CCNA Pca Design Planning Questions

75 of 115 questions · Page 1/2 · Pca Design Planning topic · Answers revealed

1
MCQeasy

A company needs to store archival data that is accessed less than once a year. They want the lowest storage cost possible, but they can accept a retrieval time of up to 24 hours. Which Cloud Storage class should they use?

A.Nearline
B.Archive
C.Standard
D.Coldline
AnswerB

Archive is the cheapest storage class, designed for long-term retention with retrieval times of up to 24 hours.

Why this answer

Archive storage is the lowest-cost storage class for long-term archival with retrieval times in hours (typically 24 hours). Coldline is for data accessed less than once a quarter. Nearline is for monthly access.

Standard is for frequently accessed data.

2
MCQhard

A company runs a critical application on Compute Engine that must remain available even if an entire zone fails. They have configured a managed instance group across three zones with autoscaling based on CPU utilization. The application state is stored in a Cloud SQL instance. Which additional step should they take to ensure high availability?

A.Use a Cloud Load Balancer in front of the managed instance group.
B.Configure a regional Cloud SQL instance with primary and standby in different zones.
C.Deploy a read replica of the Cloud SQL instance in another region.
D.Take frequent snapshots of the boot disk and store them in a multi-regional bucket.
AnswerB

Regional Cloud SQL provides automatic failover across zones, matching the compute layer's zone redundancy.

Why this answer

Cloud SQL provides high availability with a standby instance in a different zone using regional persistent disk. This ensures failover if the primary zone fails.

3
MCQmedium

A company has a legacy monolithic application running on-premises that must be migrated to Google Cloud with minimal changes. The application uses a SQL Server database and has strict licensing constraints. Which migration approach and storage service is most appropriate?

A.Re-architect to microservices on GKE with AlloyDB
B.Lift-and-shift onto Compute Engine with SQL Server on the same VM
C.Re-platform to Cloud Spanner
D.Lift-and-shift onto Compute Engine with Cloud SQL for SQL Server
AnswerD

Lift-and-shift moves the app as-is; Cloud SQL for SQL Server provides a fully managed, compatible database, meeting licensing constraints.

Why this answer

Lift-and-shift involves moving the application as-is, with minimal changes. Cloud SQL for SQL Server provides a managed SQL Server instance compatible with the on-premises database, reducing operational overhead. Re-platforming would require code changes (e.g., to PostgreSQL).

Compute Engine with self-managed SQL Server adds licensing and management burden. Cloud Spanner is globally distributed and not a direct lift-and-shift for SQL Server.

4
MCQmedium

An e-commerce company is experiencing traffic spikes during flash sales. Their application runs on Compute Engine instances behind a TCP load balancer. They want to automatically scale the number of instances based on CPU utilization. Which configuration is required?

A.Configure Cloud Run for autoscaling and rewrite the application to run in containers.
B.Create an unmanaged instance group with a static number of instances and configure Cloud CDN.
C.Use Cloud Functions to handle traffic spikes and redirect traffic from the load balancer.
D.Create a managed instance group (MIG) with an autoscaling policy based on CPU utilization.
AnswerD

MIGs support autoscaling based on metrics like CPU utilization, adjusting instance count automatically.

Why this answer

Managed Instance Groups (MIGs) with autoscaling based on CPU utilization is the correct approach. Cloud Functions and Cloud Run are not Compute Engine instance scaling. A global HTTP(S) Load Balancer is not required for TCP traffic.

5
MCQeasy

Which Google Cloud service provides a fully managed, serverless data warehouse for petabyte-scale analytics using SQL?

A.Firestore
B.Cloud Spanner
C.Cloud SQL
D.BigQuery
AnswerD

BigQuery is a serverless data warehouse that scales to petabytes and supports standard SQL.

Why this answer

BigQuery is Google Cloud's fully managed, serverless data warehouse for large-scale analytics using standard SQL. Cloud SQL is for OLTP. Firestore is NoSQL.

Cloud Spanner is for global OLTP.

6
MCQeasy

A startup wants to deploy a containerised web application that auto-scales based on HTTP request traffic, with no infrastructure management. They expect unpredictable traffic spikes. Which compute service is most suitable?

A.Cloud Run
B.Compute Engine with managed instance groups
C.Cloud Functions
D.Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) Autopilot
AnswerA

Cloud Run is ideal: serverless, auto-scaling based on HTTP traffic, pay-per-use, no infrastructure management.

Why this answer

Cloud Run is a fully managed serverless container platform that automatically scales to zero and can handle traffic spikes. It abstracts away infrastructure management. GKE requires cluster management even in Autopilot (though reduced).

Compute Engine requires manual scaling. Cloud Functions is for event-driven functions, not containerised web apps.

7
MCQeasy

A company needs a relational database that can scale horizontally across multiple regions, supports ACID transactions, and provides strong global consistency. Which Google Cloud database should they choose?

A.BigQuery
B.Cloud SQL
C.Cloud Spanner
D.Firestore
AnswerC

Spanner is a globally distributed relational database with ACID transactions and strong consistency.

Why this answer

Cloud Spanner is the only Google Cloud database that offers horizontal scaling, ACID transactions, and strong global consistency across regions.

8
MCQmedium

A company is deploying a multi-region web application that must provide sub-second read latency globally for a small dataset (under 100 MB) that is updated infrequently. They want a fully managed service that caches data close to users. Which service should they use?

A.Memorystore for Redis with replication across regions
B.Cloud Spanner multi-region
C.Cloud Firestore in multi-region mode
D.Cloud CDN
AnswerD

CDN caches content at edge locations; ideal for static or infrequently updated data with sub-second global latency.

Why this answer

Cloud CDN with HTTP(S) Load Balancing caches static content at edge locations globally, providing low-latency access. For small, infrequently updated data, CDN is cost-effective and simple.

9
Multi-Selectmedium

A company wants to implement a disaster recovery strategy for their critical workloads on GCP. They require an RPO of 15 minutes and an RTO of 1 hour. Which THREE components should they include in their architecture? (Choose 3)

Select 3 answers
A.Persistent disk snapshots copied to a secondary region every 15 minutes
B.Multi-region Cloud Storage bucket with object versioning
C.Managed Instance Groups in the secondary region with a global load balancer
D.Cloud CDN to cache content and reduce latency
E.Cloud SQL with cross-region replication enabled
AnswersB, C, E

Multi-region bucket provides automatic geo-redundancy for backups and static data.

Why this answer

Multi-region Cloud Storage for backups or data replication, Cloud SQL cross-region replication for databases, and MIGs in a secondary region with a global load balancer for compute failover meet the RPO/RTO. Persistent disk snapshots copied across regions are too slow for 15-minute RPO. Cloud Spanner multi-region is possible but not listed; the combination of these three services provides the required RPO/RTO.

10
MCQeasy

Which Google Cloud service provides a fully managed, auto-scaling environment for running stateless HTTP(S) web applications using a variety of supported programming languages?

A.Cloud Functions
B.Google Kubernetes Engine
C.Compute Engine
D.App Engine Standard
AnswerD

App Engine Standard provides a fully managed, auto-scaling environment for web apps with supported runtimes.

Why this answer

App Engine Standard is a fully managed serverless platform that automatically scales applications written in supported languages like Python, Java, Go, etc.

