Kubernetes and Cloud Native Security Associate (KCSA, CNCF) (KCSA) (KCSA) — Questions 151–225

Which TWO actions are core tenets of the "Shift-Left" security philosophy in cloud-native compliance? (Choose TWO)

An enterprise is deploying a zero-trust architecture across their Kubernetes environments. They mandate that all container images must be signed using Cosign and verified at admission time using Kyverno. This technical control directly hardens which of the 4Cs layers?

Which THREE of the following are characteristics of Zero Trust security models in cloud-native environments? (Choose THREE)

Which TWO components are involved in configuring and processing admission webhooks in a Kubernetes cluster?

An administrator is hardening a Kubernetes cluster against container breakout vulnerabilities and node compromise. Which THREE security practices should be implemented?

Which file on a Kubernetes control plane node contains the startup arguments and flags for the statically hosted API server?

What is the primary risk associated with running containers as the `root` user (`runAsUser: 0` or omitting the user directive)?

An organization mandates that all traffic entering the service mesh must be decrypted at the ingress gateway, inspected by a Web Application Firewall (WAF), and then re-encrypted using mTLS before reaching backend pods. What is this architectural pattern called within service mesh security?

An application pod requires read access to secrets in the 'production' namespace. You need to bind a pre-existing ClusterRole named 'secret-reader' to a service account named 'app-sa' in that namespace. Which RBAC resource accomplishes this?

You are configuring a runtime security agent that uses Falco to detect unexpected shell execution inside containers. The security rule triggers when a process spawns a shell binary (e.g., bash or sh) inside a container namespace. Which underlying Linux kernel mechanism allows Falco to detect this event with minimal overhead?

A CI/CD pipeline service account needs permission to create Deployments and Services across multiple namespaces, but should not have cluster-admin privileges. What is the most secure way to grant these permissions?

Which THREE advanced container runtime or image security features help prevent container breakout exploits? (Choose three)

Which Kubernetes component manages the assignment of pending pods to healthy worker nodes based on resource availability and constraints?

You are troubleshooting a service mesh traffic split policy where telemetry shows that unauthorized external clients are bypassing the service mesh ingress gateway and directly accessing backend services via NodePort services. Which Kubernetes feature should you configure to prevent direct NodePort access to these sensitive pods?

A compliance team is adopting the NIST SP 800-190 standard to secure their container image pipeline. Which THREE practices are recommended in this framework for managing container images? (Choose THREE)

A security team implements mutual TLS (mTLS) between all microservices using Istio Service Mesh. Which principle of cloud native security does this implementation primarily exemplify?

You are troubleshooting a custom controller that fails to read ConfigMaps in the 'kube-system' namespace despite having a ClusterRole bound via a ClusterRoleBinding. What is the most likely reason for this failure?

An attacker who achieves remote code execution inside a misconfigured container discovers that the service account token mounted at /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token has cluster-wide administrative permissions. Which Kubernetes security feature should be enabled on the ServiceAccount to mitigate the risk of token theft and misuse?

Which of the following represents a common cloud-native supply chain attack vector where malicious actors publish packages with names similar to popular libraries?

You are deploying a ValidatingWebhookConfiguration to inspect incoming pod creations. What happens if the webhook fails and the 'failurePolicy' in the webhook configuration is set to 'Fail'?

A security team discovers that a vulnerability in a third-party open-source npm library has been exploited inside a running container in a production Kubernetes cluster. Based on the 4Cs of Cloud Native Security, which layer should be modified first to fix the root cause of this vulnerability?

A security engineer is designing a defense-in-depth strategy for a cloud native application deployment. Which of the following best exemplifies the 'defense-in-depth' principle across the 4Cs layers?

An auditor notices that the kubelet on worker nodes is configured with --protect-kernel-defaults=true. What is the security purpose of this flag?

Under the cloud native shared responsibility model, who is responsible for ensuring that the underlying physical servers and hardware security modules (HSMs) are secure and compliant?

