Modules and Packages

A developer runs the following code in a script that is not part of a package: import sys sys.path.insert(0, '/custom/path') import mymodule print(mymodule.__name__) What is the output if 'mymodule' is found at '/custom/path/mymodule.py'?

A developer wants to use a function 'calculate' from a module 'math_ops' that is located in a sibling directory '../shared/' relative to the current script. What is the correct way to import it using an absolute import assuming the shared directory is a package with __init__.py and the project root is in sys.path?

Which TWO of the following are valid ways to import a function named 'func' from a module 'mymod' that is in the same directory as the script?

A script contains the following lines: import math from math import sqrt print(math.sqrt(16)) print(sqrt(25)) What is the output when the script is executed?

A team is developing a large application and wants to organize code into packages. Which of the following is a best practice for package design?

A Python script fails with 'ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'myapp.config''. The environment variable PYTHONPATH is not set. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

You are a DevOps engineer managing a Python application that consists of multiple microservices. One microservice, 'data_processor', imports a shared library 'common_lib' which is also used by other microservices. The shared library is developed in a separate repository and is installed via pip in each microservice's virtual environment as an editable package (pip install -e). Recently, you updated 'common_lib' with new functions, but when you redeploy 'data_processor' (by restarting the container), the new functions are not available; the old version is still used. The container uses a Docker image built from a requirements file that specifies 'common_lib' from a Git repository. You verify that the Git commit hash in the requirements file points to the latest version. What is the most likely cause and what is the correct course of action?

Which THREE of the following statements about Python's module search path are true?

A developer notices that a custom package 'mypackage' is not being found when importing, even though it is installed in the site-packages directory. The developer suspects a conflict with another package of the same name. Which command should the developer run to diagnose the location from which Python is importing the package?

A developer has a module 'config.py' with the following content: # config.py import os DATABASE_URL = os.getenv('DATABASE_URL', 'localhost') Another module 'app.py' imports config and uses DATABASE_URL. During testing, the environment variable is set correctly, but the import still uses the default value 'localhost'. What is the most likely reason?

You are a developer for a data science team. The team uses a shared module 'utilities' located at /team/shared/utilities.py. This module is not part of any package, and they want to import it from various project scripts without copying the file. Some projects are in /home/user/proj_A/ and others in /var/data/proj_B/. Currently, each script manually adds /team/shared/ to sys.path using sys.path.insert(0, '/team/shared/'). This works but is repetitive. The team wants a cleaner solution that also works when the script is run from different working directories. They consider creating a package 'utilities' by adding an __init__.py to the directory and using relative imports. However, the module currently uses absolute imports for some external libraries. What is the best course of action to allow clean imports of utilities from any location while minimizing changes to the module itself?

A Python project has the following directory structure: project/ __init__.py main.py subpackage/ __init__.py module.py Inside 'module.py', there is a function 'func' that needs to be imported in 'main.py'. The team wants to import 'func' using a relative import from 'main.py'. However, when they run 'python main.py' from the project root, they get an ImportError. What is the most likely reason?

Which TWO statements about the 'from package import *' statement are correct?

Match each code snippet to its output.

Which THREE factors can cause an 'ImportError' when trying to import a module?

A user wants to ensure that a custom module 'mymod' located at '/home/user/custom' takes precedence over a standard library module with the same name. Which operation on sys.path should be performed?

What is the most likely cause of this error?

A Python script uses a third-party library 'requests'. The developer wants to ensure that the exact version 2.25.1 is installed in the project's environment. Which tool and command should be used?

Drag and drop the steps to create and activate a virtual environment in Python into the correct order.

During development, a programmer modifies a module that is already imported in the current Python session. To see the changes without restarting the interpreter, which function from the importlib module should be called?

A team is using a shared Python environment where multiple projects have conflicting dependencies. Which approach is the best practice to isolate project dependencies?

You are developing a package 'analytics' that contains subpackages 'stats' and 'ml'. The __init__.py of 'analytics' imports a function 'normalize' from 'analytics.stats'. When a user runs `import analytics`, they get an ImportError. Which change ensures the package imports correctly?

A company has a shared internal library stored in a Git repository. Developers need to use this library in multiple projects without copying the code. Which approach is the most Pythonic and maintainable?

A package named 'utilities' contains a submodule 'strings'. Which import statement allows the use of the function 'reverse' defined in utilities.strings as reverse() without needing to prefix it?

A developer creates a package named 'mypkg' with an __init__.py file. Inside the package, there is a module 'utils.py'. Which of the following is the correct way to import the function 'helper' from 'utils' from outside the package?

Which TWO methods are valid ways to import a function named 'foo' from a module 'bar' that is part of a package 'pkg'?

