- A
Store static assets in a public S3 bucket.
Why wrong: Public S3 buckets can be a security risk if misconfigured.
- B
Place EC2 instances in public subnets for easier management.
Why wrong: Public subnets expose instances to more risk.
- C
Allow direct internet access to the EC2 instances.
Why wrong: Direct internet access bypasses the ALB and reduces security.
- D
Configure security groups to restrict traffic to only necessary ports.
Security groups act as a firewall for EC2 instances.
- E
Use AWS WAF to filter common web exploits.
WAF adds a layer of protection at the application level.
Question 792 of 1,746
SAP-C02 Continuous Improvement for Existing Solutions Practice Question
This SAP-C02 practice question tests your understanding of continuous improvement for existing solutions. Match the stated requirement to the specific cloud service, access model, or configuration option — many options are valid in isolation but not for this scenario. After answering, compare your reasoning against the explanation and wrong-answer breakdown below. Once you have made your selection, read the full explanation to reinforce the concept and understand why each distractor is designed to mislead on exam day.
A company runs a web application on EC2 instances behind an ALB. They want to improve the security posture by implementing defense in depth. Which TWO measures should they implement? (Choose TWO.)
Answer choices
Why each option matters
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
✓
Configure security groups to restrict traffic to only necessary ports.
Defense in depth involves multiple layers of security. Option D (security groups) acts as a virtual firewall at the instance level, restricting traffic to only necessary ports. Option E (AWS WAF) helps filter common web exploits at the application layer. Option A (public S3) does not improve security. Option B (public subnets) increases exposure. Option C (direct internet access) bypasses the ALB and security layers.
Key principle: Count usable hosts — not total addresses — and remember that the network and broadcast addresses are not available to hosts in standard IPv4 subnets.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
- ✗
Store static assets in a public S3 bucket.
Why it's wrong here
Public S3 buckets can be a security risk if misconfigured.
- ✗
Place EC2 instances in public subnets for easier management.
Why it's wrong here
Public subnets expose instances to more risk.
- ✗
Allow direct internet access to the EC2 instances.
Why it's wrong here
Direct internet access bypasses the ALB and reduces security.
- ✓
Configure security groups to restrict traffic to only necessary ports.
- ✓
Use AWS WAF to filter common web exploits.
Why this is correct
WAF adds a layer of protection at the application level.
Related concept
CIDR notation defines the prefix length.
Common exam traps
Common exam trap: usable hosts are not the same as total addresses
Subnetting questions often tempt you into counting all addresses. In normal IPv4 subnets, the network and broadcast addresses are not usable host addresses.
Detailed technical explanation
How to think about this question
Subnetting questions test whether you can identify the network, broadcast address, usable range, mask and correct subnet. Slow down enough to calculate the block size correctly.
KKey Concepts to Remember
- CIDR notation defines the prefix length.
- Block size helps identify subnet boundaries.
- Network and broadcast addresses are not usable hosts in normal IPv4 subnets.
- The required host count determines the smallest suitable subnet.
TExam Day Tips
- Write the block size before choosing the subnet.
- Check whether the question asks for hosts, subnets or a specific address range.
- Do not confuse /24, /25, /26 and /27 host counts.
Key takeaway
Count usable hosts — not total addresses — and remember that the network and broadcast addresses are not available to hosts in standard IPv4 subnets.
Real-world example
How this comes up in practice
A media company stores terabytes of video archives that are accessed once a year for audit purposes. Moving these objects to a cold storage tier (Azure Archive, S3 Glacier, or Google Nearline) costs a fraction of hot storage. Questions like this test whether you understand storage tiers, access frequency tradeoffs, and retrieval latency requirements.
Visual reference
Quick reference
AWS S3 Storage Class Comparison
| Storage Class | Min Duration | Retrieval | Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|
| S3 Standard | None | Immediate | Frequently accessed data |
| S3 Standard-IA | 30 days | Immediate | Infrequent access, rapid retrieval |
| S3 One Zone-IA | 30 days | Immediate | Non-critical infrequent data |
| S3 Intelligent-Tiering | None | Immediate–hours | Unknown or changing access patterns |
| S3 Glacier Instant | 90 days | Milliseconds | Archive with instant retrieval |
| S3 Glacier Flexible | 90 days | Minutes–hours | Archive, flexible retrieval |
| S3 Glacier Deep Archive | 180 days | Hours | Long-term compliance archive |
What to study next
Got this wrong? Here's your next step.
Review block sizes, usable host formulas (2^n − 2), and how to find network and broadcast addresses for /24 through /30. Then practise related SAP-C02 subnetting questions on CIDR, address ranges, and subnet selection.
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Continuous Improvement for Existing Solutions — study guide chapter
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FAQ
Questions learners often ask
What does this SAP-C02 question test?
Continuous Improvement for Existing Solutions — This question tests Continuous Improvement for Existing Solutions — CIDR notation defines the prefix length..
What is the correct answer to this question?
The correct answer is: Configure security groups to restrict traffic to only necessary ports. — Defense in depth involves multiple layers of security. Option D (security groups) acts as a virtual firewall at the instance level, restricting traffic to only necessary ports. Option E (AWS WAF) helps filter common web exploits at the application layer. Option A (public S3) does not improve security. Option B (public subnets) increases exposure. Option C (direct internet access) bypasses the ALB and security layers.
What should I do if I get this SAP-C02 question wrong?
Review block sizes, usable host formulas (2^n − 2), and how to find network and broadcast addresses for /24 through /30. Then practise related SAP-C02 subnetting questions on CIDR, address ranges, and subnet selection.
What is the key concept behind this question?
CIDR notation defines the prefix length.
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Last reviewed: Jun 20, 2026
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