- A
Implement client-side encryption for the output bucket, and update the training script to mask PHI before logging.
Why wrong: Client-side encryption adds complexity and is not natively supported by SageMaker. Masking PHI in logs is good, but encryption should be server-side for simplicity.
- B
Change the output S3 bucket to use SSE-KMS encryption, and enable server access logs for the bucket.
Why wrong: This fixes encryption, but server access logs do not prevent PHI from being logged in CloudWatch Logs.
- C
Modify the training container to avoid logging PHI, and configure the output S3 bucket to use SSE-KMS encryption.
This directly addresses both issues: encryption of output artifacts and removal of PHI from logs.
- D
Configure the training job to use a VPC with private subnets, and enable data encryption in transit using TLS.
Why wrong: This addresses network encryption but not the output bucket encryption or the logging issue.
Quick Answer
The answer is to modify the training container to avoid logging PHI and configure the output S3 bucket to use SSE-KMS encryption. This is correct because HIPAA compliance for SageMaker training jobs requires both encryption at rest for all data stores and the elimination of protected health information from audit logs; SSE-KMS offers superior control over encryption keys and audit trails compared to SSE-S3, while modifying the container code prevents PHI from appearing in CloudWatch Logs. On the AWS Certified AI Practitioner AIF-C01 exam, this scenario tests your understanding that encryption and logging are separate compliance controls—a common trap is assuming SSE-S3 alone satisfies HIPAA or that disabling logging is acceptable. Remember the memory tip: “Code and key, not log and SSE-S3”—fix the code to stop logging PHI, and upgrade the bucket key to KMS for full audit control.
AIF-C01 Practice Question: Security, Compliance and Governance for AI Solutions
This AIF-C01 practice question tests your understanding of security, compliance and governance for ai solutions. This is a configuration task: choose the command set that satisfies every stated requirement. Small differences — like 'secret' vs 'password' or 'transport input ssh' vs 'all' — change whether the answer is correct. After answering, compare your reasoning against the explanation and wrong-answer breakdown below. Once you have made your selection, read the full explanation to reinforce the concept and understand why each distractor is designed to mislead on exam day.
A healthcare company is deploying a model to predict patient readmission risk using Amazon SageMaker. The model processes protected health information (PHI). The company must adhere to HIPAA regulations, which require that all PHI is encrypted at rest and in transit, and that access to the data is logged and audited. The data is stored in an S3 bucket encrypted with SSE-S3. The SageMaker training job uses a custom Docker container that reads data from the S3 bucket and writes model artifacts back to another S3 bucket. The security team notices that the model artifacts in the output bucket are not encrypted. Also, the training logs in CloudWatch Logs contain PHI because the training script logs patient features. The company must fix these issues without delaying the deployment. What should the company do?
Answer choices
Why each option matters
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
Modify the training container to avoid logging PHI, and configure the output S3 bucket to use SSE-KMS encryption.
Option C is correct because it directly addresses both issues: modifying the training container to avoid logging PHI ensures CloudWatch Logs no longer contain protected health information, and configuring the output S3 bucket to use SSE-KMS encryption ensures model artifacts are encrypted at rest. SSE-KMS is preferred over SSE-S3 for HIPAA compliance because it provides additional controls like key rotation and audit trails. This approach fixes the problems without delaying deployment, as it requires only code and configuration changes.
Key principle: Answer the scenario, not the keyword: identify the specific constraint before choosing the most familiar-sounding option.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
- ✗
Implement client-side encryption for the output bucket, and update the training script to mask PHI before logging.
Why it's wrong here
Client-side encryption adds complexity and is not natively supported by SageMaker. Masking PHI in logs is good, but encryption should be server-side for simplicity.
- ✗
Change the output S3 bucket to use SSE-KMS encryption, and enable server access logs for the bucket.
Why it's wrong here
This fixes encryption, but server access logs do not prevent PHI from being logged in CloudWatch Logs.
- ✓
Modify the training container to avoid logging PHI, and configure the output S3 bucket to use SSE-KMS encryption.
Why this is correct
This directly addresses both issues: encryption of output artifacts and removal of PHI from logs.
Related concept
Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
- ✗
Configure the training job to use a VPC with private subnets, and enable data encryption in transit using TLS.
Why it's wrong here
This addresses network encryption but not the output bucket encryption or the logging issue.
Common exam traps
Common exam trap: answer the scenario, not the keyword
The trap here is that candidates may focus on network-level controls (VPC, TLS) or logging mechanisms, overlooking the fact that the core issues are encryption at rest for the output bucket and preventing PHI from being written to CloudWatch Logs, which require application-level changes and bucket configuration.
Trap categories for this question
Command / output trap
This addresses network encryption but not the output bucket encryption or the logging issue.
Detailed technical explanation
How to think about this question
SSE-KMS (Server-Side Encryption with AWS KMS) allows you to use a customer-managed key (CMK) for encryption, which provides an additional layer of control and auditability compared to SSE-S3. When you enable SSE-KMS on an S3 bucket, all objects written to that bucket are automatically encrypted using the specified KMS key, and you can track key usage via AWS CloudTrail. For HIPAA compliance, logging PHI in CloudWatch Logs is a violation because CloudWatch Logs are not a HIPAA-eligible service by default unless configured with encryption and access controls; the simplest fix is to sanitize logs at the application level.
KKey Concepts to Remember
- Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
- Find the constraint that changes the correct option.
- Eliminate answers that are true in general but not in this case.
TExam Day Tips
- Watch for words such as best, first, most likely and least administrative effort.
- Review why wrong options are wrong, not only why the correct option is correct.
Key takeaway
Answer the scenario, not the keyword: identify the specific constraint before choosing the most familiar-sounding option.
Real-world example
How this comes up in practice
A media company stores terabytes of video archives that are accessed once a year for audit purposes. Moving these objects to a cold storage tier (Azure Archive, S3 Glacier, or Google Nearline) costs a fraction of hot storage. Questions like this test whether you understand storage tiers, access frequency tradeoffs, and retrieval latency requirements.
What to study next
Got this wrong? Here's your next step.
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FAQ
Questions learners often ask
What does this AIF-C01 question test?
Security, Compliance and Governance for AI Solutions — This question tests Security, Compliance and Governance for AI Solutions — Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer..
What is the correct answer to this question?
The correct answer is: Modify the training container to avoid logging PHI, and configure the output S3 bucket to use SSE-KMS encryption. — Option C is correct because it directly addresses both issues: modifying the training container to avoid logging PHI ensures CloudWatch Logs no longer contain protected health information, and configuring the output S3 bucket to use SSE-KMS encryption ensures model artifacts are encrypted at rest. SSE-KMS is preferred over SSE-S3 for HIPAA compliance because it provides additional controls like key rotation and audit trails. This approach fixes the problems without delaying deployment, as it requires only code and configuration changes.
What should I do if I get this AIF-C01 question wrong?
Identify which exam domain this question belongs to, review the core concept, then practise similar questions from the same domain.
What is the key concept behind this question?
Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
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Last reviewed: Jun 25, 2026
This AIF-C01 practice question is part of Courseiva's free Amazon Web Services certification practice question bank. Courseiva provides original exam-style practice questions with explanations, topic-based practice, mock exams, readiness tracking, and study analytics to help learners prepare for the AIF-C01 exam.
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