11
MCQmedium

A company has a global user base and wants to serve static content (images, videos, CSS) with low latency from edge locations. They also want to protect their origin server from traffic spikes. Which combination of services should they use?

A.Cloud Armor with Cloud CDN
B.Cloud CDN with an internal TCP/UDP load balancer
C.Cloud CDN with an external HTTP(S) Load Balancer
D.Cloud Functions to serve static content
AnswerC

This combination caches content at edge locations and distributes traffic globally, protecting the origin.

Why this answer

Cloud CDN caches content at Google's edge locations, providing low-latency delivery and offloading traffic from the origin. HTTP(S) Load Balancer is required to enable Cloud CDN and provides global load balancing and DDoS protection. Cloud Armor adds WAF capabilities but is not required for basic CDN.

12
Multi-Selectmedium

A company is migrating a legacy Java application to GCP. The application currently runs on a single on-premises server with a MySQL database. They want to minimize changes to the application code but take advantage of GCP managed services. Which TWO approaches should they consider? (Choose 2)

Select 2 answers
A.Use Firebase Realtime Database to replace MySQL.
B.Use Cloud Functions to replace the application logic.
C.Lift and shift the application to Compute Engine and use Cloud SQL for MySQL.
D.Migrate the database to Cloud SQL for MySQL with minimal changes.
E.Re-architect the application as a set of microservices on GKE.
AnswersC, D

Lift-and-shift moves the server to Compute Engine; using Cloud SQL for MySQL as the database is re-platforming with minimal code change.

Why this answer

Lift-and-shift (migrating the application to Compute Engine as-is) and re-platform (using Cloud SQL for MySQL) are the best approaches to minimize code changes. Re-architecting as microservices would require significant code changes. Cloud Functions and Firebase are not suitable for a legacy Java application.

13
MCQhard

A company uses Cloud Storage for analytics data with lifecycle policies to move objects from Standard to Coldline after 30 days and delete after 365 days. They notice that objects are being deleted after 30 days instead of 365. What is the most likely cause?

A.An IAM policy is inadvertently allowing users to delete objects.
B.The Coldline storage class has a minimum storage duration of 30 days, causing immediate deletion.
C.The bucket is using a uniform bucket-level access policy.
D.The lifecycle rule is set to delete objects after 30 days instead of transitioning to Coldline.
AnswerD

If a delete rule with age 30 days is present, objects will be deleted at 30 days, before the 365-day rule applies.

Why this answer

Lifecycle rules apply in order; if a rule is set to delete after 30 days, it will delete regardless of earlier transitions. The most likely issue is that the rules are configured incorrectly: there may be a delete rule with age 30 days overriding the transition rule. The correct order should be: transition to Coldline at 30 days, then delete at 365 days.

14
MCQeasy

A developer needs to deploy a Python script that processes images uploaded to a Cloud Storage bucket. The script should run only when new objects are created, and should scale automatically with no idle costs. Which GCP service is most appropriate?

A.Cloud Functions
B.App Engine Standard Environment
C.Compute Engine with a startup script
D.Cloud Run
AnswerA

Cloud Functions natively supports Cloud Storage event triggers, is serverless, and scales to zero.

Why this answer

Cloud Functions is an event-driven serverless compute service that can be triggered by Cloud Storage events (e.g., object finalize). It scales automatically, runs only when triggered, and has no idle cost. Cloud Run also works for containers, but the script is lightweight and can be written as a function.

App Engine requires manual scaling setup. Compute Engine would have idle cost.

15
Multi-Selecthard

An engineering team is deploying a microservices application on Google Cloud. They want to use a service mesh for observability, traffic management, and security. They are considering Anthos Service Mesh (ASM). Which THREE components are part of ASM? (Choose THREE.)

Select 3 answers
A.Cloud Endpoints
B.Envoy sidecar proxies
C.Cloud Monitoring and Cloud Logging
D.Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)
E.Istio control plane
AnswersB, C, E

Envoy proxies are injected as sidecars in pods.

Why this answer

ASM uses Istio as the control plane, Envoy as the sidecar proxy, and integrates with Google Cloud's operations suite (formerly Stackdriver) for telemetry. GKE is the platform, but not a component of ASM. Cloud Endpoints is a separate API management service.

16
MCQeasy

A developer needs to cache session state for a web application to reduce latency. The cache must be highly available and support sub-millisecond access times. Which Google Cloud service should they use?

A.Firestore
B.Cloud Storage
C.Bigtable
D.Memorystore for Redis
AnswerD

Memorystore offers managed Redis with sub-millisecond latency and HA options.

Why this answer

Memorystore for Redis provides a managed in-memory cache with sub-millisecond latency and supports high availability with replication.

17
Multi-Selectmedium

A company runs a multi-region application on GKE that requires low-latency access to a shared dataset that is read-heavy and updated frequently. They need a storage solution that supports strong consistency and can scale write throughput. Which TWO Google Cloud services meet these requirements? (Choose TWO.)

Select 2 answers
A.Memorystore
B.Cloud SQL
C.Cloud Firestore
D.Cloud Bigtable
E.Cloud Spanner
AnswersD, E

Strong consistency, high write throughput, low latency.

Why this answer

Cloud Bigtable provides strong consistency within a cluster and scales write throughput horizontally. Cloud Spanner offers strong global consistency and scales writes across regions. Both meet the requirements for low-latency, strong consistency, and write scalability.

18
MCQhard

A company is migrating a legacy e-commerce platform to GKE. The application consists of several stateless microservices and a stateful database. They want to minimize operational overhead for the database while ensuring high availability across zones. Which database option should they choose?

A.Cloud SQL for MySQL with regional high availability
B.Deploy MySQL on GKE StatefulSet with persistent volumes
C.Cloud Firestore
D.Cloud Spanner
AnswerA

Cloud SQL provides a managed, highly available MySQL instance across zones with automatic failover, minimizing operational overhead.

Why this answer

Cloud SQL for MySQL with regional high availability provides a managed MySQL instance with synchronous replication across zones, automatic failover, and minimal operational overhead. Self-managing MySQL on GKE adds complexity. Cloud Spanner is globally distributed and expensive for this workload.

Firestore is NoSQL, not suitable for a relational e-commerce database.

19
MCQmedium

A financial services company must run a PostgreSQL database with strong consistency across three regions. They need to support high write throughput and require automatic failover with zero data loss. Which database service should they choose?

A.AlloyDB for PostgreSQL
B.Bigtable
C.Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL with cross-region replication
D.Cloud Spanner
AnswerD

Spanner offers global strong consistency, high write throughput, and automatic failover with zero data loss using multi-region configurations.

Why this answer

Cloud Spanner is the only Google Cloud managed database that provides globally distributed, strongly consistent transactions with automatic failover and zero data loss via multi-region configurations.

20
MCQmedium

A company is designing a microservices architecture on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). They need to expose a set of internal microservices to other services within the same VPC, but not to the internet. Which GKE service type should they use?

A.ClusterIP
B.LoadBalancer
C.NodePort
D.ExternalName
AnswerA

ClusterIP exposes the service on an internal IP within the cluster, accessible only from within the cluster.

Why this answer

A ClusterIP service exposes the service on a cluster-internal IP, accessible only within the cluster. A NodePort service exposes on each node's IP but is not suitable for internal-only VPC access. A LoadBalancer service creates an external load balancer, which is internet-facing unless configured as internal.

