Troubleshooting and Optimization

A developer deployed a new version of an AWS Lambda function that is part of a serverless application. The function uses an Amazon DynamoDB table as a data store. After deployment, the developer notices that the function's latency has increased significantly for some requests. CloudWatch traces show that the increase is due to DynamoDB throttle events. The function is configured with a reserved concurrency of 100 and the DynamoDB table has 5 read capacity units (RCUs) and 5 write capacity units (WCUs). What is the most effective way to reduce the throttling while maintaining application performance?

A developer is running an AWS Lambda function that is triggered by Amazon S3 events. The function writes processed data to an Amazon DynamoDB table. Over time, the function's execution time has increased significantly. CloudWatch Logs show many DynamoDBProvisionedThroughputExceededException errors. The table is configured with 5 read capacity units (RCUs) and 5 write capacity units (WCUs). The function performs both reads and writes. Which optimization will MOST effectively reduce throttling errors while maintaining performance?

A web application runs on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). During peak hours, users report receiving HTTP 503 (Service Unavailable) errors. The developer checks Amazon CloudWatch metrics and finds that the ALB's request count is high but below the limit, and the target group's healthy host count drops to zero intermittently. The Auto Scaling group for the instances is configured with a minimum of 2, maximum of 10, and a simple scaling policy to add 2 instances when CPU utilization exceeds 70% for 5 consecutive minutes. What is the most likely cause of the 503 errors?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that processes large CSV files (up to 1 GB) uploaded to an Amazon S3 bucket. The function uses Python and the pandas library to perform data transformations. Recently, the function started timing out on large files. CloudWatch Logs show that the function's execution time is close to the 15-minute Lambda timeout, and memory utilization peaks at around 80% of the configured 3,008 MB. The function has not been modified in months. Which action will most likely resolve the timeout issue without requiring code changes?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that processes records from an Amazon Kinesis Data Stream. The function is configured with a batch size of 100 and a parallelization factor of 1. The developer notices that the iterator age is increasing, indicating that the function is not keeping up with the stream. CloudWatch Logs show that the function is not experiencing errors or throttling, but the execution time per invocation is close to the 5-minute timeout. The stream has 10 shards. Which action will most likely increase processing throughput?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that is invoked from an Amazon S3 bucket via event notifications. The function processes images and stores metadata in Amazon DynamoDB. The developer notices that some images are being processed multiple times, resulting in duplicate entries in DynamoDB. The S3 event notification is configured to send events to the Lambda function with the 's3:ObjectCreated:*' event type. The function uses the 'uuid' library to generate a unique ID for each image upon processing. What is the most likely cause of the duplicate processing?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that processes records from an Amazon Kinesis Data Stream. The function is configured with a batch size of 100 and a parallelization factor of 1. The developer notices that the function is processing records slowly, and the iterator age is increasing. CloudWatch Logs show that the function is not experiencing errors or throttling, but the execution time per invocation is close to the 5-minute timeout. The stream has 10 shards. What is the most cost-effective way to increase processing throughput?

A web application runs on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). During rolling updates of the Auto Scaling group, users intermittently receive HTTP 502 (Bad Gateway) errors. The developer checks the ALB access logs and notices that requests are being routed to instances that are in the 'Draining' state. The ALB has connection draining enabled with a timeout of 30 seconds. The Auto Scaling group terminates instances after they are taken out of service. What is the most likely cause of the 502 errors?

A developer notices that an AWS Lambda function, which processes messages from an SQS queue, is taking longer than expected. The function has a reserved concurrency of 5 and a batch size of 10. The SQS queue has a large backlog. CloudWatch metrics show that the function's throttles are high. The function is idempotent and can process up to 100 messages per invocation. What is the most effective way to increase throughput without increasing reserved concurrency?

An application running on Amazon ECS (Fargate) uses an Application Load Balancer (ALB) with connection draining enabled. The application is experiencing intermittent 502 (Bad Gateway) errors during rolling updates of the ECS service. The developer notices that the ALB is routing requests to tasks that are in the 'Draining' state. The ECS service is configured with a deployment circuit breaker that automatically rolls back a failed deployment. What is the most likely cause of the 502 errors?

A developer notices that an AWS Lambda function, which uses Amazon RDS Proxy to connect to an Aurora MySQL database, is experiencing increased latency and occasional connection timeouts. The function is configured with a reserved concurrency of 100 and is deployed in a VPC. The RDS Proxy's maximum connections is set to 1000. CloudWatch metrics show that the DatabaseConnections metric for the proxy is consistently at 1000. What is the most likely cause of the increased latency and timeouts?

A developer monitors an AWS Lambda function that processes records from an Amazon SQS queue and writes results to an Amazon DynamoDB table. CloudWatch Logs show that execution time has increased over the past week, and the function frequently times out at the 5-minute timeout. The function's code has not been changed recently. CloudWatch metrics show a high rate of DynamoDBProvisionedThroughputExceededException errors. The DynamoDB table has 5 write capacity units (WCUs). What action will MOST effectively reduce the function's execution time?

A developer is troubleshooting performance issues in an application that uses Amazon DynamoDB as the primary data store. The application reads a large set of items using a Query operation on a Global Secondary Index (GSI). The developer notices high read latency and throttled requests on the GSI. The base table has sufficient read capacity. The GSI is projected with KEYS_ONLY. Which action would most likely reduce the latency and throttling?

A developer monitors an AWS Lambda function that processes messages from an Amazon SQS queue. CloudWatch logs show that the function's execution time has increased significantly over the past week. The function's code has not been changed recently. The function makes calls to an Amazon DynamoDB table. CloudWatch metrics show a high rate of DynamoDBProvisionedThroughputExceededException errors. The DynamoDB table has 5 read and 5 write capacity units (RCU/WCU). What is the most effective action to reduce the function's execution time?

A developer is using AWS Lambda with a function that processes messages from an SQS queue. The function is configured with a batch size of 10 and reserved concurrency of 5. The queue has a large backlog, and messages are being throttled, leading to retries and eventual DLQ. The function is idempotent and can handle up to 100 messages per invocation. What is the most effective way to increase throughput without increasing throttling?

An AWS Lambda function that processes messages from an SQS queue is experiencing throttling (TooManyRequestsException). The function has reserved concurrency set to 100. The SQS queue has a redrive policy configured with maxReceiveCount of 5. CloudWatch metrics show that the function's concurrent executions occasionally spike to 100, and throttling occurs. The function execution time averages 2 seconds. What is the most effective way to reduce throttling?

A developer deployed an AWS Lambda function that is invoked by an Amazon SQS queue. The function is configured with a batch size of 10 and a timeout of 30 seconds. CloudWatch metrics show that the function's Duration is consistently around 28 seconds, but occasionally spikes to 35 seconds causing timeouts. The function makes a synchronous HTTP call to an external API. Which approach will MOST effectively prevent timeouts while maximizing throughput?

A developer is troubleshooting slow response times in a serverless application. The application consists of an Amazon API Gateway REST API that invokes an AWS Lambda function, which then writes data to an Amazon DynamoDB table with on-demand capacity. The function also calls an external API for enrichment. The developer observes that the API Gateway integration latency is high, but the Lambda function duration is low. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that is triggered by an S3 event. The function occasionally fails with a timeout error. CloudWatch logs show that the timeout occurs during the processing of large files. The function has a memory setting of 128 MB and a timeout of 3 seconds. The developer wants to process large files without modifying the code. Which parameter should the developer adjust first?

A developer is troubleshooting performance issues in an application that uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis. The application experiences periodic latency spikes during peak hours. The developer checks CloudWatch metrics and sees that the 'Evictions' metric is consistently high and the 'CacheHitRate' metric is low. The cluster uses a single cache.t3.small node. Which action will most likely improve the cache hit rate and reduce latency?