Which service account permission model is used by default when a pod is created without specifying a service account name?

Which component is responsible for executing probes (liveness, readiness, startup) against containers running on a worker node?

Which THREE configurations should be applied to a Kubernetes Pod Security Standard 'restricted' profile compliance checklist? (Choose three)

An administrator needs to evaluate an existing Kubernetes cluster against the CIS Kubernetes Benchmark. Which tool provides automated scanning specifically tailored to this benchmark?

An organization requires that all container images pulled into a Kubernetes cluster are cryptographically signed and verified before execution. Which tool integrates with Kubernetes admission control to enforce signature verification using Cosign?

In a cloud native environment, what is the primary security purpose of using static code analysis (SAST) and software composition analysis (SCA) tools in the CI/CD pipeline?

An organization is building a secure software supply chain for Kubernetes. They want to ensure that containers running in the cluster were built from verified source code and passed automated security gates. Which tool combination supports this attestation and verification pipeline?

An auditor is reviewing the Kubernetes attack surface and notes that a container is running with privileged: true in its securityContext. Which threat model risk does this setting introduce?

An application pod needs to access the Kubernetes API server securely. How does Kubernetes authenticate the pod by default when it communicates with the API server?

An organization wants to prevent supply chain attacks where compromised base images are pulled from public registries. Which control directly addresses this risk in a cloud native environment?

A security auditor discovers that anonymous authentication is accidentally enabled on the Kubernetes API server, allowing unauthenticated read access to cluster health endpoints. Which API server flag must be modified to disable anonymous requests?

A developer builds a Docker container image using an outdated base image that contains known critical operating system vulnerabilities. Before deploying this image to a production Kubernetes cluster, which security practice should be enforced to detect this issue?

A security engineer wants to inspect container runtime logs for potential security violations or runtime errors. Which log file or mechanism on a worker node managed by systemd and containerd provides container lifecycle events?

A security architect is designing role-based access control (RBAC) to comply with NIST access control principles of least privilege. Which THREE best practices should be followed when creating Roles and ClusterRoles? (Choose THREE)

A developer accidentally hardcodes a database password directly into a container's environment variables within a Deployment manifest. According to the Kubernetes threat model, what is the primary risk associated with storing plaintext secrets as environment variables?

A security team is evaluating the attack surface of the Kubernetes control plane. They notice that the kubelet API port 10250 is accessible from the internal pod network without proper authorization checks if authentication defaults are misconfigured. What is the primary threat vector associated with an unauthenticated, accessible kubelet API?

An organization wants to enforce that no containers run with privileged security contexts across multiple clusters. They implement admission control validation. In the context of cloud native security principles, what type of control is this?

An attacker with read access to Kubernetes Secrets inspects a secret containing TLS private keys. Under the STRIDE threat model, what specific threat category does this represent regarding confidentiality?

An administrator wishes to inspect which admission controllers are currently enabled in a running Kubernetes cluster. Where is this typically configured in a stacked control plane?

Which THREE features are enforced or verified by the Kubernetes 'restricted' Pod Security Standard profile?

An administrator wants to limit the blast radius if an attacker compromises a worker node. Which setting ensures that the kubelet does not automatically create or modify ServiceAccount tokens for pods unless explicitly requested?

Which TWO of the following methods can be used to authenticate users or systems against the Kubernetes API server? (Choose TWO)

Which TWO mechanisms are used by Kubernetes admission controllers to enforce security policies during the API request lifecycle?

An application pod needs to mount a Secret as environment variables. Which section of the Pod manifest should be configured to achieve this securely?

Which THREE of the following components are typically the responsibility of the user (rather than the cloud provider) in a managed Kubernetes service (like EKS, GKE, or AKS) under the shared responsibility model?

Which Kubernetes control plane component runs controllers that handle routine tasks such as replicating pods and managing service accounts?

