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Exploratory Data AnalysismediumMultiple ChoiceObjective-mapped

MLS-C01 Exploratory Data Analysis Practice Question

A data engineer is using Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler to perform exploratory data analysis on a large dataset stored in S3. The analysis reveals high cardinality in a categorical feature with over 1 million unique values. What is the best approach to handle this before training a model?

Answer choices

Why each option matters

Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.

Correct answer & explanation

Use target encoding based on the mean of the target variable per category.

Target encoding (also known as mean encoding) replaces each category with the mean of the target variable for that category, effectively handling high cardinality without exploding dimensionality or imposing ordinal relationships. Option A is wrong because one-hot encoding on a feature with 1 million unique values would create over 1 million columns, making the dataset sparse and computationally expensive. Option B is wrong because label encoding assigns arbitrary integers, which may introduce unintended ordinal relationships and mislead the model. Option C is wrong because dropping the feature could discard valuable predictive information.

Answer analysis

Option-by-option breakdown

For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.

  • Apply one-hot encoding.

    Why it's wrong here

    One-hot encoding produces too many features.

  • Use label encoding to convert categories to integers.

    Why it's wrong here

    Label encoding can imply ordinality.

  • Drop the high-cardinality feature.

    Why it's wrong here

    Dropping may discard valuable information.

  • Use target encoding based on the mean of the target variable per category.

    Why this is correct

    Target encoding reduces cardinality and captures target relationship.

Quick reference

AWS S3 Storage Class Comparison

Storage ClassMin DurationRetrievalUse Case
S3 StandardNoneImmediateFrequently accessed data
S3 Standard-IA30 daysImmediateInfrequent access, rapid retrieval
S3 One Zone-IA30 daysImmediateNon-critical infrequent data
S3 Intelligent-TieringNoneImmediate–hoursUnknown or changing access patterns
S3 Glacier Instant90 daysMillisecondsArchive with instant retrieval
S3 Glacier Flexible90 daysMinutes–hoursArchive, flexible retrieval
S3 Glacier Deep Archive180 daysHoursLong-term compliance archive

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Last reviewed: Jun 20, 2026

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