A developer is troubleshooting a DynamoDB table that is experiencing high write throttling (ProvisionedThroughputExceededException) on certain days. The table has provisioned write capacity of 1000 WCU. The table has a partition key of 'user_id' which is a UUID. The table is accessed by multiple services. CloudWatch metrics show that the WriteThrottleEvents are spiking during specific hours, and the ConsumedWriteCapacityUnits often reaches 1000. What is the most likely cause of the throttling?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that writes items to an Amazon DynamoDB table. The function frequently fails with ProvisionedThroughputExceededException. The table has provisioned write capacity of 500 write capacity units (WCUs). The function has reserved concurrency of 10, and each invocation writes 10 items of approximately 1 KB each. There are no other writers to the table. What is the most likely cause of the throttling?

A developer is monitoring an AWS Lambda function that processes events from an Amazon Kinesis stream. The function's CloudWatch metrics show high IteratorAge and the function is often throttled. The function's batch size is 100, maximum record age is 60s, and reserved concurrency is 100. The Kinesis stream has 10 shards, each with 5000 records/sec. Which action is most effective to reduce the IteratorAge and throttle rate?

A developer is troubleshooting an Amazon API Gateway REST API that returns 504 Gateway Timeout errors for certain requests. The backend is a Lambda function that performs a resource-intensive operation that occasionally takes up to 30 seconds. API Gateway has a default integration timeout of 29 seconds. The developer cannot reduce the execution time. What should the developer do to resolve the timeout issue?

A developer is troubleshooting an application that uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis to improve performance. The application periodically experiences high latency during peak hours. The developer checks the ElastiCache metrics and sees that the 'Evictions' metric is consistently high and the 'CacheHitRate' metric is low. The cluster has a single node with a cache.t3.small instance type. Which action will most likely improve the cache hit rate and reduce latency?

An AWS Lambda function processes messages from an Amazon SQS queue and writes results to an Amazon DynamoDB table. The function is configured with a reserved concurrency of 5 and a batch size of 10. CloudWatch metrics show high throttling and a growing queue backlog. The function's execution time averages 1 second per message. What is the MOST effective action to reduce throttling while improving throughput?

A developer is debugging an issue where an Amazon S3 bucket policy is not allowing cross-account access for a user from another AWS account. The bucket policy grants access to the other account's root user. The IAM user in the other account has an IAM policy that allows s3:GetObject on the bucket. When the user tries to download an object, they get an Access Denied error. What is the most likely cause?

A developer has deployed an AWS Lambda function that is triggered by an Amazon S3 event. The function processes image files and stores metadata in an Amazon DynamoDB table. CloudWatch metrics show that the function's error count has increased. The developer checks CloudWatch Logs and sees errors related to insufficient memory. The function is configured with 128 MB of memory. What should the developer do to resolve the errors?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that processes streaming data from Amazon Kinesis Data Streams. The function processes records in batches. The developer notices that the function often experiences high latency even though the average invocation rate is well below the account concurrency limit. Which action would MOST effectively reduce latency?

A developer is monitoring an AWS Lambda function that is triggered by an Amazon SQS queue. The function's CloudWatch metrics show a high number of throttles. The function has a reserved concurrency of 10 and the SQS queue has a large backlog of messages. The function processes each message in about 2 seconds and has a timeout of 60 seconds. Which action will most effectively reduce the throttles and increase throughput?

A developer is monitoring an AWS Lambda function that processes messages from an SQS queue. CloudWatch metrics show that the function's throttles are high when the queue backlog grows. The function has a reserved concurrency of 50 and a batch size of 10. The SQS queue has a visibility timeout of 30 seconds. The function processes each batch in about 5 seconds. Which action will most effectively reduce throttles?

A developer is using AWS X-Ray to trace a microservices application. The trace shows that a downstream service is failing with HTTP 500 errors intermittently. The developer wants to set up trace annotations to capture the error details for further analysis. Which AWS service can the developer use to search and filter traces based on these annotations?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that experiences high latency for the first few invocations after being idle. The function is written in Python and uses a large library (e.g., Pandas). The function connects to an RDS database in a VPC. What is the most effective way to reduce the latency for the first invocation after idle?

A developer notices that an AWS Lambda function, configured to access an Amazon RDS database in the same VPC, is timing out. The function has a 30-second timeout. CloudWatch Logs show that the function starts execution but never reaches the database. The VPC configuration includes private subnets without a NAT gateway. The RDS database is in the same VPC. What is the most likely cause of the timeout?

A developer notices that an AWS Lambda function processing S3 events is being retried frequently due to throttling errors from Amazon DynamoDB. The function writes records to a DynamoDB table and has reserved concurrency set to 100. The DynamoDB table uses on-demand capacity mode. What should the developer do to reduce retries and improve overall throughput?

A developer is managing an application running on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. Users report that the application becomes unresponsive after several hours, and restarting the instance temporarily fixes the issue. The developer suspects a memory leak but cannot add custom instrumentation. Which AWS service can collect memory utilization metrics and help identify the memory leak with minimal configuration?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that processes records from an Amazon Kinesis Data Stream. The function is configured with a batch size of 100 and a parallelization factor of 1. The iterator age metric is increasing, and CloudWatch Logs show the function execution time is around 4 minutes (timeout is 5 minutes). The stream has 10 shards. What is the most cost-effective way to increase processing throughput?

A developer is using Amazon DynamoDB and notices that read requests are frequently throttled. The table has provisioned read capacity of 100 read capacity units (RCUs) and is used by a web application that experiences bursty traffic. The developer wants to minimize throttling without manual intervention. Which action should the developer take?

A developer is troubleshooting an application that uses Amazon ElastiCache for Redis to cache database query results. The application experiences high latency during cache misses. The developer notices that frequently accessed keys (hot keys) are often missing from the cache, suggesting they are being evicted. Which action should the developer take to reduce cache misses for hot keys?

A developer monitors an AWS Lambda function that processes messages from an Amazon SQS queue. CloudWatch logs show that the function's execution time has increased significantly over the past week, and it now frequently times out at the 5-minute timeout. The function's code has not been changed recently. The function makes calls to an Amazon DynamoDB table. What is the most likely cause of the increased execution time?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that processes files uploaded to an Amazon S3 bucket. The function sometimes times out when processing large files. CloudWatch Logs show that the function's execution time correlates with file size. The function is configured with 128 MB memory and a timeout of 30 seconds. Which action should the developer take to resolve the timeout for large files without refactoring the code?

A developer has an AWS Lambda function that processes messages from an Amazon SQS queue. The function is configured with a reserved concurrency of 5. Recently, the SQS queue has experienced a high volume of messages, and the developer notices that many invocations are being throttled, leading to increased processing time. What is the most likely cause of the throttling?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that returns timeout errors when calling an external HTTPS API. The function is configured with a 30-second timeout and runs in a VPC with a public subnet and NAT Gateway. The developer checks CloudWatch logs and sees that the function is timing out at exactly 30 seconds. What is the most likely cause?

A Lambda function behind API Gateway intermittently times out only during cold starts. Which two actions can reduce cold-start impact?

A DynamoDB application receives ProvisionedThroughputExceededException during predictable daily peaks. The workload is not cacheable. What should be changed?

Messages in an SQS queue are processed successfully but later reappear and are processed again. What is the most likely configuration issue?

A developer needs to trace a request across API Gateway, Lambda, and downstream AWS service calls. Which service should be enabled?

A Lambda function using a Kinesis event source repeatedly retries one bad record and blocks progress in the shard. Which feature helps isolate failed records after retry limits?

An API Gateway API returns 429 errors during load testing. Which two areas should the developer investigate first?

An API backed by Lambda returns high p95 latency after deployment. Which two telemetry sources are most useful first?

A DynamoDB table shows throttling on one partition key value. Which two signs point to a hot partition problem?