An Internal Load Balancer (via ingress) can be used but is more complex; the simplest internal-only service type is ClusterIP with a proxy.

21
Multi-Selectmedium

A company wants to run containerized applications on Google Cloud with minimal operational overhead. They prefer to use a serverless container platform. Which TWO compute options should they consider? (Choose 2.)

Select 2 answers
A.Compute Engine
B.GKE Standard
C.Cloud Functions
D.GKE Autopilot
E.Cloud Run (fully managed)
AnswersD, E

GKE Autopilot provides a serverless Kubernetes experience with automated node management.

Why this answer

Cloud Run (fully managed) is a serverless container platform that abstracts infrastructure. GKE Autopilot is also serverless in the sense that Google manages nodes, but it still requires cluster configuration. However, GKE Autopilot is considered a 'serverless' Kubernetes offering.

Cloud Functions is for functions, not containers. GKE Standard requires node management. Compute Engine is not container-focused.

22
Multi-Selecthard

A company runs a web application on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) with a Deployment of 5 replicas. They notice that one of the cluster nodes has failed, but the workload remains available. Which THREE GKE features are responsible for maintaining availability? (Choose THREE.)

Select 3 answers
A.Kubernetes scheduler
B.Cluster autoscaler
C.Readiness probe
D.ReplicaSet
E.Node auto-repair
AnswersA, D, E

Scheduler reschedules pods from the failed node to healthy nodes.

Why this answer

ReplicaSet ensures the desired number of pod replicas. Node auto-repair repairs unhealthy nodes. The Kubernetes scheduler reschedules pods from failed nodes to healthy ones.

Cluster autoscaler adds/removes nodes but does not directly handle a single node failure. A readiness probe detects if a pod is ready, but not the node failure directly.

23
MCQeasy

A company wants to migrate its on-premises monolithic application to Google Cloud with minimal changes. They plan to run it on a virtual machine with a predictable workload that runs 24/7 for a one-year commitment. Which compute option is MOST cost-effective?

A.Spot VMs
B.On-demand VMs
C.Committed use discounts
D.Preemptible VMs
AnswerC

Committed use discounts offer lower cost for a 1-year commitment on 24/7 workloads.

Why this answer

Committed use discounts provide significant cost savings for predictable, always-on workloads over a 1-year (or 3-year) term. While preemptible VMs are cheaper, they can be terminated at any time, making them unsuitable for a 24/7 workload. On-demand VMs are more expensive than committed use.

Spot VMs are similar to preemptible but still not guaranteed.

24
MCQhard

A global e-commerce platform uses Cloud Spanner for product inventory and wants to reduce costs. They notice that read replicas are underutilized and that most queries are single-key reads. Which configuration change will reduce costs while maintaining availability?

A.Use Cloud SQL for reads and Spanner for writes only
B.Downgrade the instance to a smaller regional configuration with fewer nodes
C.Switch to a multi-region configuration with witness nodes
D.Reduce the number of read replicas in the instance configuration
AnswerB

Reducing nodes lowers cost; Spanner automatically redistributes data. This is a valid way to reduce costs.

Why this answer

For Spanner, read replicas are used for read-only workloads; if underutilized, reducing the number of read replicas can lower costs without affecting write availability. However, fine-grained instance configuration changes are not straightforward; the best option is to adjust the number of nodes or use a smaller instance class. But among options, choosing a smaller regional configuration (fewer nodes) is practical.

25
Multi-Selecthard

A company wants to run a stateful workload on GKE that requires persistent storage with low latency and high IOPS. They need to use the fastest available storage and are willing to lose data if the pod is rescheduled. Which THREE options should they consider? (Choose 3.)

Select 1 answer
A.Memorystore for Redis
B.Local SSDs (ephemeral storage)
C.Persistent Disk (SSD)
D.Cloud Storage FUSE
E.Persistent Disk (balanced)
AnswersB

Local SSDs offer the highest performance but data is lost on reschedule.

Why this answer

Local SSDs provide the highest IOPS and lowest latency but are ephemeral — data is lost on pod reschedule. Persistent Disk balanced or SSD are persistent but slower. Cloud Storage FUSE is not suitable for high IOPS.

Memorystore is a cache, not persistent storage.

26
MCQeasy

A startup is building a serverless application that processes events from Cloud Storage buckets. Each event triggers a Python function that resizes images. Which GCP compute service is MOST suitable for this event-driven workload?

A.Cloud Run
B.Compute Engine
C.App Engine
D.Cloud Functions
AnswerD

Cloud Functions natively supports Cloud Storage event triggers (e.g., on object finalize).

Why this answer

Cloud Functions is designed for event-driven, serverless compute. It can be triggered directly by Cloud Storage events (object finalize/create). Cloud Run requires HTTP invocation, App Engine is for web apps, and Compute Engine VMs require management.

27
MCQmedium

A company uses Cloud Storage to store sensitive customer data. They must ensure that data at rest is encrypted with a customer-managed key that is automatically rotated every 90 days. Which Cloud Storage configuration should they use?

A.Use customer-supplied encryption keys (CSEK) and rotate them manually
B.Enable default encryption with a customer-managed key (CMEK) from Cloud KMS with automatic rotation set to 90 days
C.Use Cloud HSM to create a key and set the bucket to use that key without rotation policy
D.Use Google-managed encryption keys (SSE-GM)
AnswerB

CMEK with KMS rotation meets the requirement: customer-managed, automatic rotation.

Why this answer

Cloud Storage supports CMEK (Customer-Managed Encryption Keys) via Cloud KMS. By using a Cloud KMS key with automatic rotation period of 90 days, objects written to the bucket are encrypted with that key. The bucket's default encryption is set to that key.

Customer-supplied encryption keys (CSEK) require manual key management and no automatic rotation. SSE with Google-managed keys does not meet the customer-managed requirement. Using a Cloud HSM key also supports CMEK but for automatic rotation, KMS key rotation is sufficient.

28
MCQmedium

A company wants to save costs on batch-processing workloads that can be interrupted and resumed. The workloads run on Compute Engine VMs and tolerate occasional failures. Which VM pricing model is MOST cost-effective?

A.Spot VMs
B.Preemptible VMs (with no discount)
C.Standard (on-demand) VMs
D.Committed use discounts (1-year)
AnswerA

Spot VMs are significantly cheaper and suitable for fault-tolerant batch workloads that can handle preemption.

Why this answer

Spot VMs (formerly preemptible) offer up to 60-91% discount but can be terminated at any time. They are ideal for fault-tolerant batch jobs. Committed use discounts provide lower prices for 1- or 3-year commitments.

Standard VMs are on-demand. The question specifies cost savings and tolerance to interruption.

29
MCQmedium

A company runs batch processing jobs nightly that can tolerate interruptions. They want to minimize compute costs for these jobs. Which Compute Engine machine type and provisioning model is most cost-effective?

A.E2 custom VMs with sole-tenant nodes
B.N2 standard VMs with committed use discounts
C.Preemptible VMs with custom machine types
D.GPU-accelerated VMs
AnswerC

Preemptible VMs are up to 60-91% cheaper than regular VMs and suitable for batch jobs.

Why this answer

Preemptible/Spot VMs offer significant discounts (up to 91%) and are ideal for fault-tolerant, interruptible workloads like batch processing.

