- A
Add a bucket policy on the logging account's S3 bucket granting the VPC Flow Logs service principal write access, and a KMS key policy granting the same principal encrypt/decrypt permissions.
The service principal is 'delivery.logs.amazonaws.com' and needs both bucket and key permissions.
- B
Create an IAM role in the logging account that can be assumed by the VPC Flow Logs service.
Why wrong: VPC Flow Logs does not support assuming roles for cross-account delivery.
- C
Configure the source account's S3 bucket policy to allow VPC Flow Logs to write logs and replicate them to the logging account.
Why wrong: Replication would add complexity and additional permissions.
- D
In the source account, create a KMS key and allow the logging account to use it for encryption.
Why wrong: The encryption key is managed by the logging account, not the source.
SAP-C02 Practice Question: Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity
This SAP-C02 practice question tests your understanding of design solutions for organizational complexity. This is a configuration task: choose the command set that satisfies every stated requirement. Small differences — like 'secret' vs 'password' or 'transport input ssh' vs 'all' — change whether the answer is correct. After answering, compare your reasoning against the explanation and wrong-answer breakdown below. Once you have made your selection, read the full explanation to reinforce the concept and understand why each distractor is designed to mislead on exam day.
A company uses a centralized logging account with an S3 bucket that receives VPC Flow Logs from multiple accounts. The logs must be encrypted at rest using a KMS key in the logging account. Which configuration is required to allow cross-account delivery of VPC Flow Logs?
Answer choices
Why each option matters
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
Add a bucket policy on the logging account's S3 bucket granting the VPC Flow Logs service principal write access, and a KMS key policy granting the same principal encrypt/decrypt permissions.
Option A is correct because VPC Flow Logs can be published to an S3 bucket in a different account by using a resource-based bucket policy that grants the VPC Flow Logs service principal (delivery.logs.amazonaws.com) write access. Additionally, since the logs must be encrypted at rest with a KMS key in the logging account, the KMS key policy must also grant the same service principal the kms:Encrypt and kms:Decrypt permissions. This combination allows the cross-account delivery service to write encrypted objects directly into the logging account's bucket.
Key principle: Answer the scenario, not the keyword: identify the specific constraint before choosing the most familiar-sounding option.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
- ✓
Add a bucket policy on the logging account's S3 bucket granting the VPC Flow Logs service principal write access, and a KMS key policy granting the same principal encrypt/decrypt permissions.
Why this is correct
The service principal is 'delivery.logs.amazonaws.com' and needs both bucket and key permissions.
Related concept
Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
- ✗
Create an IAM role in the logging account that can be assumed by the VPC Flow Logs service.
Why it's wrong here
VPC Flow Logs does not support assuming roles for cross-account delivery.
- ✗
Configure the source account's S3 bucket policy to allow VPC Flow Logs to write logs and replicate them to the logging account.
Why it's wrong here
Replication would add complexity and additional permissions.
- ✗
In the source account, create a KMS key and allow the logging account to use it for encryption.
Why it's wrong here
The encryption key is managed by the logging account, not the source.
Common exam traps
Common exam trap: answer the scenario, not the keyword
The trap here is that candidates often assume cross-account delivery requires an IAM role (Option B) or that the source account must own the encryption key (Option D), but the correct mechanism uses resource-based policies on the destination bucket and KMS key, not role assumption or source-side key ownership.
Detailed technical explanation
How to think about this question
Under the hood, VPC Flow Logs uses the service principal delivery.logs.amazonaws.com to write to S3. When KMS encryption is involved, the KMS key policy must explicitly allow this principal to perform kms:GenerateDataKey and kms:Decrypt actions, because the S3 service uses envelope encryption. A common subtlety is that the bucket policy must also include a condition that restricts access to the specific AWS account IDs that own the flow logs, preventing unauthorized accounts from writing to the bucket.
KKey Concepts to Remember
- Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
- Find the constraint that changes the correct option.
- Eliminate answers that are true in general but not in this case.
TExam Day Tips
- Watch for words such as best, first, most likely and least administrative effort.
- Review why wrong options are wrong, not only why the correct option is correct.
Key takeaway
Answer the scenario, not the keyword: identify the specific constraint before choosing the most familiar-sounding option.
Real-world example
How this comes up in practice
A media company stores terabytes of video archives that are accessed once a year for audit purposes. Moving these objects to a cold storage tier (Azure Archive, S3 Glacier, or Google Nearline) costs a fraction of hot storage. Questions like this test whether you understand storage tiers, access frequency tradeoffs, and retrieval latency requirements.
Quick reference
AWS S3 Storage Class Comparison
| Storage Class | Min Duration | Retrieval | Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|
| S3 Standard | None | Immediate | Frequently accessed data |
| S3 Standard-IA | 30 days | Immediate | Infrequent access, rapid retrieval |
| S3 One Zone-IA | 30 days | Immediate | Non-critical infrequent data |
| S3 Intelligent-Tiering | None | Immediate–hours | Unknown or changing access patterns |
| S3 Glacier Instant | 90 days | Milliseconds | Archive with instant retrieval |
| S3 Glacier Flexible | 90 days | Minutes–hours | Archive, flexible retrieval |
| S3 Glacier Deep Archive | 180 days | Hours | Long-term compliance archive |
What to study next
Got this wrong? Here's your next step.
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FAQ
Questions learners often ask
What does this SAP-C02 question test?
Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — This question tests Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer..
What is the correct answer to this question?
The correct answer is: Add a bucket policy on the logging account's S3 bucket granting the VPC Flow Logs service principal write access, and a KMS key policy granting the same principal encrypt/decrypt permissions. — Option A is correct because VPC Flow Logs can be published to an S3 bucket in a different account by using a resource-based bucket policy that grants the VPC Flow Logs service principal (delivery.logs.amazonaws.com) write access. Additionally, since the logs must be encrypted at rest with a KMS key in the logging account, the KMS key policy must also grant the same service principal the kms:Encrypt and kms:Decrypt permissions. This combination allows the cross-account delivery service to write encrypted objects directly into the logging account's bucket.
What should I do if I get this SAP-C02 question wrong?
Identify which exam domain this question belongs to, review the core concept, then practise similar questions from the same domain.
What is the key concept behind this question?
Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
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Last reviewed: Jul 4, 2026
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