A Lambda function reading from Kinesis is falling behind. Which two metrics/settings should be reviewed first?

Users receive AccessDenied when downloading SSE-KMS encrypted S3 objects cross-account. Which two policies may need changes?

An SQS-triggered Lambda repeatedly processes the same poison message. Which two settings help contain the issue?

Drag and drop the steps to troubleshoot an application that cannot connect to an RDS database in the correct order.

Drag and drop the steps to authenticate a user using Amazon Cognito User Pools in the correct order.

Match each AWS storage class to its description.

Match each AWS deployment strategy to its description.

A developer is troubleshooting a web application that intermittently returns HTTP 504 errors. The application runs on EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. What is the most likely cause of these errors?

A Lambda function processing SQS messages is failing with concurrency errors. The function is configured with reserved concurrency of 5. The SQS queue has a batch size of 10. What is the most effective way to prevent throttling?

A company runs a monolithic application on EC2 Behind an Application Load Balancer. They want to migrate to a microservices architecture using ECS Fargate. What is the most important optimization to ensure minimal downtime during the migration?

A developer notices that an S3 bucket used for static website hosting returns 403 Forbidden for anonymous requests. The bucket policy allows s3:GetObject for Principal "*". What is the most likely issue?

A developer is optimizing a DynamoDB table for a gaming leaderboard. The table stores player scores and is read-heavy. Queries often fetch the top 10 scores. Which indexing strategy best reduces RCU consumption?

A company uses AWS CodePipeline with CodeBuild to deploy a Node.js application. The build fails intermittently with 'npm ERR! network' errors. What is the most likely cause and solution?

A developer receives an AccessDeniedException when trying to invoke a Lambda function from an Amazon API Gateway REST API. The Lambda resource-based policy allows API Gateway. What is the most likely issue?

A developer is optimizing costs for an S3 bucket that stores infrequently accessed data but requires millisecond retrieval. The bucket receives 100 PUT requests per second and 10 GET requests per second. Which storage class is most cost-effective?

A company runs a stateful web application on EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling group. Users report that their session data is lost when instances are replaced during scaling events. What is the best solution to preserve session state?

A developer attaches the above bucket policy to an S3 bucket. An anonymous user tries to access https://my-bucket.s3.amazonaws.com/secret/key.txt. What is the result?

An IAM user has the above policy attached. The user tries to stop an EC2 instance. What happens?

A developer runs the above CLI command to check a Lambda function's logs. The function is invoked but no logs appear in CloudWatch. The IAM role for the Lambda function has the AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole managed policy attached. What is the most likely cause?

Which TWO actions can help reduce Lambda cold start times? (Choose two.)

Which THREE are valid methods to handle application configuration in AWS? (Choose three.)

Which TWO are best practices for optimizing DynamoDB performance? (Choose two.)

A developer reports that an AWS Lambda function is timing out after 3 seconds. The function reads from an Amazon SQS queue. What is the most likely cause?

An application running on Amazon ECS with Fargate is experiencing high latency. The application writes logs to Amazon CloudWatch Logs. Which AWS service can be used to analyze the logs to pinpoint the cause of the latency?

A company runs a serverless application using AWS Lambda and Amazon API Gateway. The application experiences intermittent 502 Bad Gateway errors. The Lambda function logs show no errors. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is troubleshooting a slow Amazon DynamoDB table. The table has a read capacity of 1000 RCU and a write capacity of 500 WCU. The application frequently reads the same item. Which TWO actions can improve read performance?

A company uses AWS Step Functions to orchestrate a workflow. The workflow is failing with a 'States.ALL' error. Which THREE steps should the developer take to troubleshoot?

A web application running on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB) is experiencing intermittent 503 errors. Which TWO steps should be taken to diagnose the issue?

Refer to the exhibit. The developer runs the AWS CLI command to invoke a Lambda function. The output shows 'FunctionError': 'Unhandled'. What should the developer do to get more details about the error?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS CloudFormation stack that failed to create. The error message says 'The following resource(s) failed to create: [MyEC2Instance]'. What is the first step the developer should take?

An application running on Amazon ECS with Fargate is unable to pull an image from Amazon ECR. The task definition uses the 'default' task execution role. What is the most likely cause?

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to a user. The user tries to download an object from s3://my-bucket/secret/config.txt. What will happen?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer runs the AWS CLI command for an EC2 instance. The instance is in the 'running' state, but the application hosted on it is not reachable. What should the developer check first?

A developer is using Amazon S3 to host a static website. The website returns 403 Forbidden errors. The bucket policy allows public read access. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is troubleshooting a slow Amazon RDS for MySQL database. The application experiences high latency on write operations. Which TWO actions can improve write performance?

A company uses AWS Lambda functions that are invoked by an Amazon S3 bucket notification. The function sometimes fails with a 'ResourceNotFoundException' for the S3 bucket. Which THREE steps should the developer take to resolve the issue?

Refer to the exhibit. A CloudFormation stack creation failed. What is the most likely cause of the failure?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that is timing out. The function processes S3 events and writes to DynamoDB. The average execution time is 5 seconds, but the function times out after 3 seconds. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is using AWS CodeBuild to build a Java application. The build fails with 'OutOfMemoryError'. Which configuration change would most likely resolve this issue?

An application running on Amazon ECS Fargate is experiencing intermittent connection timeouts when calling an external API. The task has a public IP and a security group that allows outbound HTTPS. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is deploying a serverless application using AWS CloudFormation. The stack creation fails with the error 'The following resource(s) failed to create: [MyLambdaFunction]'. The developer checks the CloudWatch logs but finds no logs for the Lambda function. What is the most likely reason?

A company runs a Node.js application on AWS Elastic Beanstalk. The application is experiencing high latency. The developer suspects the database queries are slow. Which step should the developer take first to diagnose the issue?

A developer is using Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration to upload a large file. The upload is slower than expected. Which metric should the developer check to determine if Transfer Acceleration is providing a benefit?

A developer is using AWS CloudFront to serve static content. Users in some geographic regions report slow load times. Which CloudFront feature can the developer use to reduce latency for these users?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that is triggered by an Amazon SQS queue. The function processes messages but occasionally fails. The failed messages are not being sent to the dead-letter queue (DLQ). What is the most likely reason?

A developer is using Amazon API Gateway with a Lambda authorizer to control access to APIs. The authorizer is failing with a 500 error. The Lambda function logs show 'User: arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/MyLambdaRole is not authorized to perform: sts:AssumeRole'. What is the most likely cause?

Which TWO actions can help reduce latency for a web application hosted on EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer? (Select TWO.)

A developer is investigating why an AWS Lambda function that processes Kinesis records is experiencing high latency. Which THREE factors could contribute to this? (Select THREE.)

Which TWO approaches can be used to optimize costs for an Amazon DynamoDB table with predictable read/write patterns? (Select TWO.)

The developer invokes a Lambda function using the AWS CLI and gets the output shown. What is the most likely cause of the error?

A developer attached the IAM policy above to an IAM user. The user reports being unable to list objects in the bucket 'my-bucket' using the AWS CLI command 'aws s3 ls s3://my-bucket/'. What is the most likely reason?

A developer is deploying a CloudFormation stack and sees the event above. What should the developer do to fix the error?

A developer deployed a new version of a Lambda function that processes S3 events. After deployment, some S3 events are not being processed. The CloudWatch Logs show no errors. What is the most likely cause?

An application uses an Application Load Balancer (ALB) with a target group of EC2 instances. Users report intermittent HTTP 503 errors. The ALB access logs show that the error occurs when the request rate exceeds 10,000 requests per second. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is troubleshooting an EC2 instance that cannot connect to the internet. The instance has a public IP address and is in a public subnet with a route to an internet gateway. The security group allows all outbound traffic. What is the most likely cause?

