- A
Add a bucket policy on the logging account's S3 bucket granting the VPC Flow Logs service principal write access, and a KMS key policy granting the same principal encrypt/decrypt permissions.
The service principal is 'delivery.logs.amazonaws.com' and needs both bucket and key permissions.
- B
Create an IAM role in the logging account that can be assumed by the VPC Flow Logs service.
Why wrong: VPC Flow Logs does not support assuming roles for cross-account delivery.
- C
Configure the source account's S3 bucket policy to allow VPC Flow Logs to write logs and replicate them to the logging account.
Why wrong: Replication would add complexity and additional permissions.
- D
In the source account, create a KMS key and allow the logging account to use it for encryption.
Why wrong: The encryption key is managed by the logging account, not the source.
Quick Answer
The correct answer is to add a bucket policy on the logging account’s S3 bucket granting the VPC Flow Logs service principal write access, along with a KMS key policy granting the same principal encrypt and decrypt permissions. This works because VPC Flow Logs cross-account delivery relies on the service principal (delivery.logs.amazonaws.com) interacting directly with the destination bucket and its KMS key, not on IAM roles from the source account. On the AWS Certified Solutions Architect Professional SAP-C02 exam, this scenario tests your understanding that cross-account VPC Flow Logs KMS encryption requires the key policy in the logging account to explicitly trust the service principal, while the source account only needs to specify the destination bucket ARN. A common trap is assuming the source account’s KMS key or an IAM role is involved, but the service principal handles all cross-account writes. Memory tip: Think “service principal, not source principal” — the logging account’s bucket and key policies must trust the VPC Flow Logs service itself, not the originating account.
SAP-C02 Practice Question: Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity
This SAP-C02 practice question tests your understanding of design solutions for organizational complexity. This is a configuration task: choose the command set that satisfies every stated requirement. Small differences — like 'secret' vs 'password' or 'transport input ssh' vs 'all' — change whether the answer is correct. After answering, compare your reasoning against the explanation and wrong-answer breakdown below. Once you have made your selection, read the full explanation to reinforce the concept and understand why each distractor is designed to mislead on exam day.
A company uses a centralized logging account with an S3 bucket that receives VPC Flow Logs from multiple accounts. The logs must be encrypted at rest using a KMS key in the logging account. Which configuration is required to allow cross-account delivery of VPC Flow Logs?
Answer choices
Why each option matters
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
Add a bucket policy on the logging account's S3 bucket granting the VPC Flow Logs service principal write access, and a KMS key policy granting the same principal encrypt/decrypt permissions.
Option A is correct because the S3 bucket policy must allow the VPC Flow Logs service principal to write objects, and the KMS key policy must allow the same service principal to use the key. Option B is wrong because the source account's KMS key would not be used; the logging account's key encrypts the bucket. Option C is wrong because VPC Flow Logs do not use IAM roles for cross-account delivery; they use the bucket policy. Option D is wrong because the source account's bucket policy is irrelevant; the destination bucket is in the logging account.
Key principle: NAT direction and interface roles matter as much as the IP address mapping. Inside/outside designation controls which traffic is translated.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
- ✓
Add a bucket policy on the logging account's S3 bucket granting the VPC Flow Logs service principal write access, and a KMS key policy granting the same principal encrypt/decrypt permissions.
Why this is correct
The service principal is 'delivery.logs.amazonaws.com' and needs both bucket and key permissions.
Related concept
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
- ✗
Create an IAM role in the logging account that can be assumed by the VPC Flow Logs service.
Why it's wrong here
VPC Flow Logs does not support assuming roles for cross-account delivery.
- ✗
Configure the source account's S3 bucket policy to allow VPC Flow Logs to write logs and replicate them to the logging account.
Why it's wrong here
Replication would add complexity and additional permissions.
- ✗
In the source account, create a KMS key and allow the logging account to use it for encryption.
Why it's wrong here
The encryption key is managed by the logging account, not the source.
Common exam traps
Common exam trap: NAT rules depend on direction and matching traffic
NAT is not only about the public address. The inside/outside interface roles and the ACL or rule that matches traffic are just as important.
Detailed technical explanation
How to think about this question
NAT questions usually test address translation, overload/PAT behaviour, static mappings and whether the right traffic is being translated. Read the interface direction and address terms carefully.
KKey Concepts to Remember
- Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
- PAT allows many inside hosts to share one public address using ports.
- Inside local and inside global describe the private and translated addresses.
- NAT ACLs identify traffic for translation, not always security filtering.
TExam Day Tips
- Identify inside and outside interfaces first.
- Check whether the scenario needs static NAT, dynamic NAT or PAT.
- Do not confuse NAT matching ACLs with normal packet-filtering intent.
Key takeaway
NAT direction and interface roles matter as much as the IP address mapping. Inside/outside designation controls which traffic is translated.
Real-world example
How this comes up in practice
A media company stores terabytes of video archives that are accessed once a year for audit purposes. Moving these objects to a cold storage tier (Azure Archive, S3 Glacier, or Google Nearline) costs a fraction of hot storage. Questions like this test whether you understand storage tiers, access frequency tradeoffs, and retrieval latency requirements.
What to study next
Got this wrong? Here's your next step.
Review the four NAT address types (inside local, inside global, outside local, outside global), PAT port overload, and static vs dynamic NAT use cases. Then practise related SAP-C02 NAT questions on configuration and troubleshooting.
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Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — study guide chapter
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FAQ
Questions learners often ask
What does this SAP-C02 question test?
Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — This question tests Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address..
What is the correct answer to this question?
The correct answer is: Add a bucket policy on the logging account's S3 bucket granting the VPC Flow Logs service principal write access, and a KMS key policy granting the same principal encrypt/decrypt permissions. — Option A is correct because the S3 bucket policy must allow the VPC Flow Logs service principal to write objects, and the KMS key policy must allow the same service principal to use the key. Option B is wrong because the source account's KMS key would not be used; the logging account's key encrypts the bucket. Option C is wrong because VPC Flow Logs do not use IAM roles for cross-account delivery; they use the bucket policy. Option D is wrong because the source account's bucket policy is irrelevant; the destination bucket is in the logging account.
What should I do if I get this SAP-C02 question wrong?
Review the four NAT address types (inside local, inside global, outside local, outside global), PAT port overload, and static vs dynamic NAT use cases. Then practise related SAP-C02 NAT questions on configuration and troubleshooting.
What is the key concept behind this question?
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
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Last reviewed: Jun 20, 2026
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