010-160 Practice Test 1 — 10 Questions

Question 1

What is the result of the command 'ls -la | grep "^d"'?

Accepted Answer

It lists only directories in the current directory.. The command 'ls -la | grep "^d"' lists all files and directories in long format, including hidden ones, and then filters the output to show only lines starting with 'd', which indicates a directory. Thus, it lists only directories in the current directory.

Answer

It shows only hidden files.

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It lists files that contain the letter 'd'.

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It deletes all directories.

Question 2

A hospital's IT department wants to adopt a Linux-based electronic records system. Legal counsel insists that the hospital be able to audit and modify the source code to meet patient-data regulations, and that any redistributed improvements remain under the same freedoms. Which licensing approach best satisfies counsel's requirements?

Accepted Answer

A copyleft license such as the GNU GPL, because derivative works must be distributed under the same license terms.. Counsel wants both the ability to audit and modify source code and the guarantee that redistributed improvements stay open. A copyleft license such as the GNU GPL provides exactly those rights and obligations. Permissive and public domain licenses allow proprietary relicensing downstream, and escrow grants only conditional access without modification rights.

Answer

A proprietary license with a source-code escrow agreement, because escrow guarantees permanent access to the code.

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A public domain dedication, because it removes all restrictions and lets the hospital do anything it wants.

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A permissive license such as MIT, because it allows modification without any redistribution conditions.

Question 3

A junior administrator is asked to verify whether a newly installed application is truly open source. The application's documentation states that the source code is available but forbids modification and redistribution. Which statement best evaluates this claim?

Accepted Answer

It does not qualify as open source because modification and redistribution are prohibited.. Open source requires more than visible source code; the license must permit modification and redistribution. Because this application forbids both, it fails the Open Source Initiative definition and should be treated as source-available or proprietary despite its published code.

Answer

It qualifies as open source because users can read and audit the code.

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It qualifies as open source because the source code is publicly available.

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It qualifies as open source if the vendor provides the source code on request.

Question 4

A security audit requires reviewing which local accounts exist on a Linux server, which of them have usable login shells, and which groups each account belongs to. Which TWO commands or files provide authoritative local account and group membership information? (Choose two.)

Accepted Answer

/etc/passwd. Local account records live in /etc/passwd, and local group definitions with supplementary members live in /etc/group. Reading them together reveals which accounts exist, what login shells they have, and which groups each belongs to. The shadow file covers passwords, skel provides templates, and nsswitch merely directs lookup order, so those three do not supply the required listings.

Answer

/etc/shadow

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/etc/skel

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/etc/nsswitch.conf

Question 5

You need to append the output of a command to an existing file without overwriting it. Which operator should you use?

Accepted Answer

>>. The >> operator redirects standard output and appends it to the end of an existing file, preserving the file's current contents. This is the standard shell mechanism for adding output without truncating the file. Using >> is the correct way to log or accumulate command results over time.

Answer

|

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>

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&

Question 6

A Linux administrator is reviewing how environment variables affect command execution. Which TWO of the following statements about environment variables are correct? (Choose two.)

Accepted Answer

Environment variables are always inherited by child processes unless explicitly unset.. PATH determines where the shell looks for executables, and environment variables are inherited by child processes by default. These two properties are central to how commands are located and how settings propagate in a Linux session. The other statements misidentify HOME and PS1 and incorrectly restrict variable setting to root, so they are not correct.

Answer

Environment variables can only be set by the root user.

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The PS1 variable controls the system's primary network interface.

Answer

The HOME variable stores the system's hostname.

Question 7

A user wants to find all files under /var/log that have been modified within the last 24 hours and are larger than 1 MB, then save the list to /tmp/recent_large.txt. Which command accomplishes this?

Accepted Answer

find /var/log -type f -mtime -1 -size +1M > /tmp/recent_large.txt. The find command is designed to search for files based on metadata such as modification time and size. Using -mtime -1 selects files modified within the last 24 hours, and -size +1M selects files larger than 1 MB. Redirection saves the output. The other commands lack these filtering capabilities or misinterpret the options.

Answer

ls -lR /var/log | awk '$6 > 1 && $7 > 1' > /tmp/recent_large.txt

Answer

locate -mtime -1 -size +1M /var/log > /tmp/recent_large.txt

Answer

grep -R -l --include='*' -mtime -1 -size +1M /var/log > /tmp/recent_large.txt

Question 8

While troubleshooting a script, you run `grep -n 'error' /var/log/app.log` and see output lines prefixed with numbers. A colleague asks what those numbers represent. What do they indicate?

Accepted Answer

The line number in the file where each matching line occurs.. The -n flag tells grep to prefix each matching line with its line number in the source file. This helps pinpoint where matches occur without opening an editor. Other grep flags like -c count matches and -b show byte offsets, but only -n provides the line position shown in the scenario.

Answer

The total count of matching lines found in the file.

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The process ID of the application that wrote each log entry.

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The byte offset from the start of the file to each match.

Question 9

A nonprofit is drafting a policy that explains how its staff may legally use and redistribute open source software. The draft must correctly reflect the freedoms that free and open source licenses grant to recipients. Which two statements accurately describe those freedoms? (Choose two.)

Accepted Answer

Recipients may study the source code and modify it to suit their needs. Free and open source licenses grant recipients the freedom to use software for any purpose, including commercial activity, and to study and modify its source code. These two permissions form the backbone of both the Free Software Definition and the Open Source Definition. Mandatory licensing fees, organization-only redistribution, and removal of copyright notices are not granted rights and would misrepresent the legal position of the nonprofit's staff.

Answer

Recipients must always pay a licensing fee to the original author before deploying the software

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Recipients may remove the original author's copyright notice before publishing modified versions

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Recipients may redistribute the software only within the same organization that originally obtained it

Question 10

You want to execute two commands sequentially, but only if the first command succeeds. Which operator is used?

Accepted Answer

&&. The && operator is the logical AND control operator in Bash and other POSIX shells. It executes the command on the right only if the command on the left exits with a status of 0 (success). This is the standard way to chain commands with a success dependency, such as 'make && make install'.

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;

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||

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