A company's application running on Amazon ECS Fargate is experiencing high CPU utilization. The task definition has CPU set to 256 units. What should be done to improve performance?

An application uses DynamoDB as its database with on-demand capacity. The application experiences increased latency during peak hours. CloudWatch metrics show ConsumedWriteCapacityUnits is below ProvisionedWriteCapacityUnits, but ThrottledWriteEvents is zero. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is deploying a serverless application using AWS SAM. The deployment fails with the error 'Resource creation cancelled'. What is the most likely cause?

An application running on EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer is experiencing high error rates. The ALB target group health checks are failing. The instances are in an Auto Scaling group with a minimum of 2 and maximum of 10. What should a developer do to troubleshoot?

A developer is using AWS CloudFormation to deploy a stack that includes an S3 bucket and a Lambda function. The stack fails with the error 'The following resource(s) failed to create: [MyBucket]'. What is the most likely cause?

A developer receives an alert that an EC2 instance's status check fails. The instance is running, but the developer cannot SSH into it. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is troubleshooting an issue where an S3 bucket policy is not granting access to an IAM user. Which TWO actions should the developer take to resolve the issue?

A developer is using AWS X-Ray to trace a Lambda function that calls DynamoDB and SQS. Some traces show errors. Which THREE actions should the developer take to diagnose the issue?

A developer is troubleshooting a slow RDS MySQL instance. Which TWO metrics in Amazon CloudWatch should the developer examine first?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer attached this S3 bucket policy to my-bucket. Users from IP 10.0.0.5 can access objects, but users from IP 10.0.1.5 cannot. What is the most likely reason?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer invoked a Lambda function and received this response. What does the FunctionError field indicate?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer created this CloudFormation template. After deployment, the stack creation fails with 'Bucket name already exists'. What should the developer do to fix the issue?

A Lambda function that processes S3 events is failing with timeout errors. The function downloads a 100 MB file from S3 and processes it. The current timeout is 30 seconds. What is the most cost-effective way to troubleshoot this issue?

A developer is troubleshooting a slow-running Amazon RDS for MySQL query. The query performance has degraded over time. Which approach should the developer take first to identify the cause?

A company runs a critical application on EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. The application experiences intermittent 503 errors. The health checks are configured correctly and the instances pass health checks consistently. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is deploying a new version of a Lambda function and wants to roll back immediately if errors are detected. Which deployment strategy should the developer use?

A development team is using AWS CodeCommit as a source repository and CodeBuild for build automation. They want to trigger a build automatically whenever a pull request is created or updated in the repository. Which configuration should they use?

An application uses an Auto Scaling group with a launch configuration that includes a user data script to configure instances. After a scaling event, new instances launch but fail to register with the target group. The existing instances continue to work. What should the developer do to resolve this issue?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that is failing with an 'AccessDenied' error when trying to write to an S3 bucket. The function's execution role has the following policy. What is the most likely cause of the failure? (Policy: { 'Version': '2012-10-17', 'Statement': [ { 'Effect': 'Allow', 'Action': 's3:PutObject', 'Resource': 'arn:aws:s3:::my-bucket/*' } ] })

A company runs a web application on EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling group. The application needs to store session state. The architecture must be highly available and scalable. Which solution should the developer choose?

A developer is using AWS CodePipeline to automate a multi-stage pipeline. The pipeline includes a manual approval step before deploying to production. The developer wants to receive an email notification when the pipeline reaches the approval step. Which service should the developer use?

Which TWO services can be used to store and retrieve application configuration data in AWS? (Choose 2)

Which THREE factors should a developer consider when designing a stateless application on AWS? (Choose 3)

Which TWO actions can help reduce the cold start time for an AWS Lambda function? (Choose 2)

The above IAM policy is attached to an IAM user. The user is unable to invoke the Lambda function 'my-function'. What is the most likely reason?

A developer ran the above CLI command to describe an EC2 instance. The instance is running but the developer cannot connect to it via SSH. Which additional step should the developer take to troubleshoot the connectivity issue?

The above CloudWatch alarm is configured for an EC2 instance. The alarm state is 'INSUFFICIENT_DATA' and has been for 2 days. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A developer notices that an AWS Lambda function configured with a VPC is timing out when trying to access an Amazon S3 bucket. The function has the necessary IAM permissions. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is using AWS CodeBuild to build a Docker image and push it to Amazon ECR. The build fails with the error 'no basic authentication credentials'. The build project has an IAM role with the AmazonEC2ContainerRegistryPowerUser policy. What is the most likely cause?

An application running on Amazon EC2 generates logs that need to be streamed to Amazon CloudWatch Logs. The developer installs and configures the CloudWatch agent. However, logs are not appearing in the log group. What is the most likely cause?

A developer has an AWS Lambda function that processes messages from an Amazon SQS queue. The function is experiencing high invocation errors. The developer sees that the function's reserved concurrency is set to 0. What is the impact?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Elastic Beanstalk environment that is failing health checks. The environment runs a web application on Tomcat. The developer checks the logs and finds no errors. What is the most likely cause of the health check failure?

A developer is using Amazon DynamoDB for a new application. The developer wants to reduce read latency. Which design pattern should the developer use?

A developer is deploying a serverless application using AWS CloudFormation. The stack creation fails with the error 'CREATE_FAILED: The following resource(s) failed to create: [MyLambdaFunction]'. The developer checks the CloudFormation events and sees 'Resource creation cancelled'. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is using Amazon API Gateway with a Lambda integration. The API returns a 502 Bad Gateway error. The developer checks the Lambda function logs and finds no invocations. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is using Amazon S3 to host a static website. The developer updates the files, but users still see the old version. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is troubleshooting a slow-performing Amazon RDS for MySQL database. Which TWO actions should the developer take to improve query performance?

A developer is using AWS CodePipeline to deploy a web application. The pipeline has a source stage from GitHub and a deploy stage to Elastic Beanstalk. The deploy stage fails with the error 'The S3 bucket does not allow access to the artifact'. Which THREE actions could resolve this issue?

A developer is using AWS X-Ray to trace requests through a microservices application. The developer notices that some traces are incomplete. Which TWO actions can help ensure complete traces?

Why is the Lambda function not being invoked?

A developer deploys a Lambda function that transforms incoming JSON payloads and writes results to DynamoDB. After a recent code update, the function frequently times out with 5-second durations. The function has a 15-second timeout and 512 MB memory. CloudWatch Logs show no errors. The DynamoDB table has autoscaling enabled. What is the MOST likely cause of the increased duration?

A developer notices that an EC2 instance running a web application is unreachable via its public IP. The instance passes status checks but security group rules appear correct. What should the developer check NEXT?

A company's application uses Amazon S3 to store user-uploaded images. Users report that recently uploaded images are sometimes not immediately available for viewing. The application uses S3 Event Notifications to trigger a Lambda function that processes images and stores metadata in DynamoDB. What is the MOST likely cause of the delay?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that processes messages from an Amazon SQS queue. The function is configured with a batch size of 10 and a maximum concurrency of 5. The function frequently reports errors related to message processing timeouts. The function code is idempotent. Which combination of actions will reduce the number of timeouts and improve processing efficiency?

A developer runs a script that uses the AWS CLI to copy a large number of files from an on-premises server to an S3 bucket. The copy operation fails partway through with a 'RequestTimeout' error. What is the MOST efficient way to resume the copy and ensure all files are transferred?

A developer deploys an application on EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The application uses sticky sessions (session affinity) based on a cookie. Users report that they are intermittently logged out during their session. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company runs a microservices application on Amazon ECS with Fargate. The application includes a service that processes messages from an SQS queue. The service's CPU utilization is consistently above 80%, and messages are accumulating in the queue. The service is configured with a desired count of 2 tasks and auto scaling based on CPU utilization. What should a developer do to improve message processing throughput?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that writes to an S3 bucket. The function is configured with a resource-based policy that allows the S3 service to invoke the function. However, the function fails with an access denied error when trying to write to S3. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer is using Amazon DynamoDB as the database for a web application. The application experiences occasional spikes in traffic, and some write requests fail with a ProvisionedThroughputExceededException. What is the MOST cost-effective way to handle these spikes without manual intervention?

