ISC Governance Risk And Compliance Practice Question
Which THREE components are critical for an ISSAP architect when designing an audit trail that meets the legal requirements for non-repudiation?
Answer choices
Why each option matters
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
✓
Synchronized time sources (NTP).
Non-repudiation requires evidence of identity and content integrity that cannot be challenged.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
- ✓
Synchronized time sources (NTP).
Why this is correct
Ensures accurate ordering for forensic analysis.
- ✓
Digitally signed logs.
Why this is correct
Provides integrity and authentication.
- ✓
Immutable storage (e.g., WORM).
Why this is correct
Ensures the logs cannot be tampered with.
- ✗
Regular log rotation cycles.
Why it's wrong here
Rotation can lead to data loss if not handled correctly.
- ✗
Local write-only hard drives.
Why it's wrong here
Not scalable or standard for cloud architecture.
About these practice questions
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JA
Written and reviewed by Johnson Ajibi, MSc IT Security
Senior Network & Security Engineer · founder of Courseiva
Last reviewed August 2026 · checked against the official (ISC)² exam blueprint
This ISC practice question is part of Courseiva's free (ISC)² certification practice question bank. Courseiva provides original exam-style practice questions with explanations, topic-based practice, mock exams, readiness tracking, and study analytics to help learners prepare for the ISC exam.