30
MCQmedium

A company is migrating an on-premises monolithic Java application to Google Cloud. They want to minimize changes to the code while gaining some cloud benefits like autoscaling and managed infrastructure. They plan to eventually refactor to microservices. Which compute option BEST fits their current needs?

A.Migrate the application to Cloud Run.
B.Deploy the application in a container on GKE Standard.
C.Deploy the application on App Engine Flexible Environment.
D.Migrate the application to Compute Engine VMs.
AnswerC

App Engine Flexible supports Java with minimal changes, provides autoscaling, and allows gradual refactoring.

Why this answer

App Engine Flexible Environment supports Java with minimal code changes, provides autoscaling and managed infrastructure, and is suitable for monolithic apps. It allows gradual refactoring to microservices. GKE and Cloud Run require containerization, and Compute Engine needs manual scaling.

31
MCQhard

An e-commerce company uses Cloud SQL for MySQL to handle user sessions. During Black Friday sales, the database experiences high read latency and connection timeouts. The traffic pattern shows 95% read operations and 5% write operations. They need to improve read performance without significant architectural changes. Which action should they take?

A.Enable Cloud SQL Proxy to reduce connection overhead.
B.Migrate from Cloud SQL to Cloud Spanner for better scalability.
C.Add Cloud SQL read replicas and configure the application to use them for read operations.
D.Enable automatic storage increases and increase the machine type of the primary instance.
AnswerC

Read replicas distribute read queries, reducing load on the primary and improving latency.

Why this answer

Adding read replicas offloads read traffic from the primary instance, improving read latency and reducing connection timeouts. Read replicas are easy to configure and cost-effective.

32
MCQmedium

A gaming company needs to store player session data that is frequently updated and requires strong consistency within a single region. The data model is simple key-value with few attributes. They expect up to 1 million concurrent players, each performing 10 writes per second. Which database is most suitable?

A.Cloud SQL
B.Firestore
C.Cloud Bigtable
D.Memorystore
AnswerC

Bigtable handles high throughput writes, low latency, strong consistency within a cluster, and is ideal for player session data.

Why this answer

Cloud Bigtable is a NoSQL wide-column database designed for high-throughput, low-latency workloads. It can handle millions of writes per second and provides strong consistency within a single cluster.

33
MCQmedium

A company is running a critical application on Compute Engine that must be highly available. They want to distribute traffic across multiple instances in different zones and automatically redirect traffic if a zone fails. Which load balancing solution should they use?

A.External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C.Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer
D.External TCP/UDP Load Balancer
AnswerA

It is a global, proxy-based load balancer that distributes traffic across instances in multiple zones and provides automatic failover.

Why this answer

The external HTTP(S) Load Balancer is a global, proxy-based load balancer that can distribute traffic across multiple regions and zones. It supports health checks and automatically fails over if instances are unhealthy. The external TCP/UDP Load Balancer is regional and does not span zones.

Internal load balancers are for private VPC traffic. SSL proxy is for non-HTTP TCP traffic but is global; however, for HTTP traffic, HTTP(S) LB is the best choice.

34
Multi-Selectmedium

A company is running a stateful web application on Compute Engine. They want to achieve high availability by distributing traffic across multiple zones in a region. Which TWO steps should they take? (Choose TWO.)

Select 2 answers
A.Create a managed instance group with instances in multiple zones.
B.Create a snapshot of the boot disk.
C.Use a single zone and configure automatic restart.
D.Create a TCP Load Balancer.
E.Create an HTTP(S) Load Balancer in front of the instances.
AnswersA, E

MIG across zones ensures instances run in at least two zones for HA.

Why this answer

Creating an HTTP(S) Load Balancer distributes traffic across instances in multiple zones. Using a managed instance group with multiple zones ensures instances are spread across zones for HA. A TCP Load Balancer is for non-HTTP traffic, and using a single zone or snapshot only does not provide HA.

35
MCQhard

A media streaming company wants to serve video content globally with low latency. They plan to cache static objects (thumbnails, manifest files) at edge locations, while dynamic API requests are handled by a backend in a single region. Which combination should they use?

A.Cloud CDN with an external HTTP(S) load balancer
B.Cloud CDN with an internal TCP/UDP load balancer
C.Cloud Armor with a TCP/SSL proxy load balancer
D.VPC peering with Cloud NAT
AnswerA

Cloud CDN integrates with external HTTP(S) Load Balancer to cache content at edge locations.

Why this answer

Cloud CDN caches static content at Google's edge locations, reducing latency for global users. An external HTTP(S) Load Balancer routes traffic, terminates SSL, and directs dynamic API requests to the backend. Cloud CDN is enabled on the backend bucket or backend service.

Internal LB is for internal traffic only. Cloud NAT is for outbound traffic. VPC peering does not cache.

36
MCQmedium

A media company runs a stateless web application on Compute Engine behind an HTTP(S) load balancer. They want to automatically replace unhealthy VMs and maintain a fixed number of running instances across two zones. What should they use?

A.An unmanaged instance group with health checks
B.A zonal managed instance group with autoscaling
C.Compute Engine with instance templates and no group
D.A regional managed instance group with a fixed target size and autohealing
AnswerD

Regional MIG distributes instances across zones, maintains a fixed size, and autohealing replaces unhealthy VMs.

Why this answer

A managed instance group (MIG) with autoscaling based on average CPU utilization can maintain a target CPU level, but to keep a fixed number of instances, they should use a MIG without autoscaling and rely on autohealing to replace unhealthy VMs.

37
MCQmedium

A company runs a batch processing workload that can tolerate interruptions. The job runs for 4 hours every night and can be restarted from checkpoints. They want to minimize compute costs. Which Compute Engine machine configuration is MOST cost-effective?

A.Preemptible VMs
B.Standard VMs with sustained use discounts
C.Spot VMs with a specific reservation
D.Committed use VMs (1-year commitment)
AnswerA

Preemptible VMs are cost-effective for fault-tolerant batch jobs that can handle interruptions.

Why this answer

Preemptible VMs are up to 80% cheaper than standard VMs and can be terminated at any time, but the workload is checkpointable and runs overnight, so interruptions are manageable. Committed use discounts require a 1-year or 3-year commitment and are not ideal for short daily jobs. Standard VMs are more expensive.

38
MCQhard

A company deploys a web application on Compute Engine behind a global HTTP(S) Load Balancer. Users report intermittent 502 errors. Investigation shows backend instances are healthy. What is the MOST likely cause?

A.The SSL certificate has expired
B.The firewall rules are blocking traffic from the load balancer
C.The backend instances are running out of memory
D.The backend service's timeout setting is too low
AnswerD

If the timeout is too low, the load balancer may close the connection prematurely, resulting in a 502 from the client's perspective.

Why this answer

HTTP 502 errors from a load balancer often indicate that the backend is closing the connection or not responding in time. The backend connection timeout or request timeout might be too low. Instance health checks passing means the instance is responsive to health check probes, but the actual application requests may be timing out.

SSL certificate errors usually cause 400-level errors. Insufficient capacity would cause 503 or 504 errors. Incorrect firewall rules would prevent health checks from passing.

39
MCQmedium

A media company stores large video files that are accessed infrequently (once a quarter) and must be retained for 10 years for compliance. They want to minimize storage cost. Which Cloud Storage class should they use?