A developer is troubleshooting a slow-running query on an Amazon RDS for MySQL database. The query is used by a reporting application and takes over 30 seconds to complete. The database is a db.r5.large instance with 200 GB of gp2 storage. Which TWO actions should the developer take to improve query performance?

A company is running a serverless application using AWS Lambda and Amazon API Gateway. The application experiences increased latency during peak hours. CloudWatch metrics show that Lambda function duration remains stable, but API Gateway latency spikes. Which THREE actions should the developer take to reduce API Gateway latency?

A developer is deploying a new microservice on AWS Elastic Beanstalk. The service uses an RDS database. The developer wants to ensure that database credentials are not stored in the application's source code. Which TWO methods should the developer use to securely provide credentials to the application?

The exhibit shows the output of invoking a Lambda function from the AWS CLI. The function returned a status code of 200 but included a FunctionError field set to 'Unhandled'. What does this indicate?

The exhibit shows an IAM policy attached to a Lambda function's execution role. The function writes objects to an S3 bucket that is encrypted with a KMS key (the key specified in the policy). When the function tries to write an object, it receives an access denied error. What is the MOST likely missing permission?

The exhibit shows a CloudFormation template that creates an S3 bucket with versioning enabled. After deploying the stack, a developer uploads an object to the bucket. Later, the developer updates the object by uploading a new version. The developer wants to retrieve the original object. What is the correct way to do this?

A company has a production application running on Amazon ECS with Fargate. The application consists of a front-end service and a backend service that processes orders. The backend service consumes messages from an Amazon SQS queue and writes order records to an Amazon DynamoDB table. Recently, during a marketing campaign, traffic increased significantly, causing the backend service to fall behind processing messages. The SQS queue depth grew to over 100,000 messages, and some orders were not processed in time, leading to customer complaints. The operations team noticed that the ECS service's CPU utilization never exceeded 60%, and memory utilization was around 50%. The service is configured with a desired count of 2 tasks and a target tracking scaling policy based on average CPU utilization. The DynamoDB table has on-demand capacity mode. After analyzing the logs, the development team found that each message processing takes about 2 seconds, but the backend service has a bottleneck: it makes an HTTP call to a third-party API that sometimes takes up to 10 seconds to respond. The team wants to optimize the architecture to handle traffic spikes better without over-provisioning resources. Which solution is MOST effective?

A developer is working on a serverless application that uses AWS Lambda functions to process user uploads. The uploads are stored in an S3 bucket, and each upload triggers a Lambda function that resizes images and stores metadata in DynamoDB. Recently, users have reported that some images are not being resized. The developer checks the CloudWatch logs and sees that the Lambda function is invoked, but it fails with a timeout error after 15 seconds for a few large images. The function has a timeout of 15 seconds and a memory of 512 MB. The image sizes vary from 1 MB to 50 MB. The developer wants to handle large images without increasing the timeout significantly, as that would increase costs. The function is CPU-bound during image processing. Which solution should the developer implement?

A company runs a critical application on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The application experiences intermittent errors where some requests return HTTP 503 (Service Unavailable) errors. The developers have verified that the application code is healthy and the EC2 instances pass health checks. The ALB health check is configured to hit a specific endpoint (/health) with a healthy threshold of 2 and an unhealthy threshold of 2. The health check interval is 30 seconds, and the timeout is 5 seconds. The application's /health endpoint sometimes takes up to 6 seconds to respond due to a dependency on a third-party service. The developers want to minimize the 503 errors without changing the application code. Which action should the developer take?

A developer deployed a new Lambda function that processes messages from an SQS queue. The function runs correctly for small workloads but starts timing out after 15 seconds when traffic increases. The function has a reserved concurrency of 10 and a timeout of 30 seconds. CloudWatch logs show occasional throttling errors (429). What is the MOST likely cause?

A company runs a web application on EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). Users report intermittent 503 errors. The ALB health checks are failing for a few instances, but the instances themselves are running and have healthy application processes. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that writes to an S3 bucket. The function is failing with an 'AccessDenied' error. The Lambda execution role has the following policy. What is the likely issue? { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "s3:PutObject", "s3:GetObject" ], "Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::my-bucket/*" } ] }

A developer is optimizing a Node.js Lambda function that processes CSV files from S3. The function reads the entire file into memory, processes it, and writes results to DynamoDB. For large files, the function runs out of memory. What is the MOST effective optimization?

A company uses AWS CloudFormation to deploy a stack that includes an RDS MySQL instance. During an update, the stack fails with a 'DELETE_FAILED' status on a security group resource. The security group has a dependency on the RDS instance. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer notices that an S3 bucket policy allows public read access to all objects. The bucket contains sensitive data that should only be accessible by authorized IAM users. What is the BEST way to remediate this?

A developer is troubleshooting a slow-running Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance. Which TWO metrics should the developer examine in Amazon CloudWatch to identify a possible resource bottleneck?

A company is using Amazon S3 to store log files. The logs are rarely accessed after 30 days but must be retained for 7 years for compliance. Which THREE actions should the company take to optimize storage costs?

A developer is debugging an AWS Lambda function that is invoked by an Amazon S3 event notification. The function sometimes fails with a 'ResourceNotFoundException' when trying to access a DynamoDB table. The function's execution role has the following policy: { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Effect": "Allow", "Action": "dynamodb:*", "Resource": "arn:aws:dynamodb:us-east-1:123456789012:table/MyTable" } ] } What are TWO possible causes for this intermittent failure?

A developer is using Amazon ElastiCache to improve the performance of a read-heavy web application. After implementing caching, some users see stale data. Which TWO strategies can the developer use to ensure cache coherence?

A company runs a production web application on EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling group behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The application uses a custom health check endpoint /health that returns HTTP 200 when the application is healthy. Recently, the operations team noticed that the Auto Scaling group is repeatedly launching and terminating instances (flapping) even though the application is stable. The health check grace period is set to 300 seconds. The ALB health check interval is 30 seconds, unhealthy threshold is 2, and healthy threshold is 5. The Auto Scaling group uses the ELB health check type. The application logs show no errors. What is the MOST likely cause of the flapping?

A developer receives an AccessDenied error when trying to put an object into an S3 bucket using the AWS SDK. The IAM user has an attached policy that grants s3:PutObject on the bucket. What is the MOST likely cause of the error?

An application running on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB) is experiencing intermittent 503 errors. The EC2 instances are in an Auto Scaling group. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer is using AWS Lambda with a VPC configuration. The function needs to access an Amazon RDS instance in the same VPC. The function is timing out after 3 seconds. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company is using Amazon API Gateway to expose a REST API. The API is integrated with an AWS Lambda function. Lately, the API is returning 502 Bad Gateway errors. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer is using Amazon DynamoDB with provisioned throughput. The application is receiving ProvisionedThroughputExceededException errors. What is the BEST way to handle this error?

An application uses an Amazon SQS queue to decouple microservices. The producer is sending messages, but the consumer is not processing them. The consumer is an Auto Scaling group of EC2 instances. The SQS queue's ApproximateNumberOfMessagesVisible metric is increasing. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer is deploying a new version of an AWS Lambda function using the AWS CLI. The deployment fails with a 'ResourceConflictException' error. What is the MOST likely cause?