Which THREE of the following tasks are performed by the Kubernetes control plane's kube-controller-manager? (Choose THREE)

An Ingress controller is deployed in a cluster, and security auditors request that incoming traffic must be restricted to specific trusted external CIDR blocks. Which standard Ingress annotation is commonly supported by popular Ingress controllers (such as ingress-nginx) to achieve IP-based allowlisting?

Which TWO of the following are core security hardening best practices for the Kubernetes API server? (Choose TWO)

An attacker compromises a cluster node and attempts to inspect container communication. By default, how is pod-to-pod network traffic handled across different nodes in a standard Kubernetes cluster without a service mesh or CNI encryption enabled?

An organization's security team mandates that all Kubernetes worker nodes must be scanned for Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) on a scheduled basis. Under the 4Cs, what layer does node vulnerability scanning address?

Your team is implementing image caching and proxying to protect against external container registry rate limits and security incidents. Which upstream project acts as a CNCF-compliant registry proxy and caching mechanism?

An auditor is reviewing compliance with CIS Kubernetes Benchmark control 1.2.20, which relates to the kube-apiserver admission control configuration. Which admission plugin is recommended by CIS to prevent default service accounts from automatically mounting API credentials?

Which TWO components are core parts of the Kubernetes authorization architecture? (Choose TWO)

You need to audit the cryptographic algorithms and TLS versions permitted by the Kubernetes API server for incoming client connections. Which API server flag enforces a minimum TLS version of 1.3?

Which THREE of the following activities fall under the customer's responsibility in the shared responsibility model when running Kubernetes on cloud infrastructure? (Choose THREE)

You are reviewing security logs on a control plane node and discover that an unauthenticated user accessed the kubelet's HTTPS port (10250) to execute commands inside containers. How should you restrict kubelet authentication and authorization to prevent this?

During a supply chain security audit, a platform engineer discovers that container images deployed into the cluster are being pulled from public registries without cryptographic verification of their provenance or integrity. Which integrated Kubernetes security control should be implemented alongside an admission webhook to verify image signatures before admission?

Which THREE of the following practices should be implemented to secure etcd in a production Kubernetes deployment? (Choose THREE)

A security engineer discovers that an attacker has gained access to a container and is attempting to modify container files in a way that persists across pod restarts if the container image is faulty. However, the root filesystem is marked as readOnlyRootFilesystem: true. What is the impact of this setting on the attack?

A security engineer configures a ValidatingWebhookConfiguration to intercept pod creations. The webhook service goes down due to a network partition. What happens to incoming pod creation requests by default if the webhook 'failurePolicy' is set to 'Fail'?

Which THREE conditions must be met for a RoleBinding to successfully grant permissions to a ServiceAccount?

Which THREE of the following represent security risks or anti-patterns in cloud native application design? (Choose THREE)

A security engineer is hardening a Kubernetes cluster and wants to ensure that all container images are pulled only from an approved internal container registry (e.g., registry.internal.corp). Which Kubernetes mechanism can enforce this restriction across all namespaces?

Which THREE of the following practices should be followed when configuring Kubernetes audit logging? (Choose THREE)

An engineer needs to verify that the kubelet on worker nodes is not allowing unauthenticated requests. Which configuration parameter in the kubelet configuration file disables anonymous access?

Which THREE of the following capabilities or runtime configurations pose extreme risks of container escape when granted to an untrusted workload?

Which TWO of the following tasks are handled by the kube-scheduler? (Choose TWO)

A cluster administrator is conducting a threat analysis regarding supply chain vulnerabilities in container registries and deployment pipelines. Which TWO of the following practices directly mitigate supply chain threats in Kubernetes? (Choose TWO)

What is the primary security benefit of implementing Ingress TLS termination at the ingress controller rather than inside the application pods?

An administrator wishes to create a NetworkPolicy that allows incoming traffic from any pod in any namespace, provided those pods have the label 'environment=production'. How should the NetworkPolicy 'ingress' rule be structured?