized with minimal lag, meeting the 15-minute RPO. Route 53 failover routing with health checks on the primary region's ALB automatically redirects traffic to the pre-configured DR region EC2 instances and ALB, achieving the 1-hour RTO with minimal manual effort. Pre-configuring the DR region with an Auto Scaling group ensures compute capacity is ready, while the read replica provides the required data availability.

Answer

Use Amazon Route 53 with weighted routing to distribute traffic between the two regions. Use a global DynamoDB table for session data, and launch EC2 instances in the DR region only when a failure is detected using AWS CloudFormation StackSets.

Answer

Use an Amazon CloudFront distribution with multiple origins (primary and DR). Enable session stickiness at the CloudFront level. Use EC2 instances in both regions behind separate ALBs. No special data replication is needed because sessions are stored in Redis.

Answer

Use EC2 instances with an Auto Scaling group in both regions. Schedule a Lambda function to take snapshots of the Redis cluster every 15 minutes and copy them to the DR region. Use Route 53 latency routing to direct users to the nearest region.

Question 19

A company has an Application Load Balancer (ALB) in the us-east-1 region. Users in Asia report high latency. The SysOps administrator wants to use AWS Global Accelerator to improve performance by directing traffic to the closest edge location. Which step is required to integrate Global Accelerator with the ALB?

Accepted Answer

Configure the ALB as an endpoint group in a Global Accelerator accelerator.. AWS Global Accelerator uses the AWS global network to route traffic to the closest edge location, then forwards it over the AWS backbone to the ALB endpoint. To integrate, you must configure the ALB as an endpoint in an endpoint group within the accelerator, which allows Global Accelerator to direct traffic to the ALB based on proximity and health. This reduces latency for users in Asia by minimizing internet hops.

Answer

Create a CloudFront distribution and point it to the ALB as an origin.

Answer

Set up a Route 53 geoproximity routing policy for the ALB.

Answer

Use AWS WAF to allow traffic from Global Accelerator edge locations.

Question 20

A company runs an application on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The ALB terminates SSL/TLS and forwards traffic to the instances over HTTP. The SysOps administrator needs to capture the original client IP address in the instance logs. How should the administrator configure this?

Accepted Answer

Enable the X-Forwarded-For header on the ALB.. When an Application Load Balancer terminates SSL/TLS and forwards traffic to EC2 instances over HTTP, the original client IP address is preserved by the ALB in the X-Forwarded-For header. By enabling this header on the ALB, the SysOps administrator ensures that the web server or application can log the true client IP, which is essential for analytics, security, and troubleshooting.

Answer

Enable stickiness on the ALB target group.

Answer

Configure the ALB to use Proxy Protocol v2.

Answer

Enable access logs on the ALB and store them in Amazon S3.