- A
Create an S3 bucket policy that grants permissions to the CloudTrail and AWS Config service principals from all accounts to write logs.
Bucket policy must allow cross-account delivery.
- B
Use AWS Config aggregator to collect configuration data from all accounts into a central account.
Why wrong: Config aggregator collects configuration items, not logs; logs are delivered per account.
- C
Configure CloudTrail in each account to send logs to the central S3 bucket.
CloudTrail supports cross-account delivery.
- D
Create a customer-managed KMS key with a key policy that allows the CloudTrail and AWS Config service principals to use the key for encryption.
KMS key policy must permit the services to use the key across accounts.
- E
Enable VPC Flow Logs in each account and deliver them to a central CloudWatch Logs group.
Why wrong: VPC Flow Logs cannot be delivered across accounts to a central S3 bucket directly; they go to CloudWatch Logs or S3 per account.
Set Up Centralized Logging for VPC Flow Logs, CloudTrail, and AWS Config
This SAP-C02 practice question tests your understanding of design solutions for organizational complexity. This is a configuration task: choose the command set that satisfies every stated requirement. Small differences — like 'secret' vs 'password' or 'transport input ssh' vs 'all' — change whether the answer is correct. After answering, compare your reasoning against the explanation and wrong-answer breakdown below. Once you have made your selection, read the full explanation to reinforce the concept and understand why each distractor is designed to mislead on exam day.
A company has a multi-account AWS environment with 50 accounts. They need to implement a centralized logging solution for VPC Flow Logs, CloudTrail, and AWS Config logs. The logs must be stored in a central S3 bucket and encrypted with a customer-managed KMS key. Which THREE steps should be taken to meet these requirements?
Answer choices
Why each option matters
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
Create an S3 bucket policy that grants permissions to the CloudTrail and AWS Config service principals from all accounts to write logs.
To meet the requirements, three steps are necessary. First, option A: an S3 bucket policy must be created in the central account to grant the CloudTrail and AWS Config service principals from all 50 accounts the necessary permissions (e.g., s3:PutObject) to write logs into the central S3 bucket. Without this policy, cross-account log delivery would fail. Second, option C: CloudTrail must be configured in each account to deliver logs to the central S3 bucket. Each account's CloudTrail trail should specify the central S3 bucket as the destination. Third, option D: a customer-managed KMS key must be created with a key policy that allows the CloudTrail and AWS Config service principals to use the key for encryption. This ensures logs are encrypted at rest using the customer-managed key. Option B (AWS Config aggregator) is not required for S3 storage; it aggregates configuration data but does not store logs in S3. Option E (VPC Flow Logs to CloudWatch Logs) does not meet the requirement of storing logs in a central S3 bucket; VPC Flow Logs can be delivered directly to S3, but the question asks for three steps, and the correct ones are A, C, and D.
Key principle: Answer the scenario, not the keyword: identify the specific constraint before choosing the most familiar-sounding option.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
- ✓
Create an S3 bucket policy that grants permissions to the CloudTrail and AWS Config service principals from all accounts to write logs.
Why this is correct
Bucket policy must allow cross-account delivery.
Related concept
Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
- ✗
Use AWS Config aggregator to collect configuration data from all accounts into a central account.
Why it's wrong here
Config aggregator collects configuration items, not logs; logs are delivered per account.
- ✓
Configure CloudTrail in each account to send logs to the central S3 bucket.
Why this is correct
CloudTrail supports cross-account delivery.
Related concept
Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
- ✓
Create a customer-managed KMS key with a key policy that allows the CloudTrail and AWS Config service principals to use the key for encryption.
Why this is correct
KMS key policy must permit the services to use the key across accounts.
Related concept
Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
- ✗
Enable VPC Flow Logs in each account and deliver them to a central CloudWatch Logs group.
Why it's wrong here
VPC Flow Logs cannot be delivered across accounts to a central S3 bucket directly; they go to CloudWatch Logs or S3 per account.
Common exam traps
Common exam trap: answer the scenario, not the keyword
The trap here is that candidates often assume AWS Config aggregator or CloudWatch Logs are required for centralization, but the question explicitly requires S3 bucket storage, making direct S3 delivery the correct path.
Detailed technical explanation
How to think about this question
For cross-account log delivery, the S3 bucket policy must explicitly allow the service principals (e.g., cloudtrail.amazonaws.com, config.amazonaws.com) from all source accounts to perform s3:PutObject, and the KMS key policy must allow these service principals to use the kms:GenerateDataKey and kms:Decrypt actions for server-side encryption. AWS Config and CloudTrail use service-linked roles to assume permissions, but the bucket and key policies are the primary enforcement points for cross-account access.
KKey Concepts to Remember
- Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
- Find the constraint that changes the correct option.
- Eliminate answers that are true in general but not in this case.
TExam Day Tips
- Watch for words such as best, first, most likely and least administrative effort.
- Review why wrong options are wrong, not only why the correct option is correct.
Key takeaway
Answer the scenario, not the keyword: identify the specific constraint before choosing the most familiar-sounding option.
Real-world example
How this comes up in practice
A media company stores terabytes of video archives that are accessed once a year for audit purposes. Moving these objects to a cold storage tier (Azure Archive, S3 Glacier, or Google Nearline) costs a fraction of hot storage. Questions like this test whether you understand storage tiers, access frequency tradeoffs, and retrieval latency requirements.
Quick reference
AWS S3 Storage Class Comparison
| Storage Class | Min Duration | Retrieval | Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|
| S3 Standard | None | Immediate | Frequently accessed data |
| S3 Standard-IA | 30 days | Immediate | Infrequent access, rapid retrieval |
| S3 One Zone-IA | 30 days | Immediate | Non-critical infrequent data |
| S3 Intelligent-Tiering | None | Immediate–hours | Unknown or changing access patterns |
| S3 Glacier Instant | 90 days | Milliseconds | Archive with instant retrieval |
| S3 Glacier Flexible | 90 days | Minutes–hours | Archive, flexible retrieval |
| S3 Glacier Deep Archive | 180 days | Hours | Long-term compliance archive |
What to study next
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FAQ
Questions learners often ask
What does this SAP-C02 question test?
Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — This question tests Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer..
What is the correct answer to this question?
The correct answer is: Create an S3 bucket policy that grants permissions to the CloudTrail and AWS Config service principals from all accounts to write logs. — To meet the requirements, three steps are necessary. First, option A: an S3 bucket policy must be created in the central account to grant the CloudTrail and AWS Config service principals from all 50 accounts the necessary permissions (e.g., s3:PutObject) to write logs into the central S3 bucket. Without this policy, cross-account log delivery would fail. Second, option C: CloudTrail must be configured in each account to deliver logs to the central S3 bucket. Each account's CloudTrail trail should specify the central S3 bucket as the destination. Third, option D: a customer-managed KMS key must be created with a key policy that allows the CloudTrail and AWS Config service principals to use the key for encryption. This ensures logs are encrypted at rest using the customer-managed key. Option B (AWS Config aggregator) is not required for S3 storage; it aggregates configuration data but does not store logs in S3. Option E (VPC Flow Logs to CloudWatch Logs) does not meet the requirement of storing logs in a central S3 bucket; VPC Flow Logs can be delivered directly to S3, but the question asks for three steps, and the correct ones are A, C, and D.
What should I do if I get this SAP-C02 question wrong?
Identify which exam domain this question belongs to, review the core concept, then practise similar questions from the same domain.
What is the key concept behind this question?
Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
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Last reviewed: Jul 4, 2026
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