This EX200 practice question tests your understanding of manage users and groups. The scenario asks you to isolate a root cause — eliminate options that address a different problem before choosing. After answering, compare your reasoning against the explanation and wrong-answer breakdown below. Once you have made your selection, read the full explanation to reinforce the concept and understand why each distractor is designed to mislead on exam day.
Exhibit
Refer to the exhibit.
[exhibit]
[sudo -l output for user alice]
Matching Defaults entries for alice on this host:
!visiblepw, always_set_home, env_reset, env_keep="COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS",
env_keep+="MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE",
env_keep+="LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES",
env_keep+="LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE",
env_keep+="LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY",
secure_path=/sbin\:/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin
User alice may run the following commands on this host:
(root) /usr/bin/less /var/log/secure
(root) /usr/bin/tail /var/log/messages
[/exhibit]
Alice tries to run 'sudo less /var/log/messages' and gets 'Sorry, user alice is not allowed to execute /usr/bin/less /var/log/messages as root on this host.' Why?
Refer to the exhibit.
[exhibit]
[sudo -l output for user alice]
Matching Defaults entries for alice on this host:
!visiblepw, always_set_home, env_reset, env_keep="COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS",
env_keep+="MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE",
env_keep+="LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES",
env_keep+="LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE",
env_keep+="LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY",
secure_path=/sbin\:/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin
User alice may run the following commands on this host:
(root) /usr/bin/less /var/log/secure
(root) /usr/bin/tail /var/log/messages
[/exhibit]
A
The command path must exactly match, including arguments
Why wrong: This is partly true, but the issue is that the command is not listed.
B
The secure_path does not include /usr/bin
Why wrong: secure_path includes /usr/bin, but this does not affect allowed commands.
C
The sudoers allows only specific commands with specific arguments
The entry '/usr/bin/less /var/log/secure' restricts less to that file only.
D
The /var/log/messages file does not exist
Why wrong: The error message from sudo indicates permission, not file existence.
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
✓
The sudoers allows only specific commands with specific arguments
Option B is correct: the sudoers entry allows only specific commands with specific arguments. The entry '/usr/bin/less /var/log/secure' allows less only with that exact argument. Option A is about path matching but the path is fine. Option C is not the issue. Option D is incorrect because secure_path is not relevant.
Key principle: NAT direction and interface roles matter as much as the IP address mapping. Inside/outside designation controls which traffic is translated.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
✗
The command path must exactly match, including arguments
Why it's wrong here
This is partly true, but the issue is that the command is not listed.
✗
The secure_path does not include /usr/bin
Why it's wrong here
secure_path includes /usr/bin, but this does not affect allowed commands.
✓
The sudoers allows only specific commands with specific arguments
Why this is correct
The entry '/usr/bin/less /var/log/secure' restricts less to that file only.
Related concept
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
✗
The /var/log/messages file does not exist
Why it's wrong here
The error message from sudo indicates permission, not file existence.
Common exam traps
Common exam trap: NAT rules depend on direction and matching traffic
NAT is not only about the public address. The inside/outside interface roles and the ACL or rule that matches traffic are just as important.
Trap categories for this question
Command / output trap
This is partly true, but the issue is that the command is not listed.
Detailed technical explanation
How to think about this question
NAT questions usually test address translation, overload/PAT behaviour, static mappings and whether the right traffic is being translated. Read the interface direction and address terms carefully.
KKey Concepts to Remember
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
PAT allows many inside hosts to share one public address using ports.
Inside local and inside global describe the private and translated addresses.
NAT ACLs identify traffic for translation, not always security filtering.
TExam Day Tips
→Identify inside and outside interfaces first.
→Check whether the scenario needs static NAT, dynamic NAT or PAT.
→Do not confuse NAT matching ACLs with normal packet-filtering intent.
Key takeaway
NAT direction and interface roles matter as much as the IP address mapping. Inside/outside designation controls which traffic is translated.
Real-world example
How this comes up in practice
A small business has 20 workstations on the 192.168.1.0/24 network and one public IP from its ISP. The router uses PAT (NAT overload) so all 20 devices share one public address using different source ports. NAT questions test whether you understand the four address terms and which direction each translation applies.
What to study next
Got this wrong? Here's your next step.
Review the four NAT address types (inside local, inside global, outside local, outside global), PAT port overload, and static vs dynamic NAT use cases. Then practise related EX200 NAT questions on configuration and troubleshooting.
Manage users and groups — This question tests Manage users and groups — Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address..
What is the correct answer to this question?
The correct answer is: The sudoers allows only specific commands with specific arguments — Option B is correct: the sudoers entry allows only specific commands with specific arguments. The entry '/usr/bin/less /var/log/secure' allows less only with that exact argument. Option A is about path matching but the path is fine. Option C is not the issue. Option D is incorrect because secure_path is not relevant.
What should I do if I get this EX200 question wrong?
Review the four NAT address types (inside local, inside global, outside local, outside global), PAT port overload, and static vs dynamic NAT use cases. Then practise related EX200 NAT questions on configuration and troubleshooting.
What is the key concept behind this question?
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
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