An application running on Amazon ECS with Fargate is unable to connect to the internet. The task definition does not have any network configuration specified. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer is using Amazon CloudFront to serve static content from an S3 bucket. Users are reporting that they see outdated content. The CloudFront distribution has a default TTL of 24 hours. What is the MOST efficient way to serve updated content immediately?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that is timing out. The function has a timeout of 5 seconds and is configured with 128 MB of memory. Which TWO of the following are effective ways to resolve the timeout?

A company has a REST API deployed on Amazon API Gateway with a Lambda integration. The API is experiencing high latency. Which TWO actions would help diagnose the issue?

A developer is using an Amazon SQS queue with a Lambda function as a consumer. Messages are being sent to the queue but the Lambda function is not processing them. Which THREE of the following are possible causes?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that times out when processing large files from Amazon S3. The function has a 15-minute timeout and 512 MB memory. What should the developer do to resolve this issue?

A developer notices that an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 90% during peak hours. Which AWS service can the developer use to analyze the database queries and identify the root cause?

A company runs a containerized web application on Amazon ECS with Fargate launch type. The application experiences intermittent HTTP 503 errors. The ECS service auto-scales based on CPU, but the errors persist. What is the most likely cause and solution?

A developer is debugging an AWS Lambda function that is invoked by an Amazon S3 bucket notification. The function fails with an 'AccessDenied' error when trying to read an object from the same bucket. What should the developer check first?

An application running on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB) is experiencing increased latency. The developer suspects the ALB is the bottleneck. How can the developer confirm this using CloudWatch metrics?

A developer is using AWS CodePipeline to deploy a serverless application. The pipeline has a CodeBuild stage that runs unit tests. Recently, the build stage started failing with a 'ResourceNotFoundException: The specified bucket does not exist' error. The buildspec.yml references an artifact bucket. What is the most likely cause?

A developer deploys a new version of an AWS Lambda function using the AWS CLI. After deployment, the function returns stale results. What is the most likely cause?

A company's application uses Amazon DynamoDB as its database. The application reads the same item multiple times per second and occasionally sees stale data. The DynamoDB table uses the default eventually consistent reads. What should the developer change to ensure strongly consistent reads?

A developer optimized an Amazon S3 bucket for high request rates. The bucket receives over 5,000 PUT requests per second. Recently, some requests are failing with a 503 Slow Down error. What is the most likely cause and how should the developer fix it?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that is failing with a timeout error. The function has a 15-minute timeout and processes messages from an Amazon SQS queue. Which TWO actions should the developer take to resolve the issue?

A company's application runs on Amazon EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling group. The application experiences intermittent failures, and the developer suspects the application is not properly handling termination notifications. Which TWO steps should the developer take to diagnose the issue?

A developer is optimizing an Amazon S3 bucket that stores millions of small objects. The application frequently lists objects with prefix-based queries. Which THREE strategies should the developer implement to improve performance?

A developer invoked a Lambda function and saw the above output. What is the root cause of the error?

A developer attached the above IAM policy to an AWS Lambda function that writes encrypted objects to an S3 bucket. The function fails with an 'AccessDenied' error when putting objects. What is the most likely reason?

A developer deployed the above AWS SAM template. Messages are not being processed; they end up in the DeadLetterQueue after 3 receives. The Lambda function timeout is 30 seconds. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is troubleshooting a Lambda function that times out sporadically. The function reads from an S3 bucket and processes CSV files. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?

An application running on EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB) occasionally returns HTTP 503 errors. The instances are in an Auto Scaling group. Which action should be taken to resolve this issue?

A developer is deploying a new version of a Lambda function using an alias for blue/green deployment. Traffic is gradually shifted to the new version. During the shift, a high error rate is observed. What should the developer do to minimize impact?

A company uses AWS CodePipeline with CodeBuild to test and deploy a web application. The pipeline has been failing at the deploy stage with an error: 'Access Denied'. CloudTrail shows the CodePipeline service role is making the call. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer notices that an application is generating duplicate entries in a DynamoDB table. The application uses a Lambda function triggered by an SQS queue. Messages are processed with at-least-once delivery. Which design change will reduce duplicates?

A developer is troubleshooting a slow-running query in Amazon RDS for MySQL. The query is used by a reporting dashboard. Which AWS service should the developer use to identify the bottleneck?

A developer has deployed a serverless application using AWS SAM. After a recent update, the API Gateway endpoints return 500 errors. The Lambda function logs show no errors. What should the developer investigate first?

A company uses an S3 bucket to store sensitive documents. The bucket policy allows access only from a specific VPC endpoint. However, a developer in the same VPC is unable to access the bucket from an EC2 instance. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer is using AWS X-Ray to trace requests through a microservices application. One of the services, Service B, is not appearing in the trace map. What is the MOST likely reason?

Which TWO actions should a developer take to optimize cost and performance for a Lambda function that processes real-time streaming data from Amazon Kinesis? (Choose 2.)

A developer is troubleshooting an EC2 instance that is unreachable via SSH. The instance is in a public subnet with a security group that allows inbound SSH from 0.0.0.0/0. Which THREE are possible causes? (Choose 3.)

Which TWO practices help optimize costs in Amazon DynamoDB? (Choose 2.)

A developer attached the IAM policy above to an IAM role used by an EC2 instance. The instance is in a VPC with CIDR 10.0.0.0/16, but it cannot access objects in the S3 bucket 'example-bucket'. What is the MOST likely reason?

A developer notices that the Lambda function 'my-function' is not generating any logs in CloudWatch, although the function is invoked successfully. The developer runs the command above. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer tries to create a CloudFormation stack using the template above, but it fails with 'The bucket you tried to create already exists'. The developer has already deleted the bucket from the AWS Management Console. What is the MOST likely reason for the failure?

A developer notices that an AWS Lambda function is timing out after 3 seconds. The function processes messages from an SQS queue. What is the MOST likely cause of the timeout?

A company runs a Node.js application on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). Users report intermittent 503 errors. The ALB target group health checks are failing. The developer checks the EC2 instance logs and sees no application errors. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer is troubleshooting a slow Amazon RDS MySQL database query. The query is frequently executed and takes 5 seconds to complete. Which AWS service should the developer use to analyze the query performance?

A developer deployed a new version of an AWS Lambda function using the AWS CLI update-function-code command. The function uses environment variables to store database credentials. After the update, the function returns errors indicating it cannot connect to the database. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company uses Amazon API Gateway with a Lambda integration. The API returns a 502 Bad Gateway error for some requests. The Lambda function writes logs to CloudWatch. Which steps should a developer take to troubleshoot this issue? (Select the BEST combination.)

A developer is deploying a new version of an application to Amazon ECS using the Fargate launch type. The task fails to start and the error message indicates that the task cannot pull the container image from Amazon ECR. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer configured an S3 bucket to trigger a Lambda function on object creation. The Lambda function processes the object and then deletes it. Some objects are not being processed. What should the developer do to ensure all objects are processed?

A company is using Amazon DynamoDB with on-demand capacity. A developer notices that write requests are being throttled during peak hours. What is the MOST effective way to resolve this issue?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS CloudFormation stack creation failure. The stack creation failed with the error: 'Resource creation cancelled'. What does this error typically indicate?

A developer is using AWS Elastic Beanstalk to deploy a web application. The application is experiencing high latency. Which TWO steps should the developer take to troubleshoot and optimize the application?

A developer is optimizing an AWS Lambda function that processes streaming data from Amazon Kinesis. The function is CPU-bound. Which TWO actions should the developer take to improve performance?

A company is using Amazon S3 to store large objects. Users report that uploads are slow. Which THREE actions should the developer take to optimize upload performance?

A developer runs the AWS CLI command shown in the exhibit. The output includes 'FunctionError': 'Unhandled'. What does this indicate?

A developer receives an Access Denied error when trying to download an object from an S3 bucket. The developer's IAM policy is shown in the exhibit. The bucket policy also grants access. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer is creating an ECS task definition using the JSON shown in the exhibit. The task fails to run with an error about insufficient memory. What is the issue?

