PCDOE Building and implementing CI/CD pipelines Practice Question
This PCDOE practice question tests your understanding of building and implementing ci/cd pipelines. The scenario asks you to isolate a root cause — eliminate options that address a different problem before choosing. After answering, compare your reasoning against the explanation and wrong-answer breakdown below. Once you have made your selection, read the full explanation to reinforce the concept and understand why each distractor is designed to mislead on exam day.
A company uses Cloud Build with a custom service account that has minimal permissions. The build needs to deploy to Cloud Run. After configuring the service account with roles/run.admin, the build fails with 'Permission denied' on gcloud run deploy. What is the most likely cause?
Clue words in this question
Noticing these words before you look at the options changes how you read each choice.
Clue: "most likely"
Why it matters: Probability qualifier — the question wants the most probable cause or outcome, not a guaranteed one. Eliminate low-probability options.
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
✓
The build service account lacks roles/iam.serviceAccountUser on the Cloud Run runtime service account.
Option B is correct because deploying to Cloud Run requires the iam.serviceAccountUser role on the runtime service account to impersonate it. Option A is not relevant. Option C is a different error. Option D is not required.
Key principle: NAT direction and interface roles matter as much as the IP address mapping. Inside/outside designation controls which traffic is translated.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
✓
The build service account lacks roles/iam.serviceAccountUser on the Cloud Run runtime service account.
Why this is correct
Cloud Build needs to impersonate the runtime service account; roles/iam.serviceAccountUser is required.
Clue confirmation
The clue word "most likely" in the question point toward this answer.
Related concept
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
✗
The Cloud Run service account is not set.
Why it's wrong here
This would cause a different error.
✗
Cloud Build requires the roles/cloudbuild.serviceAgent role.
Why it's wrong here
That role is for Cloud Build service agent, not for deploying to Cloud Run.
✗
The build configuration file has syntax errors.
Why it's wrong here
Syntax errors would appear earlier in the build.
Common exam traps
Common exam trap: NAT rules depend on direction and matching traffic
NAT is not only about the public address. The inside/outside interface roles and the ACL or rule that matches traffic are just as important.
Detailed technical explanation
How to think about this question
NAT questions usually test address translation, overload/PAT behaviour, static mappings and whether the right traffic is being translated. Read the interface direction and address terms carefully.
KKey Concepts to Remember
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
PAT allows many inside hosts to share one public address using ports.
Inside local and inside global describe the private and translated addresses.
NAT ACLs identify traffic for translation, not always security filtering.
TExam Day Tips
→Identify inside and outside interfaces first.
→Check whether the scenario needs static NAT, dynamic NAT or PAT.
→Do not confuse NAT matching ACLs with normal packet-filtering intent.
Key takeaway
NAT direction and interface roles matter as much as the IP address mapping. Inside/outside designation controls which traffic is translated.
Real-world example
How this comes up in practice
A company's IT admin needs to give a contractor read-only access to production logs without sharing account credentials. Using role-based access control (RBAC) and temporary scoped permissions — not a permanent shared password — is the correct pattern. Questions like this test whether you can apply least-privilege access across cloud identity services.
What to study next
Got this wrong? Here's your next step.
Review the four NAT address types (inside local, inside global, outside local, outside global), PAT port overload, and static vs dynamic NAT use cases. Then practise related PCDOE NAT questions on configuration and troubleshooting.
Building and implementing CI/CD pipelines — This question tests Building and implementing CI/CD pipelines — Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address..
What is the correct answer to this question?
The correct answer is: The build service account lacks roles/iam.serviceAccountUser on the Cloud Run runtime service account. — Option B is correct because deploying to Cloud Run requires the iam.serviceAccountUser role on the runtime service account to impersonate it. Option A is not relevant. Option C is a different error. Option D is not required.
What should I do if I get this PCDOE question wrong?
Review the four NAT address types (inside local, inside global, outside local, outside global), PAT port overload, and static vs dynamic NAT use cases. Then practise related PCDOE NAT questions on configuration and troubleshooting.
Are there clue words in this question I should notice?
Yes — watch for: "most likely". Probability qualifier — the question wants the most probable cause or outcome, not a guaranteed one. Eliminate low-probability options.
What is the key concept behind this question?
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
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Question Discussion
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