A.Standard storage class
B.Archive storage class
C.Coldline storage class
D.Nearline storage class
AnswerB

Archive is the lowest-cost class, designed for data accessed less than once a year, with retrieval costs higher but storage cheapest.

Why this answer

Archive storage is the lowest-cost class for data accessed less than once a year. It is ideal for long-term archival with 10-year retention. Standard is for frequent access, Nearline for 30 days, Coldline for 90 days.

Archive is the cheapest for infrequent access.

40
MCQeasy

A company wants to migrate an on-premises MySQL database to GCP with minimal downtime and support for automated failover in case of a zone outage. Which GCP service should they use?

A.Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL
B.Cloud SQL for MySQL
C.Cloud Bigtable
D.Firestore
AnswerB

Cloud SQL for MySQL offers High Availability (HA) configuration with automatic failover across zones.

Why this answer

Cloud SQL for MySQL provides managed MySQL with zone-level high availability via a standby instance in a different zone. Automated failover is built-in. Bigtable and Firestore are NoSQL databases, and Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL is not MySQL.

41
Multi-Selecthard

A company needs to design a disaster recovery strategy for a critical application running on Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL. The recovery point objective (RPO) is 5 minutes, and the recovery time objective (RTO) is 30 minutes. Which THREE actions should they take to meet these objectives? (Choose THREE.)

Select 3 answers
A.Take regular on-demand exports to Cloud Storage
B.Configure cross-region replication for the Cloud SQL instance
C.Create a failover replica in the same region
D.Use a regional Cloud SQL instance with high availability
E.Enable automated backups with binary logging
AnswersB, D, E

Cross-region replica provides fast failover with low RPO.

Why this answer

Cross-region replication with failover replicas can achieve RPO of a few seconds and RTO of minutes. Point-in-time recovery and automated backups provide additional recovery options but may not meet RPO as low as 5 minutes alone.

42
MCQmedium

A company is migrating an on-premises Oracle database to Google Cloud. They want to minimize application changes and need a fully managed, PostgreSQL-compatible database with high performance for OLTP workloads. Which service is MOST suitable?

A.Bigtable
B.AlloyDB
C.Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL
D.Cloud Spanner
AnswerB

AlloyDB is PostgreSQL-compatible, fully managed, and offers 4x faster transaction processing than standard PostgreSQL, making it ideal for Oracle migrations.

Why this answer

AlloyDB is a fully managed, PostgreSQL-compatible database optimized for high-performance OLTP workloads, designed for migration from Oracle with minimal changes. Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL is also managed but does not offer the same performance optimizations as AlloyDB. Cloud Spanner is global and SQL-compatible but may require application changes.

Bigtable is NoSQL.

43
MCQmedium

A company wants to run batch processing workloads that can be interrupted and resumed, at the lowest possible cost. The jobs are fault-tolerant and can handle preemption. They also need predictable pricing for a baseline amount of compute. Which combination of compute options should they use?

A.Use spot VMs for all workloads and rely on automatic restart
B.Use standard VMs with sustained use discounts
C.Use only preemptible VMs for all workloads
D.Use committed use discounts for baseline capacity and preemptible VMs for additional burst capacity
AnswerD

Committed use discounts give predictable pricing for baseline; preemptible VMs are cheap for additional capacity.

Why this answer

Preemptible VMs (or Spot VMs) are significantly cheaper but can be terminated at any time. Committed use discounts provide a discount for a 1- or 3-year commitment. Using committed use discounts for a baseline ensures predictable pricing, and using preemptible VMs for additional capacity reduces cost further.

Sustained use discounts apply automatically but are not as cost-effective as committed discounts for predictable baseline. Standard VMs are more expensive.

44
Multi-Selecteasy

A company is building a serverless event-driven application that processes messages from Pub/Sub and stores results in Firestore. Which THREE Google Cloud services should they use together to implement this architecture? (Choose THREE.)

Select 3 answers
A.Firestore
B.Cloud Functions
C.Compute Engine
D.Cloud Run
E.Cloud Pub/Sub
AnswersA, B, E

Firestore stores the processed data.

Why this answer

Cloud Functions is a serverless compute option that can be triggered by Pub/Sub messages. Pub/Sub provides asynchronous messaging. Firestore is a NoSQL database for storing results.

Cloud Run is also serverless but not event-driven by Pub/Sub out-of-the-box (requires additional setup). Compute Engine and Cloud SQL are not serverless.

45
MCQeasy

A company wants to connect their on-premises network to Google Cloud with a dedicated, high-bandwidth, low-latency connection that supports Service Level Agreements (SLAs) up to 99.99% availability. Which connectivity option should they choose?

A.Classic VPN
B.Partner Interconnect
C.Dedicated Interconnect
D.Cloud VPN (IPsec VPN)
AnswerC

Dedicated Interconnect provides a direct physical connection, high bandwidth, and up to 99.99% availability SLA.

Why this answer

Dedicated Interconnect provides a direct physical connection between on-premises and Google's network, offering high bandwidth, low latency, and up to 99.99% availability SLAs. Partner Interconnect uses a third-party provider and has lower SLAs. Cloud VPN is over the internet and does not meet dedicated requirements.

Classic VPN is a legacy option with lower bandwidth.

46
Multi-Selectmedium

A company wants to use a multi-cloud strategy to avoid vendor lock-in and run workloads on both Google Cloud and AWS. They need to manage Kubernetes clusters across both environments consistently. Which TWO Google Cloud services can help achieve this?

Select 2 answers
A.Config Sync
B.Cloud Run
C.BigQuery Omni
D.GKE on AWS
E.Anthos (GKE Enterprise)
AnswersA, E

Config Sync is part of Anthos that syncs configuration across clusters, including multi-cloud.

Why this answer

Anthos (now GKE Enterprise) provides a consistent Kubernetes platform across on-premises and multiple clouds, including AWS. Config Sync is a component of Anthos that enables configuration management across clusters. BigQuery Omni allows querying data across clouds but is for analytics.

Cloud Run is serverless and not for multi-cloud Kubernetes management. GKE on AWS is deprecated; Anthos is the recommended approach.

47
MCQmedium

A company is migrating its on-premises data center to Google Cloud. They need a dedicated, low-latency, high-bandwidth connection between their on-premises network and VPC. They anticipate consistent traffic above 10 Gbps. Which connectivity option should they choose?

A.Partner Interconnect
B.Dedicated Interconnect
C.HA VPN
D.Classic VPN
AnswerB

Dedicated Interconnect provides direct, high-bandwidth (up to 100 Gbps) connection with low latency.

Why this answer

Dedicated Interconnect provides a direct physical connection with bandwidth up to 100 Gbps per circuit, ideal for high-throughput, low-latency requirements. Partner Interconnect relies on a service provider and typically offers lower bandwidth. HA VPN is over the public internet and may not meet high bandwidth or low latency.

Classic VPN is a single tunnel without high availability.

48
MCQhard

A media company stores raw video files in a Cloud Storage bucket with Standard storage class. The files are accessed frequently for the first 30 days after upload, then rarely after that. Compliance requires retention of all files for 7 years. They want to minimise storage costs while ensuring files are retrievable within 24 hours of a request. Which storage strategy meets these requirements?