Your company has two separate Python packages: 'app' and 'lib'. They are maintained by different teams. 'app' depends on 'lib', but 'lib' is still under development and its API changes frequently. To avoid breaking 'app', the team decides to use a virtual environment and install a specific version of 'lib'. However, during development, they need to test 'app' with the latest 'lib' changes from the Git repository. The current workflow is: (1) activate virtual env, (2) install 'lib' from local source using `pip install -e /path/to/lib`. This installs 'lib' as a development package. But one developer reports that after pulling latest 'lib' changes, importing 'lib' in 'app' still uses the old version even after re-running pip install -e. What is the most likely reason?

Refer to the exhibit. A developer runs 'pip install pandas==2.0.0' but gets an error stating that the required version is not available. Which command should be used to list all available versions of pandas?

Which TWO of the following statements about Python packages are true?

Which TWO of the following are valid ways to import specific names from a module?

A developer is working on a project that requires the use of a third-party package hosted on a private repository. The developer wants to ensure that the package can be imported without specifying the full repository URL each time. Which approach should be taken?

A Python script imports the module 'my_module'. The developer wants to ensure that when the script is run directly, it executes a specific function, but when imported as a module, that function is not executed. Which code snippet achieves this?

An application needs to dynamically load a module whose name is provided at runtime (stored in a variable 'mod_name'). Which function from the importlib module should be used?

Match each Python built-in function to its description.

A company has a large Python application that uses multiple packages from different directories. The application's main entry point is at /opt/app/main.py. There is a package 'common' located at /opt/app/common/ and another package 'services' at /opt/app/services/. Both packages have __init__.py files. Additionally, there is a third-party package 'utils' installed in the system site-packages. Recently, a developer added a new module 'helpers.py' to the 'common' package. When trying to import 'common.helpers' from a script inside 'services', an ImportError is raised: 'No module named common.helpers'. However, importing 'common' itself works. The sys.path includes /opt/app/ and the site-packages. What is the most likely cause of the import failure?

A developer creates a package 'mypackage' with the following structure: mypackage/ __init__.py module1.py module2.py The __init__.py contains: from mypackage.module1 import func1 from mypackage.module2 import func2 __all__ = ['func1', 'func2'] In a separate script, the developer writes: from mypackage import * print(func1()) This works as expected. However, when the developer runs the same script from a different directory (not the one containing mypackage), the import works but the script prints an error that func1 is not defined. What could be the problem?

A developer wants to distribute a package that contains both Python code and data files (e.g., images, configs). Which file is used to specify dependencies and metadata for the package?

When importing a module, Python searches for it in a specific order. Which of the following lists the correct order of directories searched?

Which TWO of the following statements about Python's `sys.path` are true?

A Python package 'mypackage' contains the following hierarchy: mypackage/ __init__.py subpackage1/ __init__.py module_a.py subpackage2/ __init__.py module_b.py From a script outside the package, a programmer writes: import mypackage.subpackage1.module_a Which statement is true about the import?

Which THREE of the following are true about the __pycache__ directory?

Which of the following is a valid way to import a module named 'math' and assign it an alias 'm'?

A developer wants to import a specific function 'calculate' from a module named 'formulas' without importing the entire module. Which import statement should be used?

A user runs script.py and gets the above error: ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'mypackage'. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Which TWO statements about namespace packages are true?

Given package structure: pack/__init__.py, pack/subpack/__init__.py, pack/subpack/mod.py. Inside pack/__init__.py, which import statement correctly imports mod.py using a relative import?

A developer needs to add a custom directory '/home/user/mylibs' to Python's module search path so that modules in that directory can be imported. Which code snippet accomplishes this correctly?

A developer runs pip install package==1.0 and gets the above error. What is the most likely solution?

A Python package 'analytics' contains a subpackage 'models' with module 'regression.py'. Inside 'regression.py', there is a function 'linear_fit' that depends on 'numpy'. The developer wants to ensure that 'numpy' is imported only once and available throughout the package. Where should the import 'import numpy as np' be placed?

Drag and drop the steps to perform unit testing with the unittest framework in Python into the correct order.

A package 'pkg' is installed as an egg-link in development mode. Inside the package, there is a module 'submod.py' that uses relative imports. When a developer modifies 'submod.py', they find that changes are not always reflected on import. What is the most likely reason?

Which TWO of the following are valid uses for the '__name__' variable in a Python module?

Which TWO statements about the sys module are true?

A developer installs a third-party package using pip, but when they try to import it in their script, Python raises a ModuleNotFoundError. The package is definitely installed (pip list shows it). What is the most likely cause?

A developer runs 'pip install mypackage' but gets a 'PermissionError'. Which command should be used to install the package for the current user only?

A package 'tools' has the structure: tools/__init__.py, tools/calc.py, tools/io.py. In __init__.py, the developer writes: from . import calc. A user tries: import tools; print(tools.add(1,2)). This fails with AttributeError. Why?

Drag and drop the steps to create a simple HTTP server using the http.server module in Python into the correct order.

