- A
Enable CloudTrail with a trail that logs to a bucket in a separate account, and use IAM policies to deny CloudTrail deletion.
Why wrong: IAM policies are not sufficient.
- B
Create an SCP that denies cloudtrail:DeleteTrail and cloudtrail:StopLogging, and rely on S3 versioning to recover deleted logs.
Why wrong: SCP does not protect the S3 bucket.
- C
Create an IAM policy in each account that denies CloudTrail deletion and attach it to all IAM users and roles.
Why wrong: Not centralized; may not cover all principals.
- D
Create an SCP that denies cloudtrail:DeleteTrail, cloudtrail:StopLogging, and s3:DeleteObject on the log bucket. Also attach a bucket policy to the log bucket that denies s3:DeleteObject for all principals except the management account.
Combines SCP and bucket policy for comprehensive protection.
Quick Answer
The correct combination is to create an SCP that denies cloudtrail:DeleteTrail, cloudtrail:StopLogging, and s3:DeleteObject on the log bucket, and attach a bucket policy to the log bucket that denies s3:DeleteObject for all principals except the management account. This works because the SCP acts as a centralized guardrail at the AWS Organizations level to prevent disabling CloudTrail across all accounts, while the S3 bucket policy provides a second layer of defense specifically for the log bucket, ensuring that even if an account bypasses the SCP, the logs themselves cannot be deleted. On the AWS Certified Solutions Architect Professional SAP-C02 exam, this scenario tests your understanding of defense-in-depth with service control policies and resource-based policies, often appearing as a trap where candidates rely solely on IAM policies or SCPs alone. A common memory tip is “SCP stops the service, bucket policy protects the data”—think of the SCP as the lock on the door and the bucket policy as the lock on the safe inside.
SAP-C02 Practice Question: Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity
This SAP-C02 practice question tests your understanding of design solutions for organizational complexity. The scenario asks you to isolate a root cause — eliminate options that address a different problem before choosing. After answering, compare your reasoning against the explanation and wrong-answer breakdown below. Once you have made your selection, read the full explanation to reinforce the concept and understand why each distractor is designed to mislead on exam day.
A company uses AWS Organizations and wants to implement a policy that prevents any account from disabling AWS CloudTrail or deleting CloudTrail log files. The solution must be enforceable across all accounts. Which combination of actions should be taken?
Answer choices
Why each option matters
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
Create an SCP that denies cloudtrail:DeleteTrail, cloudtrail:StopLogging, and s3:DeleteObject on the log bucket. Also attach a bucket policy to the log bucket that denies s3:DeleteObject for all principals except the management account.
Option A is correct because an SCP can deny CloudTrail deletion and disabling, and an S3 bucket policy on the log bucket can prevent log deletion. Option B is wrong because IAM policies in each account are not centralized. Option C is wrong because CloudTrail cannot be protected from deletion by the same account. Option D is wrong because SCP alone cannot protect the S3 bucket.
Key principle: NAT direction and interface roles matter as much as the IP address mapping. Inside/outside designation controls which traffic is translated.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
- ✗
Enable CloudTrail with a trail that logs to a bucket in a separate account, and use IAM policies to deny CloudTrail deletion.
Why it's wrong here
IAM policies are not sufficient.
- ✗
Create an SCP that denies cloudtrail:DeleteTrail and cloudtrail:StopLogging, and rely on S3 versioning to recover deleted logs.
Why it's wrong here
SCP does not protect the S3 bucket.
- ✗
Create an IAM policy in each account that denies CloudTrail deletion and attach it to all IAM users and roles.
Why it's wrong here
Not centralized; may not cover all principals.
- ✓
Create an SCP that denies cloudtrail:DeleteTrail, cloudtrail:StopLogging, and s3:DeleteObject on the log bucket. Also attach a bucket policy to the log bucket that denies s3:DeleteObject for all principals except the management account.
Why this is correct
Combines SCP and bucket policy for comprehensive protection.
Related concept
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
Common exam traps
Common exam trap: NAT rules depend on direction and matching traffic
NAT is not only about the public address. The inside/outside interface roles and the ACL or rule that matches traffic are just as important.
Detailed technical explanation
How to think about this question
NAT questions usually test address translation, overload/PAT behaviour, static mappings and whether the right traffic is being translated. Read the interface direction and address terms carefully.
KKey Concepts to Remember
- Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
- PAT allows many inside hosts to share one public address using ports.
- Inside local and inside global describe the private and translated addresses.
- NAT ACLs identify traffic for translation, not always security filtering.
TExam Day Tips
- Identify inside and outside interfaces first.
- Check whether the scenario needs static NAT, dynamic NAT or PAT.
- Do not confuse NAT matching ACLs with normal packet-filtering intent.
Key takeaway
NAT direction and interface roles matter as much as the IP address mapping. Inside/outside designation controls which traffic is translated.
Real-world example
How this comes up in practice
A media company stores terabytes of video archives that are accessed once a year for audit purposes. Moving these objects to a cold storage tier (Azure Archive, S3 Glacier, or Google Nearline) costs a fraction of hot storage. Questions like this test whether you understand storage tiers, access frequency tradeoffs, and retrieval latency requirements.
What to study next
Got this wrong? Here's your next step.
Review the four NAT address types (inside local, inside global, outside local, outside global), PAT port overload, and static vs dynamic NAT use cases. Then practise related SAP-C02 NAT questions on configuration and troubleshooting.
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Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — study guide chapter
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FAQ
Questions learners often ask
What does this SAP-C02 question test?
Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — This question tests Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address..
What is the correct answer to this question?
The correct answer is: Create an SCP that denies cloudtrail:DeleteTrail, cloudtrail:StopLogging, and s3:DeleteObject on the log bucket. Also attach a bucket policy to the log bucket that denies s3:DeleteObject for all principals except the management account. — Option A is correct because an SCP can deny CloudTrail deletion and disabling, and an S3 bucket policy on the log bucket can prevent log deletion. Option B is wrong because IAM policies in each account are not centralized. Option C is wrong because CloudTrail cannot be protected from deletion by the same account. Option D is wrong because SCP alone cannot protect the S3 bucket.
What should I do if I get this SAP-C02 question wrong?
Review the four NAT address types (inside local, inside global, outside local, outside global), PAT port overload, and static vs dynamic NAT use cases. Then practise related SAP-C02 NAT questions on configuration and troubleshooting.
What is the key concept behind this question?
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
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Last reviewed: Jun 20, 2026
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