A.Keep objects in Standard for 7 years and use object versioning to reduce costs.
B.Use a lifecycle policy to transition objects to Coldline after 30 days, then to Archive after 1 year, and keep them for 7 years.
C.Use a lifecycle policy to transition objects to Nearline after 30 days, then to Coldline after 1 year, and delete after 7 years.
D.Use a lifecycle policy to move objects to Archive immediately, as it is the cheapest storage class.
AnswerB

Coldline after 30 days (meets 30-day access pattern), then Archive after 1 year (cheapest for long-term with 24-hour retrieval). Compliant.

Why this answer

After 30 days, move objects to Coldline (90-day minimum) then to Archive after 1 year. Archive has a 365-day minimum but is cheapest for long-term retention with 24-hour retrieval. Lifecycle policies automate transitions.

49
MCQmedium

A company wants to migrate its on-premises Oracle database to GCP with minimal changes. They require a fully managed, PostgreSQL-compatible database that offers high performance for analytics and AI workloads. Which service should they choose?

A.Cloud Spanner
B.AlloyDB
C.BigQuery
D.Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL
AnswerB

AlloyDB is PostgreSQL-compatible and optimized for analytics and AI workloads with up to 4x faster query performance than standard PostgreSQL.

Why this answer

AlloyDB is a fully managed PostgreSQL-compatible database optimized for high performance analytics and AI, with support for vector embeddings and other AI features.

50
MCQmedium

A company runs a batch processing job every night that takes 4 hours on a single n2-standard-8 VM. They are willing to accept up to 2 minutes of additional completion time in exchange for significant cost savings. The job is fault-tolerant and can be restarted if interrupted. Which compute option should they use?

A.Reserve an n2-standard-8 with a 1-year committed use discount
B.Use a spot VM (preemptible) with a custom machine type n2-standard-8
C.Deploy on Cloud Run with 8 vCPUs
D.Use a sole-tenant node with the n2-standard-8 machine type
AnswerB

Spot VMs offer the same discount as preemptible and are ideal for fault-tolerant batch jobs like this one.

Why this answer

Preemptible VMs offer up to 80% discount but can be terminated at any time. Since the job is fault-tolerant and can handle interruptions, this is the best cost-saving option with minimal impact on completion time.

51
MCQmedium

A company wants to run a stateful application on Google Kubernetes Engine that requires persistent storage with high read/write performance from multiple pods simultaneously. Which storage option should they use?

A.Cloud Storage FUSE
B.Local SSDs on each node
C.Persistent Disk with ReadWriteMany access mode
D.Filestore
AnswerD

Filestore provides a shared NFS file system that can be mounted by multiple pods with high performance.

Why this answer

Filestore provides a fully managed NFS file share that can be mounted by multiple pods simultaneously with high performance. Persistent Disk with ReadWriteMany access mode is not supported by GKE; it supports ReadOnlyMany. Cloud Storage is object storage not suitable for POSIX-like file systems.

Local SSDs are ephemeral and cannot be shared across pods.

52
Multi-Selectmedium

A company is migrating a legacy monolithic application to Google Cloud. They want to minimise changes while taking advantage of cloud benefits. Which TWO migration strategies are most appropriate? (Choose TWO.)

Select 2 answers
A.Re-architect (refactor) into microservices
B.Lift-and-shift (rehost) to Compute Engine
C.Retire the application
D.Replace (repurchase) with SaaS
E.Replatform (e.g., use Cloud SQL instead of self-managed MySQL)
AnswersB, E

Minimal changes; move VMs to GCP.

Why this answer

Lift-and-shift (rehost) moves the application as-is with minimal changes. Replatform makes limited adjustments (e.g., using a managed database) without changing the core architecture. Both reduce risk and effort compared to re-architecting.

53
MCQhard

A financial services company needs a globally distributed relational database that supports strong consistency across regions, with multi-region writes and sub-10ms latency for most queries. The database must also support SQL and ACID transactions. Which database should they choose?

A.Cloud SQL
B.Firestore
C.Bigtable
D.Cloud Spanner
AnswerD

Cloud Spanner is globally distributed, strongly consistent, SQL-compatible, and supports ACID transactions with multi-region writes.

Why this answer

Cloud Spanner is the only Google Cloud database that offers global distribution, strong consistency, multi-region writes, SQL support, and ACID transactions. Cloud SQL is single-region. Bigtable is NoSQL and does not support SQL or ACID.

Firestore is NoSQL with limited transactional support.

54
Multi-Selectmedium

A company wants to migrate a large on-premises relational database to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL with minimal downtime. They need to ensure data consistency during the migration. Which THREE steps should they take?

Select 3 answers
A.Set up a VPN or Cloud Interconnect between on-premises and GCP
B.Create a read replica of the source database in Cloud SQL
C.Switch traffic to Cloud SQL immediately after the initial import
D.Use Database Migration Service to start continuous replication from the source
E.Perform an initial export of the source database and import into Cloud SQL
AnswersA, D, E

A secure network connection is required for ongoing replication.

Why this answer

To migrate with minimal downtime, use Database Migration Service (DMS) for continuous replication, perform an initial dump/load to seed the target, and then cut over by stopping writes on the source and promoting the target. Using a read replica would not sync data. A VPN/Interconnect is required for secure connectivity.

55
MCQhard

A company runs a global SaaS application on Google Cloud using Cloud Spanner. They need to ensure disaster recovery with a Recovery Time Objective (RTO) of less than 5 seconds and a Recovery Point Objective (RPO) of zero. Which configuration should they use?

A.Deploy Cloud Spanner in a multi-region configuration
B.Enable point-in-time recovery (PITR)
C.Use read replicas in another region
D.Configure automated backups with a 1-hour backup frequency
AnswerA

Multi-region Spanner provides synchronous replication across regions, automatic failover with RPO=0 and RTO<5 seconds.

Why this answer

Cloud Spanner supports multi-region configurations with synchronous replication across regions, providing automatic failover with RPO of zero (no data loss) and RTO of less than 5 seconds. Backups can take hours to restore. Read replicas are for scaling reads, not for disaster recovery.

Point-in-time recovery is for restoring to a specific time, not for automatic failover.

56
Multi-Selectmedium

A company is designing a microservices application on Google Cloud. They want to use an event-driven architecture where services communicate asynchronously. They need to reliably handle high-throughput events and ensure that each event is processed at least once. Which TWO services should they use together?

Select 2 answers
A.Cloud Pub/Sub
B.Cloud Scheduler
C.Cloud Dataflow
D.Cloud Tasks
E.Cloud Functions
AnswersA, C

Pub/Sub provides at-least-once delivery and scalable event ingestion.

Why this answer

Pub/Sub is a scalable, asynchronous messaging service that delivers events at least once. Dataflow can be used to process streams of events from Pub/Sub with exactly-once semantics. Cloud Functions can be triggered by Pub/Sub but is not built for high-throughput stream processing.

Cloud Tasks is for task queues, not general pub/sub. Cloud Scheduler is for cron jobs.

57
MCQhard

A company has a production GKE cluster running in Autopilot mode. They need to use a DaemonSet for a logging agent that must run on every node. However, they find that the DaemonSet pods are not being scheduled. What is the most likely cause?

A.The nodes have node taints that prevent the DaemonSet from scheduling
B.The cluster has a node pool with insufficient resources
C.The DaemonSet does not have resource requests set
D.GKE Autopilot does not support DaemonSets
AnswerD

Autopilot manages the node infrastructure; users cannot run DaemonSets because they require node-level scheduling permissions that Autopilot does not expose.