A developer notices that an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 90% during peak hours. The application uses read-heavy workloads. Which action would MOST effectively reduce CPU load without major architectural changes?

A Lambda function is timing out after 3 seconds when processing an S3 event. The function reads a file from S3 and writes to DynamoDB. The timeout is set to 5 seconds. What is the MOST likely cause of the timeout?

A developer is troubleshooting an application that uses Amazon SQS. Messages are being sent to a dead-letter queue (DLQ) after the maximum receive count is exceeded. The consumer processes messages but sometimes fails. The developer wants to ensure that messages are retried immediately after a failure, without waiting for the visibility timeout. Which solution should the developer implement?

A developer is using AWS CodeBuild to build a Java application. The build succeeds locally but fails on CodeBuild with a 'Cannot find symbol' error for a class that is in a dependency JAR. What is the MOST likely cause?

An application running on Amazon ECS Fargate is experiencing intermittent high latency and timeout errors. The application makes API calls to an external third-party service. The ECS service is configured with a target group using HTTP health checks. The ALB health check logs show occasional 503 responses. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer is using AWS CloudFormation to deploy a stack. The stack creation fails with the error 'API: iam:CreateRole User: arn:aws:iam::123456789012:user/DevUser is not authorized to perform: iam:CreateRole'. The developer is using an IAM user with AdministratorAccess policy attached. What is the MOST likely cause of this error?

A developer deployed a new version of a Lambda function using an alias that points to the new version. However, the function continues to invoke the old version. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company uses Amazon S3 to store sensitive data. A developer needs to ensure that all objects uploaded to a specific S3 bucket are encrypted at rest. Which approach should the developer take?

A developer is troubleshooting a CloudFront distribution that serves static content from an S3 bucket. Users in some geographic locations report slow load times. The developer checks the CloudFront metrics and sees a high number of cache misses. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer is investigating why an Amazon API Gateway REST API is returning 504 errors during peak traffic. The API integrates with a Lambda function. Which TWO factors are MOST likely causing the 504 errors? (Choose TWO.)

A developer is optimizing an application that uses Amazon DynamoDB. The application reads items by primary key and also performs queries on a Global Secondary Index (GSI). The developer notices that some queries on the GSI are slow. Which TWO actions would improve the performance of GSI queries? (Choose TWO.)

A company is using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis to improve the performance of a high-traffic web application. Recently, the application has been experiencing increased latency. The developer suspects that cache misses are causing the application to read from the database more frequently. Which THREE metrics should the developer examine in Amazon CloudWatch to troubleshoot this issue? (Choose THREE.)

A developer is deploying a web application on Amazon ECS with Fargate. The application needs to store session state. Which THREE options are suitable for storing session state in a distributed environment? (Choose THREE.)

A developer has attached the IAM policy shown in the exhibit to a user. The user reports that they can upload and delete objects in the bucket 'my-bucket', but cannot list the objects in the bucket. What is the MOST likely reason?

A developer invokes a Lambda function from the AWS CLI and receives the response shown in the exhibit. The output file contains an error message. What is the MOST likely cause of the FunctionError field being set to 'Unhandled'?

A developer uses the CloudFormation template in the exhibit to create an S3 bucket. The stack creation fails with the error 'Bucket already exists'. What is the MOST likely reason?

A developer is troubleshooting a Lambda function that intermittently times out. The function makes HTTP requests to an external API. The function's CloudWatch logs show 'Task timed out after 3.01 seconds'. What is the MOST likely cause?

A company runs a production web application on EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. Users report intermittent 502 errors. The developers find that the ALB access logs show 'target_response_code' of 502 for some requests. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer is optimizing an S3 bucket that stores large CSV files for analytics. The files are accessed frequently for the first 30 days, then rarely accessed. After 90 days, the data must be retained for compliance but accessed infrequently. What is the MOST cost-effective lifecycle policy?

A company has a DynamoDB table with a global secondary index (GSI) for querying. The write capacity is provisioned at 1000 WCU, and the GSI has 500 WCU. During a traffic spike, writes to the table are throttled, but the GSI is not throttled. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer is troubleshooting a CloudFormation stack that fails to create. The stack includes an Auto Scaling group with a launch template. The error message says 'Value (null) for parameter groupId is invalid.' What is the MOST likely cause?

A company is using AWS Elastic Beanstalk for a Node.js application. The environment's health is 'Severe' and the logs show 'ELB health check target http://:80/ is not responding'. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer is optimizing an API Gateway REST API that uses Lambda integration. The response times are high, and CloudWatch logs show that the Lambda function has cold starts frequently. The function is written in Java and uses a large library. What is the MOST effective optimization?

A developer is troubleshooting an Amazon RDS for MySQL instance that is experiencing high CPU utilization. The application performs many read operations. The developer wants to reduce the load on the database. What is the MOST effective solution?

A company has a Lambda function that processes messages from an SQS queue. The function sometimes fails to process a message, and the message is not retried. The developer wants to ensure that failed messages are retried at least once. What should the developer do?

A developer is troubleshooting a slow web application. The application uses an Application Load Balancer, EC2 instances, and an RDS database. The developer suspects the database is the bottleneck. Which TWO CloudWatch metrics should the developer examine to confirm this? (Select TWO.)

A company is using AWS CodePipeline for CI/CD. The pipeline has a build stage using AWS CodeBuild, and a deploy stage using AWS CodeDeploy. The deployment is failing with 'Error: Health checks failed'. Which TWO steps should the developer take to troubleshoot this issue? (Select TWO.)

A developer is optimizing costs for an AWS account. The account has multiple EC2 instances running different workloads. Some instances are used for development and are only needed during business hours. Which THREE actions can the developer take to reduce costs? (Select THREE.)

A developer is troubleshooting a Lambda function that processes S3 events. The function runs successfully in the AWS Management Console test but fails when triggered by actual S3 PUT events. The error logs show 'AccessDenied' when attempting to read the object from S3. What is the most likely cause?

A developer notices that an RDS MySQL instance's CPU utilization is consistently above 80% during peak hours. Which AWS service can be used to analyze the database queries and identify the root cause?

A company's DynamoDB table has a read capacity of 10,000 RCUs and receives consistent traffic. Recently, users have reported increased latency for read requests. The application uses strongly consistent reads. The developer checks CloudWatch metrics and sees that 'ConsumedReadCapacityUnits' is at 9,500 but 'ThrottledRequests' is high. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is deploying a new version of a Lambda function using AWS CodeDeploy. The deployment fails with a 'DeploymentLimitExceeded' error. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is troubleshooting an EC2 instance that is unreachable via SSH. The instance passed the status checks, and the security group allows SSH from the developer's IP. What should the developer check next?

A developer is trying to decrypt an S3 object using an AWS KMS key. The decryption fails with an 'AccessDenied' error. The IAM policy attached to the developer's user includes the statement in the exhibit. The KMS key policy includes the following statement: { "Sid": "Enable IAM User Permissions", "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:root" }, "Action": "kms:*", "Resource": "*" } What is the most likely reason for the failure?

A developer is using AWS CloudFormation to deploy a stack. The stack creation fails with a 'CREATE_FAILED' status for an EC2 instance resource. The event message says 'The requested configuration is currently not supported. Please check the documentation for supported configurations.' What should the developer do to resolve this issue?

A company's API Gateway REST API is experiencing high latency. The API integrates with a Lambda function that queries an RDS database. The developer notices that the Lambda function's duration metric is low, but the API Gateway integration latency is high. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is using SQS to decouple microservices. The producer sends messages, but the consumer (an EC2 instance) does not process them. The CloudWatch metric 'ApproximateNumberOfMessagesVisible' is increasing. The consumer's IAM role has 'sqs:ReceiveMessage' and 'sqs:DeleteMessage' permissions. What is the most likely cause?

