You are using Packer to automate a build. You notice the build fails because the 'communicator' cannot connect. Which type of communicator is most suitable for a KVM-based build where SSH is not yet configured?
You are using Packer to build a custom image for KVM. Which HCL2 block is specifically required to define the virtualization parameters like memory and CPU for the builder?
You are troubleshooting a Packer build that uses the 'shell' provisioner. Which environment variable can you check to see the absolute path to the build directory?
You are deploying a new virtual machine on a KVM host using virt-install. The VM must use a specific MAC address to match a DHCP reservation. Which virt-install option allows you to set the MAC address for the network interface?
You are preparing a cloud-init configuration for a KVM virtual machine that will be deployed on a private cloud. The configuration must set the hostname, install the nginx package, and ensure the SSH service is enabled and running. Which two cloud-init modules or keys should you use to accomplish these tasks? (Choose two.)
You are preparing a base box for a Vagrant environment. The VirtualBox VM currently has two network adapters: the first is NAT, and the second is an internal network named 'vagrant_net'. You package the VM with 'vagrant package --base myvm --output mybox.box'. When a developer runs 'vagrant up' on a machine using this box, SSH connection fails. What is the most likely cause?
You are using Packer to build a VMware vSphere template. The build fails with an error that the 'vsphere-iso' builder cannot find the ISO file on a datastore. You have uploaded the ISO to a content library. Which Packer configuration option should you use to reference the ISO from the content library?
You are using cloud-init to provision a fleet of Ubuntu 22.04 VMs on a private cloud. You need to ensure that the 'runcmd' module executes a script only after the network is fully configured and the filesystem is mounted. Which two conditions must be met for the 'runcmd' module to run successfully? (Choose two.)
You are writing a Vagrantfile that defines a single VM. You want to ensure that the VM is provisioned with a shell script located at 'scripts/setup.sh' on the host. Which Vagrant provisioner configuration is correct?
You are using Packer to build a VMware vSphere template. The build must use the vsphere-iso builder and connect to vCenter using credentials stored in environment variables. Which Packer configuration snippet correctly references those environment variables?
You are using Packer to build an AWS AMI. The build uses the 'amazon-ebs' builder and a 'file' provisioner to upload a configuration file to '/etc/myapp/config.yml'. The provisioner runs successfully, but the file is missing in the resulting AMI. What is the most likely reason?
You are using cloud-init to provision a fleet of Ubuntu VMs. You need to ensure that the instance is configured with a static IP address on the primary interface and that the hostname is set to a value derived from the instance's metadata. Which two cloud-init modules or configuration sections should you use? (Choose two.)
You are writing a Packer template that uses the amazon-ebs builder. You need to ensure that the temporary instance launched during the build is terminated even if provisioning fails. Which Packer configuration option should you set?
When using Vagrant to manage a libvirt-based provider, which command verifies that the virtual machine is currently running and identifies the provider in use?
You are configuring cloud-init to inject an SSH key into a new VM. Which directive in the configuration metadata ensures the key is added to the correct user's authorized_keys file?
When defining a Vagrant network configuration for a libvirt provider, which mode allows the VM to receive an IP address directly from the physical network's DHCP server?
A cloud-init configuration file is failing to apply the 'write_files' module. Which log file on the target instance should you examine to diagnose the parsing error?
When provisioning with Vagrant, which command is best used to apply changes to a configuration (like adding a new shell script) without destroying the existing virtual machine?
You need to ensure that a specific package is installed during the first boot of a cloud instance. Which cloud-init key should be added to the configuration?
You are building a Vagrant environment for a development team. The Vagrantfile must provision three identical web servers and one load balancer, all using the same base box but with different hostnames and static IP addresses. Which Vagrantfile construct should you use to define these machines and their individual settings?
You are using Packer to build a KVM-compatible QEMU image for an on-premises OpenStack cloud. The build completes successfully, but the resulting image fails to boot because the virtual disk is not recognized. You verify that the QEMU builder is configured with accelerator 'kvm' and the correct machine type. Which QEMU builder option should you review to ensure the disk image is created in a format that OpenStack can use?
A Packer template targets the qemu builder to produce a KVM-compatible image. The build completes without error, but when the resulting qcow2 file is booted with `qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=image.qcow2,if=virtio`, the guest kernel panics with "VFS: Unable to mount root fs" because it cannot see any block device. The template defines only `iso_url`, `iso_checksum`, `ssh_username`, and `ssh_password`. Which change to the template is MOST likely to resolve this?
You are using Packer to build an image for a private cloud. The build uses the 'qemu' builder and a 'shell' provisioner. The provisioner script runs but fails to install a package because the package repository is unreachable. You suspect the VM has no network connectivity during provisioning. Which Packer feature should you verify to ensure the VM has network access?
You are provisioning a KVM guest with virt-install. The guest must use a pre-existing disk image located at /var/lib/libvirt/images/web.img and must not have the image created or modified by virt-install. Which option should you include in the virt-install command?
You are using Vagrant to manage a development environment. You need to run a shell script that installs dependencies after the VM boots for the first time. Which provisioner type should you use in your Vagrantfile?
You are creating a Vagrant environment for a development team. The team needs a single VM that uses the 'ubuntu/jammy64' box and forwards host port 8080 to guest port 80. Which Vagrantfile configuration block correctly defines this?
You maintain a Vagrant environment where a single Vagrantfile defines three web servers and one database server. You need each web server to use a different forwarded SSH port on the host because port 2222 is already taken by another project. Which approach correctly assigns unique host ports per machine?
You are using cloud-init to configure a VM that must run a script only on the very first boot, and the script must not run again on subsequent reboots. The script is provided as a MIME part in a multipart user-data file. Which cloud-init module should be used to ensure this behavior?
A Packer build targeting the qemu builder completes, but the resulting image boots to a login prompt and never runs your provisioning scripts. You configured an ssh communicator with a username and password. Which condition most likely prevents Packer from connecting to the guest during the build?