Why this answer

In GKE Autopilot, the control plane manages node resources and does not allow DaemonSets because Autopilot schedules pods without exposing nodes. DaemonSets require direct node access and are not supported in Autopilot. The cluster is 'node-less' from the user's perspective.

Workloads must be deployed as Deployments, StatefulSets, or Jobs. Node taints and resource quotas are not the issue because Autopilot handles them automatically.

58
MCQhard

A company uses Cloud SQL for MySQL and wants to achieve a Recovery Time Objective (RTO) of less than 5 minutes and a Recovery Point Objective (RPO) of less than 1 minute for a regional disaster. Which configuration should they use?

A.Use Cloud Spanner with multi-region configuration
B.Use Cloud SQL with point-in-time recovery and automated backups
C.Use Cloud SQL with cross-region replica and failover
D.Enable high availability (regional) with a standby zone
AnswerA

Cloud Spanner provides synchronous replication across regions, achieving RPO of 0 and RTO minutes.

Why this answer

Cloud SQL does not support synchronous replication across regions. Cross-region replication is asynchronous, so RPO cannot be <1 minute. High availability (regional) provides automatic failover within the same region, which does not protect against a regional disaster.

For cross-region disaster recovery, Cloud SQL provides cross-region replicas (asynchronous), which would have an RPO >1 minute typically.

59
Multi-Selectmedium

A company is migrating a monolithic application to a microservices architecture on GCP. They want to use an event-driven approach to decouple services and ensure reliable message delivery. Which TWO services should they use for inter-service communication? (Choose TWO.)

Select 2 answers
A.Cloud Scheduler
B.Cloud Functions
C.Cloud Tasks
D.Eventarc
E.Cloud Pub/Sub
AnswersD, E

Eventarc simplifies event ingestion and routing to services like Cloud Run.

Why this answer

Pub/Sub is a fully managed messaging service for asynchronous event-driven communication between services. Eventarc allows routing events from various sources to services like Cloud Run, enabling event-driven architecture.

60
MCQeasy

A startup wants to deploy a containerized web application that scales automatically to zero when not in use, and only pays for resources consumed during request processing. Which compute service should they choose?

A.Cloud Functions
B.Cloud Run
C.Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) Standard
D.Compute Engine with preemptible VMs
AnswerB

Cloud Run scales to zero automatically and charges per request, making it cost-effective for variable workloads.

Why this answer

Cloud Run is a fully managed serverless container platform that scales to zero and charges only for request processing time. Compute Engine and GKE require always-on VMs or nodes. Cloud Functions is serverless but limited to functions, not containers.

61
Multi-Selectmedium

A company is moving a legacy application to Google Cloud. The application uses a PostgreSQL database and must be re-platformed with minimal code changes. They require high availability across zones and automatic failover within the same region. Which TWO database services meet these requirements? (Choose 2.)

Select 2 answers
A.AlloyDB for PostgreSQL
B.Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL
C.Firestore
D.Cloud Bigtable
E.Cloud Spanner
AnswersA, B

AlloyDB is PostgreSQL-compatible, provides high availability, and requires minimal code changes.

Why this answer

Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL provides regional high availability with automatic failover across zones. AlloyDB is PostgreSQL-compatible, offers high availability with a primary and standby instance, and is optimized for performance. Cloud Spanner is globally distributed but requires more code changes.

Bigtable is not PostgreSQL-compatible. Firestore is NoSQL.

62
MCQhard

An organization wants to establish a dedicated, low-latency connection between their on-premises data center and GCP with a guaranteed SLA of 99.99% uptime. They anticipate high bandwidth usage but want to avoid per-GB egress charges. Which connectivity option should they choose?

A.Dedicated Cloud Interconnect
B.Partner Cloud Interconnect
C.Cloud VPN with HA VPN gateway
D.Classic VPN
AnswerA

Dedicated Interconnect provides 99.99% SLA, high bandwidth, and no egress charges, meeting all requirements.

Why this answer

Dedicated Cloud Interconnect provides a direct physical connection with SLA up to 99.99%, high bandwidth, and no egress charges, ideal for high-volume hybrid workloads.

63
MCQhard

A data analytics team needs to run complex SQL queries on a large dataset stored in Cloud Storage (CSV files). The queries are ad-hoc and require fast execution. The data is updated daily. Which Google Cloud service should they use to query the data directly in Cloud Storage with minimal setup?

A.Dataproc
B.BigQuery
C.Dataflow
D.Cloud SQL
AnswerB

BigQuery supports external tables that query data directly from Cloud Storage, enabling fast ad-hoc SQL.

Why this answer

BigQuery can query external data sources including Cloud Storage using federated queries, but for ad-hoc SQL on CSV files, BigQuery is the best choice. Cloud SQL is not designed for external data. Dataproc is for Spark/Hadoop.

Dataflow is for stream/batch processing.

64
MCQmedium

A company needs to connect their on-premises data center to Google Cloud with a dedicated, low-latency, and highly available connection. They require at least 10 Gbps throughput and want to avoid internet-based VPN. Which connectivity option should they choose?

A.Dedicated Cloud Interconnect
B.Partner Cloud Interconnect
C.Classic VPN
D.HA VPN
AnswerA

Dedicated Interconnect provides a direct, private connection with up to 10 Gbps per circuit, low latency, and high availability.

Why this answer

Dedicated Cloud Interconnect provides a direct physical connection between on-premises and Google Cloud, offering high throughput (10 Gbps or more), low latency, and high availability. Partner Interconnect uses a third-party provider, introducing potential latency. HA VPN uses the internet but can be high availability; still internet-based.

Classic VPN is a single tunnel with lower reliability.

65
Multi-Selectmedium

A company runs a web application on GKE and wants to expose it to the internet using a global HTTP(S) load balancer with Cloud CDN. Which TWO GCP resources are required to configure this setup? (Choose TWO.)

Select 2 answers
A.Kubernetes Ingress resource with a GCE ingress controller
B.Cloud NAT gateway
C.Backend service with health check configuration
D.A Kubernetes Service of type LoadBalancer
E.Cloud VPN tunnel
AnswersA, C

Ingress with GCE controller creates an external HTTP(S) load balancer and integrates with Cloud CDN.

Why this answer

An Ingress resource with the ingress-gce controller (or a standalone NEG) is needed to route traffic from the load balancer to GKE services. A backend service defines the health checks and traffic distribution.

66
Multi-Selecteasy

A company wants to store infrequently accessed archival data that must be retained for 7 years. They need low storage cost and retrieval times of a few hours are acceptable. Which TWO storage classes should they consider? (Choose TWO.)

Select 2 answers
A.Nearline
B.Standard
C.Regional
D.Coldline
E.Archive
AnswersD, E

Coldline is low-cost for infrequent access (quarterly) and retrieval in hours.

Why this answer

Coldline has a 90-day minimum storage duration and is for data accessed less than once a quarter. Archive has a 365-day minimum and is for data accessed less than once a year. Both are suitable for archival with retrieval times in hours (Coldline) or longer (Archive).

Standard and Nearline are for more frequently accessed data.