A developer is troubleshooting a slow-running application that uses ElastiCache for Redis as a caching layer. The application frequently reads and writes data to the cache. Which TWO actions should the developer take to improve cache performance?

A company is using CloudFront with an S3 origin to serve static content. Users in some geographic regions experience high latency. The developer wants to optimize performance. Which THREE actions should the developer take?

A developer is debugging an application that uses Amazon SQS. The application occasionally processes the same message twice. Which TWO configurations can help prevent duplicate processing?

A company runs a web application on EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The application stores session data in an RDS MySQL database. Recently, users have reported that they are being logged out unexpectedly and their session data is lost. The developer investigates and finds that the RDS instance's CPU utilization spikes periodically, coinciding with the logout events. The application uses connection pooling via an RDS Proxy. The developer suspects that the session table is being dropped or truncated. After checking the application logs, the developer finds no evidence of truncation commands. The RDS instance has automated backups enabled, and the binary logs are retained for 24 hours. The developer wants to identify the root cause and prevent future occurrences. Which course of action should the developer take?

A developer is deploying a serverless application using AWS SAM. The application includes an API Gateway REST API and several Lambda functions. The developer runs 'sam deploy' and the deployment succeeds. However, when the developer tests the API endpoint using curl, the request times out. The CloudWatch logs for the Lambda function show that the function is not being invoked. The API Gateway logs are not enabled. The developer checks the API Gateway console and sees that the integration type is 'AWS Service' instead of 'Lambda Function'. The developer used the following SAM template snippet: Resources: MyApi: Type: AWS::Serverless::Api Properties: StageName: Prod DefinitionBody: swagger: 2.0 info: title: My API paths: /items: get: x-amazon-apigateway-integration: type: aws_proxy uri: !Sub arn:aws:apigateway:${AWS::Region}:lambda:path/2015-03-31/functions/${MyFunction.Arn}/invocations responses: {} MyFunction: Type: AWS::Serverless::Function Properties: CodeUri: ./src Handler: index.handler Runtime: nodejs14.x Events: ApiEvent: Type: Api Properties: RestApiId: !Ref MyApi Path: /items Method: GET What is the most likely cause of the timeout?

A developer notices that an S3 bucket's 'PutObject' API calls are failing intermittently for a specific application. The application uses the AWS SDK for Java to upload files. The error message is 'RequestTimeout: Your socket connection to the server was not read from or written to within the timeout period.' The bucket is in the same region as the application. The developer checks the S3 metrics and sees no throttling errors. The application runs on EC2 instances behind an ALB. The developer suspects a network issue. What should the developer do to resolve the issue?

A developer is troubleshooting a Lambda function that occasionally times out. The function makes HTTPS calls to an external API. Which configuration change is MOST likely to resolve the issue without increasing the risk of further timeouts?

A web application running on EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB) is experiencing intermittent 503 errors. The ALB target group health checks are succeeding. Which step should the developer take FIRST to diagnose the issue?

A developer is using Amazon API Gateway with a Lambda authorizer to protect a REST API. The authorizer is configured with a TTL of 300 seconds. After updating the IAM policy attached to the authorizer's execution role, some users still receive 403 Forbidden errors for requests that should be allowed. What is the MOST likely cause?

A developer notices that an S3 bucket configured for static website hosting returns 403 Forbidden errors when accessed from a browser. The bucket policy allows s3:GetObject for principal "*" but only over HTTPS. What is the MOST likely reason for the error?

A developer is running a Docker container on Amazon ECS with Fargate. The container logs are not appearing in CloudWatch Logs even though the task definition has a logConfiguration specifying the awslogs driver and a log group. What is the MOST likely missing configuration?

A developer is troubleshooting an AWS Lambda function that is invoked by an Amazon S3 bucket notification. The function processes new objects and writes results to a DynamoDB table. Recently, some objects are not being processed. The developer checks the CloudWatch Logs for the Lambda function and sees no errors. Which TWO actions should the developer take to investigate the issue?

A developer is using Amazon RDS for MySQL and notices that the database performance has degraded. The developer suspects that slow queries are the cause. Which THREE actions should the developer take to identify and address the slow queries?

An application running on Amazon ECS with Fargate is experiencing intermittent failures when connecting to an Amazon RDS database. The security group for the RDS instance allows inbound traffic from the security group attached to the ECS tasks. Which TWO additional checks should the developer perform to troubleshoot the connectivity issue?

A developer attached the IAM policy above to an IAM user. The user reports that they receive an AccessDenied error when trying to upload a file to the S3 bucket using the AWS CLI without specifying any server-side encryption. What is the reason for the error?

A developer runs the AWS CLI command above to view the latest log stream for a Lambda function. The output shows a log stream with lastEventTimestamp of 1710493200000 (approximately 1 hour ago). However, the function was invoked 5 minutes ago and did not produce any errors. What is the MOST likely explanation?

A company deploys a serverless application using AWS Lambda, Amazon API Gateway, and Amazon DynamoDB. The application allows users to retrieve data by calling a REST API. Recently, users have reported that some requests return HTTP 500 errors. The developer investigates and finds that the Lambda function logs show occasional 'ProvisionedThroughputExceededException' errors when writing to a DynamoDB table. The table has provisioned read capacity of 5 and write capacity of 5. The Lambda function is configured with a reserved concurrency of 10. The developer wants to minimize errors without significantly increasing costs. Which action should the developer take?

A developer is managing an application that runs on an Amazon EC2 instance. The application uses an IAM role attached to the instance to access an S3 bucket. The developer recently updated the IAM role to add a new policy that grants access to a different S3 bucket. However, when testing, the application cannot access the new bucket and still returns 'Access Denied'. The developer verifies that the instance profile is correctly associated with the EC2 instance and that the new policy is attached. The application was restarted after the policy change. What is the MOST likely cause of the issue?

A developer deployed a web application using AWS Elastic Beanstalk. The application uses an RDS MySQL database. After a recent deployment, the application's health status turned from 'Ok' to 'Severe'. The developer checks the environment events and sees that the database connection is failing. The RDS instance is in the same VPC and security group. The developer confirms that the database endpoint and credentials are correct. What is the MOST likely cause of the connection failure?

A company runs a critical application on Amazon ECS with Fargate. The application uses an Application Load Balancer (ALB) to distribute traffic. Recently, the company noticed that the ALB returns 502 Bad Gateway errors during peak traffic hours. The developer checks the ECS service metrics and sees that the number of running tasks remains constant, while CPU and memory utilization are below 50%. The ALB target group health checks are failing intermittently for some tasks. What is the MOST likely cause of the 502 errors?

A developer is using Amazon CloudFront to distribute content from an S3 bucket. The bucket is configured as an origin with Origin Access Control (OAC). Recently, some users have reported that they receive 403 Forbidden errors when accessing certain objects. The developer checks the CloudFront distribution and confirms that the OAC is set up correctly. The S3 bucket policy allows the CloudFront service principal to get objects. The developer also notes that the objects in question have been updated recently. What is the MOST likely cause of the 403 errors?

A company runs a serverless application on AWS using API Gateway, AWS Lambda, and DynamoDB. The application processes user uploads and stores metadata in DynamoDB. Recently, users have reported that some uploads fail with a 500 Internal Server Error. The CloudWatch Logs for the Lambda function show 'ProvisionedThroughputExceededException' errors for DynamoDB, followed by 'Task timed out after 3.00 seconds' errors. The Lambda function has a 3-second timeout and 128 MB of memory. The DynamoDB table has 5 read capacity units and 5 write capacity units. The application uses a single Lambda function that processes each upload synchronously. The company expects a steady increase in uploads. Which combination of actions should a developer take to resolve the errors and prepare for future growth? (Choose TWO.)