CCSP Cloud Security Operations Practice Question
A security architect is designing a logging strategy for a multi-cloud environment using AWS and Azure. Which TWO practices should be implemented to ensure log integrity and prevent tampering? (Choose two.)
Answer choices
Why each option matters
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
✓
Enable CloudTrail log file validation
Log file validation (e.g., CloudTrail log file validation) ensures cryptographic verification of log integrity. Write-once-read-many (WORM) storage, such as S3 Object Lock or Azure Immutable Blob Storage, prevents deletion or modification of logs.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
- ✗
Store logs in a publicly readable S3 bucket for transparency
Why it's wrong here
Public buckets would expose logs and increase tampering risk.
- ✗
Encrypt logs using server-side encryption with AWS KMS
Why it's wrong here
Encryption protects confidentiality, not integrity.
- ✓
Enable CloudTrail log file validation
Why this is correct
This uses SHA-256 hashing and RSA signatures to verify log integrity.
- ✓
Use S3 Object Lock or Azure Immutable Blob Storage
Why this is correct
WORM storage prevents logs from being modified or deleted.
- ✗
Enable cross-region replication for logs
Why it's wrong here
Replication improves availability but does not ensure integrity.
Quick reference
AWS S3 Storage Class Comparison
| Storage Class | Min Duration | Retrieval | Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|
| S3 Standard | None | Immediate | Frequently accessed data |
| S3 Standard-IA | 30 days | Immediate | Infrequent access, rapid retrieval |
| S3 One Zone-IA | 30 days | Immediate | Non-critical infrequent data |
| S3 Intelligent-Tiering | None | Immediate–hours | Unknown or changing access patterns |
| S3 Glacier Instant | 90 days | Milliseconds | Archive with instant retrieval |
| S3 Glacier Flexible | 90 days | Minutes–hours | Archive, flexible retrieval |
| S3 Glacier Deep Archive | 180 days | Hours | Long-term compliance archive |
Go deeper
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JA
Written by Johnson Ajibi, MSc IT Security
Senior Network & Security Engineer · founder of Courseiva
This CCSP practice question is part of Courseiva's free ISC2 certification practice question bank. Courseiva provides original exam-style practice questions with explanations, topic-based practice, mock exams, readiness tracking, and study analytics to help learners prepare for the CCSP exam.