67
MCQmedium

A company runs a critical application on Compute Engine and needs a disaster recovery strategy with a Recovery Time Objective (RTO) of less than 5 minutes and a Recovery Point Objective (RPO) of less than 1 minute. The application state is stored on persistent disks. Which solution meets these requirements?

A.Scheduled snapshots to multi-regional Cloud Storage bucket
B.Managed instance group with regional persistent disks across multiple zones
C.VM images stored in a different region using Cloud Storage
D.Cloud Storage Coldline with lifecycle policies
AnswerB

Regional PDs replicate data synchronously across zones, enabling fast failover and RPO under 1 minute.

Why this answer

Managed instance groups with multi-zone deployment and regional persistent disks provide synchronous replication across zones, achieving low RPO (seconds) and automatic failover for RTO under 5 minutes. Snapshots have higher RPO. VM images are for static boot disks.

Coldline storage is for archiving.

68
MCQhard

A global gaming company deploys a leaderboard service using Cloud Spanner with a single-region configuration. They need a Recovery Point Objective (RPO) of 5 seconds and a Recovery Time Objective (RTO) of 1 minute in the event of a regional outage. What should they do?

A.Set up a cross-region read replica using Cloud SQL.
B.Use Compute Engine instances in multiple zones with a global load balancer to replicate data.
C.Configure cross-region backups with a 5-second recovery window.
D.Deploy Cloud Spanner in a multi-region configuration.
AnswerD

Multi-region Spanner provides synchronous replication across regions, enabling automatic failover with RPO near zero and RTO within minutes.

Why this answer

Cloud Spanner multi-region configurations provide automatic synchronous replication across regions, achieving RPO of near zero seconds and RTO of minutes (failover is automatic). Single-region does not provide cross-region failover. Multi-region is required for such low RPO/RTO.

Backups are point-in-time and slower to restore. Compute Engine is irrelevant.

69
MCQhard

A media company uses Cloud CDN with an HTTP(S) Load Balancer to serve video content from Cloud Storage. After a month, they notice increased costs due to high cache miss rates. Analysis shows that many requests include a unique query parameter for analytics tracking. What is the most effective way to improve cache hit ratio while preserving analytics data?

A.Configure a custom cache key on the backend bucket to exclude the analytics parameter
B.Move the content to a different Cloud Storage bucket with no caching
C.Increase the minimum TTL on the backend bucket to 1 hour
D.Disable caching for requests with query parameters
AnswerA

Excluding the analytics parameter from the cache key ensures all requests for the same content share one cache entry, increasing hit ratio.

Why this answer

When query parameters are unique per request (like tracking IDs), they cause cache misses. The solution is to define a cache key that ignores that specific parameter, so the same content is cached once. Setting a custom cache key on the backend bucket is the correct approach.

Disabling CDN or increasing TTL does not solve the parameter issue. Removing caching altogether would hurt performance and increase egress costs.

70
MCQmedium

A company needs to store petabytes of time-series IoT sensor data and query it with single-digit millisecond latency at millions of reads per second. The data has a simple key-value structure with timestamps. Which Google Cloud database is MOST appropriate?

A.Firestore
B.Cloud Bigtable
C.Cloud Spanner
D.BigQuery
AnswerB

Bigtable is the correct choice: wide-column NoSQL, designed for time-series and IoT workloads, single-digit ms latency, and scales to millions of QPS with additional nodes.

Why this answer

Cloud Bigtable is designed for exactly this use case — petabyte-scale, low-latency (single-digit ms), high-throughput NoSQL storage for time-series, IoT, and financial data. It scales horizontally by adding nodes. BigQuery is optimised for analytics (seconds-to-minutes latency), Cloud SQL is for OLTP (limited to tens of thousands of QPS), and Firestore is for document data with hierarchical structure.

71
MCQmedium

A company wants to implement an event-driven architecture where uploads to a Cloud Storage bucket trigger processing in a serverless function. The function must process each object within a few seconds and handle bursts of thousands of uploads. Which service should they use?

A.Google Kubernetes Engine
B.Cloud Run for Anthos
C.Compute Engine with autoscaling
D.Cloud Functions
AnswerD

Cloud Functions natively supports Cloud Storage triggers and auto-scales for bursts.

Why this answer

Cloud Functions can be triggered by Cloud Storage events (object finalize/create) and scales automatically to handle bursts. Cloud Run can also be triggered by events via Eventarc but is not directly triggered by Cloud Storage events. GKE and Compute Engine require more management and are not serverless.

72
MCQeasy

A company wants to connect their on-premises data center to Google Cloud with a dedicated, low-latency, and highly available connection. They need bandwidth of 10 Gbps. Which option should they choose?

A.Classic VPN
B.HA VPN over the public internet
C.Partner Cloud Interconnect
D.Dedicated Cloud Interconnect
AnswerD

Provides dedicated, high-bandwidth (10 Gbps), low-latency connections with SLA.

Why this answer

Dedicated Cloud Interconnect provides direct physical connections between on-premises and Google's network with speeds up to 100 Gbps per link. It offers high availability and low latency. HA VPN is over the public internet, Partner Interconnect depends on a partner, and Classic VPN is older.

73
MCQeasy

A developer wants to run a stateless HTTP API that automatically scales based on incoming request traffic. The API is packaged as a Docker container. They want to minimize operational overhead and only pay for resources when the API is handling requests. Which service should they use?

A.App Engine Standard
B.Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) Autopilot
C.Compute Engine with managed instance groups
D.Cloud Run
AnswerD

Cloud Run fully manages scaling and billing per request, ideal for stateless containers.

Why this answer

Cloud Run is a fully managed serverless container platform that automatically scales, including scaling to zero, and bills per request. GKE requires cluster management. Compute Engine requires VM management.

App Engine Standard does not support custom containers.

74
Multi-Selectmedium

A company runs a latency-sensitive web application on Compute Engine with a managed instance group (MIG) behind an HTTP load balancer. They want to reduce latency for users in Europe and Asia. Which THREE actions should they take?

Select 3 answers
A.Use a regional external load balancer for each region
B.Enable Cloud CDN to cache static content
C.Use a global external HTTP(S) Load Balancer
D.Use preemptible VMs to reduce costs in non-primary regions
E.Deploy managed instance groups in multiple regions (e.g., europe-west1, asia-east1)
AnswersB, C, E

CDN caches content at edge locations, reducing latency for repeated requests.

Why this answer

Creating MIGs in multiple regions and using a global HTTP Load Balancer distributes traffic to the closest region. Cloud CDN caches static content at edge locations, reducing latency. Enabling auto-scaling ensures there are enough instances to handle traffic.

Using a single regional load balancer would not serve multiple regions efficiently. Preemptible VMs are not suitable for latency-sensitive workloads.

75
MCQhard

A company uses GKE Standard with node pools of preemptible VMs for batch jobs. They notice that during preemption events, pods take several minutes to become ready on new nodes because container images are large. They need to reduce startup time. Which approach is most effective?

A.Switch to GKE Autopilot.
B.Increase the size of the node pool.
C.Configure a DaemonSet to pre-pull the container image on all nodes.
D.Use a stateful set with persistent volumes to reuse data.
AnswerC

Pre-pulling ensures images are cached, significantly reducing startup time.

Why this answer

GKE with node auto-provisioning and a node pool of preemptible VMs using a daemonset to pre-pull images on all nodes ensures images are cached locally, reducing startup time after preemption.

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