- A
S3 buckets in each account with cross-region replication enabled to a central bucket.
Why wrong: S3 replication is not near real-time and has latency.
- B
Lambda functions in each account that read CloudWatch Logs and write to a central S3 bucket.
Why wrong: Lambda may introduce scaling issues and increased complexity.
- C
Amazon CloudWatch Logs subscription filters in each account that stream log data to a Kinesis Data Stream in the central logging account, then use Kinesis Data Firehose to write to S3.
This provides near real-time streaming and cross-account aggregation.
- D
Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose delivery streams in each account sending logs to a centralized S3 bucket.
Why wrong: Firehose per account increases complexity and cost.
Question 1,323 of 1,746
SAP-C02 Practice Question: Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity
This SAP-C02 practice question tests your understanding of design solutions for organizational complexity. This is a configuration task: choose the command set that satisfies every stated requirement. Small differences — like 'secret' vs 'password' or 'transport input ssh' vs 'all' — change whether the answer is correct. After answering, compare your reasoning against the explanation and wrong-answer breakdown below. Once you have made your selection, read the full explanation to reinforce the concept and understand why each distractor is designed to mislead on exam day.
A company wants to implement a centralized logging solution for its multi-account AWS environment. The solution must be resilient to AWS Regional failures and provide near real-time log delivery. Which combination of services should the company use?
Answer choices
Why each option matters
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
✓
Amazon CloudWatch Logs subscription filters in each account that stream log data to a Kinesis Data Stream in the central logging account, then use Kinesis Data Firehose to write to S3.
Option C is correct because it uses CloudWatch Logs subscription filters to stream log data in near real-time to a Kinesis Data Stream in the central logging account, which then feeds into Kinesis Data Firehose for durable delivery to S3. This architecture is resilient to Regional failures because Kinesis Data Streams can be configured with cross-region replication or multi-region failover, and Firehose can buffer and retry writes to S3 across availability zones. It provides near real-time delivery (typically within 60 seconds) and centralizes logs without relying on per-account S3 replication or Lambda polling.
Key principle: Answer the scenario, not the keyword: identify the specific constraint before choosing the most familiar-sounding option.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
- ✗
S3 buckets in each account with cross-region replication enabled to a central bucket.
Why it's wrong here
S3 replication is not near real-time and has latency.
- ✗
Lambda functions in each account that read CloudWatch Logs and write to a central S3 bucket.
Why it's wrong here
Lambda may introduce scaling issues and increased complexity.
- ✓
Amazon CloudWatch Logs subscription filters in each account that stream log data to a Kinesis Data Stream in the central logging account, then use Kinesis Data Firehose to write to S3.
Why this is correct
This provides near real-time streaming and cross-account aggregation.
Related concept
Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
- ✗
Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose delivery streams in each account sending logs to a centralized S3 bucket.
Why it's wrong here
Firehose per account increases complexity and cost.
Common exam traps
Common exam trap: answer the scenario, not the keyword
The trap here is that candidates often choose Option A (S3 cross-region replication) because it seems simple and resilient, but they overlook the requirement for near real-time delivery, which S3 replication cannot guarantee due to its eventual consistency model and potential for multi-minute delays.
Detailed technical explanation
How to think about this question
CloudWatch Logs subscription filters use a real-time, push-based mechanism where log events are delivered to a Kinesis Data Stream via a PutRecord API call within seconds of ingestion, achieving sub-minute latency. Kinesis Data Firehose then batches records (up to 128 MB or 900 seconds) and writes them to S3 with optional data transformation via Lambda, ensuring durability and cost-effective storage. In a multi-account setup, the central logging account must grant cross-account permissions via a resource-based policy on the Kinesis Data Stream, allowing each source account's subscription filter to assume a role and write data.
KKey Concepts to Remember
- Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
- Find the constraint that changes the correct option.
- Eliminate answers that are true in general but not in this case.
TExam Day Tips
- Watch for words such as best, first, most likely and least administrative effort.
- Review why wrong options are wrong, not only why the correct option is correct.
Key takeaway
Answer the scenario, not the keyword: identify the specific constraint before choosing the most familiar-sounding option.
Real-world example
How this comes up in practice
A media company stores terabytes of video archives that are accessed once a year for audit purposes. Moving these objects to a cold storage tier (Azure Archive, S3 Glacier, or Google Nearline) costs a fraction of hot storage. Questions like this test whether you understand storage tiers, access frequency tradeoffs, and retrieval latency requirements.
Quick reference
AWS S3 Storage Class Comparison
| Storage Class | Min Duration | Retrieval | Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|
| S3 Standard | None | Immediate | Frequently accessed data |
| S3 Standard-IA | 30 days | Immediate | Infrequent access, rapid retrieval |
| S3 One Zone-IA | 30 days | Immediate | Non-critical infrequent data |
| S3 Intelligent-Tiering | None | Immediate–hours | Unknown or changing access patterns |
| S3 Glacier Instant | 90 days | Milliseconds | Archive with instant retrieval |
| S3 Glacier Flexible | 90 days | Minutes–hours | Archive, flexible retrieval |
| S3 Glacier Deep Archive | 180 days | Hours | Long-term compliance archive |
What to study next
Got this wrong? Here's your next step.
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Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — study guide chapter
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FAQ
Questions learners often ask
What does this SAP-C02 question test?
Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — This question tests Design Solutions for Organizational Complexity — Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer..
What is the correct answer to this question?
The correct answer is: Amazon CloudWatch Logs subscription filters in each account that stream log data to a Kinesis Data Stream in the central logging account, then use Kinesis Data Firehose to write to S3. — Option C is correct because it uses CloudWatch Logs subscription filters to stream log data in near real-time to a Kinesis Data Stream in the central logging account, which then feeds into Kinesis Data Firehose for durable delivery to S3. This architecture is resilient to Regional failures because Kinesis Data Streams can be configured with cross-region replication or multi-region failover, and Firehose can buffer and retry writes to S3 across availability zones. It provides near real-time delivery (typically within 60 seconds) and centralizes logs without relying on per-account S3 replication or Lambda polling.
What should I do if I get this SAP-C02 question wrong?
Identify which exam domain this question belongs to, review the core concept, then practise similar questions from the same domain.
What is the key concept behind this question?
Read the scenario before looking for a memorised answer.
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Last reviewed: Jul 4, 2026
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