VM Deployment And Provisioning

In a Packer build process for OpenStack, which 'post-processor' type is typically used to upload the resulting image to the Glance image service?

When using Vagrant to manage a libvirt-based provider, which command verifies that the virtual machine is currently running and identifies the provider in use?

You are configuring cloud-init to inject an SSH key into a new VM. Which directive in the configuration metadata ensures the key is added to the correct user's authorized_keys file?

Which file in a Vagrant project directory is processed by default to define the virtual environment configuration?

When defining a Vagrant network configuration for a libvirt provider, which mode allows the VM to receive an IP address directly from the physical network's DHCP server?

A cloud-init configuration file is failing to apply the 'write_files' module. Which log file on the target instance should you examine to diagnose the parsing error?

What is the primary function of the cloud-init 'runcmd' module?

When provisioning with Vagrant, which command is best used to apply changes to a configuration (like adding a new shell script) without destroying the existing virtual machine?

You need to ensure that a specific package is installed during the first boot of a cloud instance. Which cloud-init key should be added to the configuration?

Which Packer builder is most appropriate for creating an image specifically for Amazon Web Services (AWS)?

In a Vagrantfile, which method is used to pass environment variables into the guest virtual machine during the provisioning phase?

In cloud-init, which syntax is required at the very beginning of the configuration file to ensure it is recognized as a cloud-config script?

Which tool is commonly used alongside Packer to validate the configuration file for syntax errors before attempting a build?

What is the default behavior of Vagrant when a box is not found locally on the host machine?

Which cloud-init module is responsible for setting the hostname of the instance during the initial boot process?

When using Packer with the QEMU builder, what does the 'format' option in the 'qemu' builder define?

In a Vagrant environment, where should sensitive data like API keys be stored to avoid committing them to version control?

Which command is used to display the configuration of a Packer build in a readable format?

When using Vagrant with multiple machines in a single Vagrantfile, how do you define individual configurations?

Which THREE of the following are common cloud-init modules?

Which TWO components are defined in a Packer 'build' block?

Which THREE configuration items can be managed via cloud-init 'write_files' module?

Which THREE settings are commonly configured in the 'provider' block of a Vagrantfile for virtualbox?

Which TWO pieces of information does Packer require to build an image for an existing cloud environment?

Which THREE directives are valid under the cloud-init 'users' configuration section?

Which TWO methods can be used to pass configuration data to cloud-init during instance creation?

You are building a Vagrant environment for a development team. The Vagrantfile must provision three identical web servers and one load balancer, all using the same base box but with different hostnames and static IP addresses. Which Vagrantfile construct should you use to define these machines and their individual settings?

You are using Packer to build a KVM-compatible QEMU image for an on-premises OpenStack cloud. The build completes successfully, but the resulting image fails to boot because the virtual disk is not recognized. You verify that the QEMU builder is configured with accelerator 'kvm' and the correct machine type. Which QEMU builder option should you review to ensure the disk image is created in a format that OpenStack can use?

A Packer template targets the qemu builder to produce a KVM-compatible image. The build completes without error, but when the resulting qcow2 file is booted with `qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=image.qcow2,if=virtio`, the guest kernel panics with "VFS: Unable to mount root fs" because it cannot see any block device. The template defines only `iso_url`, `iso_checksum`, `ssh_username`, and `ssh_password`. Which change to the template is MOST likely to resolve this?

You are using Packer to build an image for a private cloud. The build uses the 'qemu' builder and a 'shell' provisioner. The provisioner script runs but fails to install a package because the package repository is unreachable. You suspect the VM has no network connectivity during provisioning. Which Packer feature should you verify to ensure the VM has network access?

You are provisioning a KVM guest with virt-install. The guest must use a pre-existing disk image located at /var/lib/libvirt/images/web.img and must not have the image created or modified by virt-install. Which option should you include in the virt-install command?

You are using Vagrant to manage a development environment. You need to run a shell script that installs dependencies after the VM boots for the first time. Which provisioner type should you use in your Vagrantfile?

You are creating a Vagrant environment for a development team. The team needs a single VM that uses the 'ubuntu/jammy64' box and forwards host port 8080 to guest port 80. Which Vagrantfile configuration block correctly defines this?

You maintain a Vagrant environment where a single Vagrantfile defines three web servers and one database server. You need each web server to use a different forwarded SSH port on the host because port 2222 is already taken by another project. Which approach correctly assigns unique host ports per machine?

You are using cloud-init to configure a VM that must run a script only on the very first boot, and the script must not run again on subsequent reboots. The script is provided as a MIME part in a multipart user-data file. Which cloud-init module should be used to ensure this behavior?

A Packer build targeting the qemu builder completes, but the resulting image boots to a login prompt and never runs your provisioning scripts. You configured an ssh communicator with a username and password. Which condition most likely prevents Packer from connecting to the guest during the build?