- A
Create a Lambda function in each member account to redact logs before delivery.
Why wrong: Not scalable; requires managing functions in many accounts.
- B
Use S3 Object Lambda to redact sensitive data when objects are read.
Why wrong: S3 Object Lambda transforms objects at read time, but it's per-object, not per-query, and may not be efficient for large datasets.
- C
Use Amazon Athena with Lambda User-Defined Functions (UDFs) to redact data during query execution.
Scalable and flexible; allows redaction on the fly without modifying stored data.
- D
Use Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose to transform data before writing to S3.
Why wrong: Adds streaming complexity and cost; may not be necessary for batch analysis.
Question 491 of 1,746
SAP-C02 Practice Question: Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity
This SAP-C02 practice question tests your understanding of design solutions for organizational complexity. Match the stated requirement to the specific cloud service, access model, or configuration option — many options are valid in isolation but not for this scenario. After answering, compare your reasoning against the explanation and wrong-answer breakdown below. Once you have made your selection, read the full explanation to reinforce the concept and understand why each distractor is designed to mislead on exam day.
A company has a centralized logging solution where all VPC Flow Logs from member accounts are delivered to a central S3 bucket in the logging account. The logs contain sensitive IP addresses that must be redacted before analysis. What is the MOST scalable approach?
Answer choices
Why each option matters
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
✓
Use Amazon Athena with Lambda User-Defined Functions (UDFs) to redact data during query execution.
Option C is correct because Amazon Athena with Lambda UDFs allows you to redact sensitive IP addresses at query time without modifying the underlying data in S3. This approach is highly scalable as it leverages Athena's serverless query engine and Lambda's stateless compute, enabling on-the-fly redaction across petabytes of VPC Flow Logs stored centrally in the logging account.
Key principle: Answer the scenario, not the keyword: identify the specific constraint before choosing the most familiar-sounding option.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
- ✗
Create a Lambda function in each member account to redact logs before delivery.
Why it's wrong here
Not scalable; requires managing functions in many accounts.
- ✗
Use S3 Object Lambda to redact sensitive data when objects are read.
Why it's wrong here
S3 Object Lambda transforms objects at read time, but it's per-object, not per-query, and may not be efficient for large datasets.
- ✓
Use Amazon Athena with Lambda User-Defined Functions (UDFs) to redact data during query execution.
Why this is correct
Scalable and flexible; allows redaction on the fly without modifying stored data.
Related concept
Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
- ✗
Use Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose to transform data before writing to S3.
Why it's wrong here
Adds streaming complexity and cost; may not be necessary for batch analysis.
Common exam traps
Common exam trap: answer the scenario, not the keyword
The trap here is that candidates often confuse S3 Object Lambda (which modifies data at read time for all access) with query-time redaction, failing to realize that Athena UDFs provide a more scalable and cost-effective solution for selective redaction during analysis without affecting other consumers of the data.
Detailed technical explanation
How to think about this question
Athena Lambda UDFs work by embedding a Lambda function call within SQL queries using the `USING FUNCTION` syntax, allowing row-level transformations such as IP address masking via regular expressions or custom logic. Under the hood, Athena invokes the Lambda function for each batch of rows, which can be parallelized across multiple workers, making it suitable for large-scale log analysis. A real-world scenario is redacting RFC 1918 private IPs or specific customer IPs while retaining other fields for security investigations.
KKey Concepts to Remember
- Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
- Find the constraint that changes the correct option.
- Eliminate answers that are true in general but not in this case.
TExam Day Tips
- Watch for words such as best, first, most likely and least administrative effort.
- Review why wrong options are wrong, not only why the correct option is correct.
Key takeaway
Answer the scenario, not the keyword: identify the specific constraint before choosing the most familiar-sounding option.
Real-world example
How this comes up in practice
A media company stores terabytes of video archives that are accessed once a year for audit purposes. Moving these objects to a cold storage tier (Azure Archive, S3 Glacier, or Google Nearline) costs a fraction of hot storage. Questions like this test whether you understand storage tiers, access frequency tradeoffs, and retrieval latency requirements.
Quick reference
AWS S3 Storage Class Comparison
| Storage Class | Min Duration | Retrieval | Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|
| S3 Standard | None | Immediate | Frequently accessed data |
| S3 Standard-IA | 30 days | Immediate | Infrequent access, rapid retrieval |
| S3 One Zone-IA | 30 days | Immediate | Non-critical infrequent data |
| S3 Intelligent-Tiering | None | Immediate–hours | Unknown or changing access patterns |
| S3 Glacier Instant | 90 days | Milliseconds | Archive with instant retrieval |
| S3 Glacier Flexible | 90 days | Minutes–hours | Archive, flexible retrieval |
| S3 Glacier Deep Archive | 180 days | Hours | Long-term compliance archive |
What to study next
Got this wrong? Here's your next step.
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Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — study guide chapter
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FAQ
Questions learners often ask
What does this SAP-C02 question test?
Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — This question tests Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer..
What is the correct answer to this question?
The correct answer is: Use Amazon Athena with Lambda User-Defined Functions (UDFs) to redact data during query execution. — Option C is correct because Amazon Athena with Lambda UDFs allows you to redact sensitive IP addresses at query time without modifying the underlying data in S3. This approach is highly scalable as it leverages Athena's serverless query engine and Lambda's stateless compute, enabling on-the-fly redaction across petabytes of VPC Flow Logs stored centrally in the logging account.
What should I do if I get this SAP-C02 question wrong?
Identify which exam domain this question belongs to, review the core concept, then practise similar questions from the same domain.
What is the key concept behind this question?
Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
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Last reviewed: Jul 4, 2026
This SAP-C02 practice question is part of Courseiva's free Amazon Web Services certification practice question bank. Courseiva provides original exam-style practice questions with explanations, topic-based practice, mock exams, readiness tracking, and study analytics to help learners prepare for the SAP-C02 exam.
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