Refer to the exhibit. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this error?

Inside a package 'data', there is a subpackage 'io' and a module 'utils'. Which import statement inside the 'io' subpackage correctly imports the 'helper' function from the sibling module 'utils'?

Refer to the exhibit. Given the project structure, which of the following import statements in main.py would cause an ImportError?

You are developing a Python application that processes financial transactions. The application is structured as a package named `finance`. Inside `finance`, there are subpackages: `models`, `services`, and `utils`. The `services` subpackage contains a module `validator.py` that defines a function `validate_transaction()`. This function uses a helper function `check_amount()` defined in `utils.helpers`. The package is used by multiple other projects, and you want to ensure that importing `finance` does not accidentally expose internal helper functions. You also want to allow users to easily import the main validation function via `from finance import validate_transaction`. Which of the following approaches best achieves these goals?

A programmer wants to create a package named 'analytics' with subpackages 'statistics' and 'ml'. Which directory structure correctly defines these packages?

A script runs: import sys; print(sys.path[0]). The output is an empty string. What does this indicate?

A team uses virtual environments to manage dependencies. They need to ensure that a script runs with the exact same module versions across different environments. Which approach is best?

A developer is writing a package that contains multiple modules. The package should allow users to import it directly and have all commonly used functions available at the package level. For example, after `import mypackage`, the user should be able to call `mypackage.func1()` without needing to import submodules. Which is the best way to achieve this?

Which THREE of the following statements about Python packages and modules are true?

Refer to the exhibit. A Python script uses the following code to load the policy. However, it fails with a JSONDecodeError. What is the most likely cause? ```python import json with open('policy.json', 'r') as f: policy = json.load(f) ```

A Python project uses namespace packages spread across multiple directories. The package structure is: project/ and lib/ both contain subdirectories 'mypkg/'. Each has an __init__.py file. When importing 'mypkg', which directory's contents are used?

A module 'config.py' contains a variable 'settings' that is a dictionary. Another script does: from config import settings. Then the script modifies settings['key'] = 'new_value'. What happens?

A developer is creating a Python package named 'utils' and wants to control what is imported when a user writes 'from utils import *'. Which file and variable should be defined?

A package 'mypackage' has subpackages 'sub1' and 'sub2'. In sub1/__init__.py, there is: from sub2 import helper. When importing mypackage, an ImportError occurs: No module named 'sub2'. What is the most likely cause?

A developer has two separate directories on sys.path: /home/user/libs and /opt/libs. Both directories contain a subdirectory 'mypackage' without an __init__.py file. The developer wants to import a module from 'mypackage' that exists only in one of the directories. What concept allows Python to treat these two directories as a single namespace package?

You maintain a Python library 'myutils' that is installed as a package in the system. The library has a submodule 'config' that reads configuration from a file. Recently, a user reported that after updating the library, their application still uses the old configuration values. They confirmed that the config file on disk has been updated. The library's __init__.py does: from .config import load_config. The user's application imports load_config from myutils and calls it each time they need configuration. What is the most likely cause of the issue?

A module 'shapes.py' defines several classes: Circle, Square, Triangle. The developer wants to allow users to import only Circle and Square when they use 'from shapes import *'. Which mechanism should be used?

A developer is troubleshooting an ImportError: 'No module named 'config''. The config module is located in a subdirectory 'utils' relative to the script. The script's current working directory is the parent of 'utils'. Which of the following lines, added to the script, will resolve the issue?

A package 'mypkg' has the following structure: mypkg/ __init__.py submod1.py submod2.py The __init__.py file contains: from . import submod1, submod2. A user runs 'import mypkg' and then 'mypkg.submod1.func()'. However, the user got an AttributeError. What is the most likely cause?

Which TWO statements about the __init__.py file in a Python package are true?

A Python script is written to be used both as a standalone program and as an imported module. Which condition should the script use to execute code only when run directly?

Which TWO of the following are true about importing modules using the import statement?

A programmer wants to use the sqrt function from the math module. Which import statement is most efficient?

A developer has a project structure with 'my_package/' containing '__init__.py', 'module_a.py', and 'sub_package/' (with its own '__init__.py'). They want to import function 'foo' from 'module_a' inside a script in 'sub_package' using a relative import. Which statement is correct?

Consider the following directory structure: project/ main.py pkg/ __init__.py mod1.py subpkg/ __init__.py mod2.py From main.py, you write: from pkg.subpkg import mod2 Which THREE of the following are true regarding relative imports?

A team is developing a large Python application with multiple modules. They encounter an ImportError when module A tries to import from module B, and module B tries to import from module A. What is the most likely cause and best practice to resolve this?

Which THREE of the following are valid ways to import a function named 'calculate' from a module named 'math_ops' located in a subpackage 'operations' of a package 'app'?

Which of the following statements about the __init__.py file in a package is true?